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Text File | 1991-12-13 | 99.9 KB | 4,016 lines |
- .rs
- .\" Troff code generated by TPS Convert from ITU Original Files
- .\" Not Copyright ( c) 1991
- .\"
- .\" Assumes tbl, eqn, MS macros, and lots of luck.
- .TA 1c 2c 3c 4c 5c 6c 7c 8c
- .ds CH
- .ds CF
- .EQ
- delim @@
- .EN
- .nr LL 40.5P
- .nr ll 40.5P
- .nr HM 3P
- .nr FM 6P
- .nr PO 4P
- .nr PD 9p
- .po 4P
-
- .rs
- \v | 5i'
- .LP
- \fBMONTAGE: FIN DU \(sc 2.3.11 EN T\* | TE DE CETTE PAGE\fR
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \v'34P'
- 2.4
- \fIDelay probability\fR \fI\(em ISDN environment\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The following notes apply to the delay parameters included in this section:
- .RT
- .LP
- 1)
- The term \*Qmean value\*U is understood as the expected value in the
- probabilistic sense.
- .LP
- 2)
- Where several messages are received at the exchange from a digital subscriber
- line signalling system (e.g.\ several alert messages are
- received from a multi\(hyuser configuration), the message that is accepted for
- call handling is the one considered in determining the start of a given
- delay interval.
- .LP
- 3)
- The terms \*Qreceived from\*U and \*Qpassed to\*U the signalling
- system are used. For CCITT Signalling System\ No.\ 7 this is designated as the
- instant the information is exchanged between the signalling data link (layer\
- 1) and the signalling link functions (layer\ 2). For digital subscriber
- line
- signalling, this is designated as the instant the information is exchanged
- by means of primitives between the data link layer (layer\ 2) and the network
- layer (layer\ 3). Thus, the time intervals exclude the above layer\ 1 (CCITT
- Signalling System\ No.\ 7) and layer\ 2 (D\ channel) times. They do, however,
- include queuing delays that occur in the absence of disturbances but not
- any queuing delays
- caused be re\(hytransmission.
- .bp
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.4.1
- \fBuser signalling acknowledgement delay\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- User signalling acknowledgement delay is the interval from the
- instant a user signalling message has been received from the subscriber line
- signalling system until a message acknowledging the receipt of that message
- is passed back from the exchange to the user line signalling system. Examples
- of such messages are SETUP ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TO SETUP, CONNECT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- to
- CONNECT and RELEASE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT to RELEASE.
- .PP
- The values in Table 27/Q.543 are recommended.
- .RT
- .ce
- \fBH.T. [T28.543]\fR
- .ce
- TABLE\ 27/Q.543
- .ps 9
- .vs 11
- .nr VS 11
- .nr PS 9
- .TS
- center box;
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | cw(60p) .
- Reference load A Reference load B\fR
- _
- .T&
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | rw(60p) .
- Mean value \(= | 00 ms \(= | 00 ms
- _
- .T&
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | rw(60p) .
- {
- 0.95 probability of not exceeding
- } \(= | 00 ms 1000 ms
- _
- .TE
- .nr PS 9
- .RT
- .ad r
- \fBTable 27/Q.543 [T28.543], p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- 2.4.2
- \fBsignalling transfer delay\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The exchange signalling transfer delay is the time taken for the exchange
- to transfer a message from one signalling system to another with
- minimal or no other exchange actions required. The interval is measured from
- the instant that a message is received from a signalling system until the
- moment the corresponding message is passed to another signalling system.
- Examples of messages are ALERT to ADDRESS COMPLETE, ADDRESS COMPLETE to
- ADDRESS COMPLETE, CONNECT to ANSWER, RELEASE to DISCONNECT,\ etc.
- .PP
- The values in Table 28/Q.543 are recommended for originating and
- terminating connections.
- .RT
- .ce
- \fBH.T. [T29.543]\fR
- .ce
- TABLE\ 28/Q.543
- .ps 9
- .vs 11
- .nr VS 11
- .nr PS 9
- .TS
- center box;
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | cw(60p) .
- Reference load A Reference load B
- _
- .T&
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | cw(60p) .
- Mean value \(= | 00 ms \(= | 50 ms
- _
- .T&
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | cw(60p) .
- {
- 0.95 probability of not exceeding
- } \(= | 00 ms \(= | 00 ms
- _
- .TE
- .nr PS 9
- .RT
- .ad r
- \fBTable 28/Q.543 [T29.543], p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- For transit connections, the requirements of the appropriate
- signalling system Recommendation should apply, e.g.\ CCITT Recommendations\
- Q.725 and\ Q.766 for \fIT\fR\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIu\fR\uvalue (case of a simple
- message).
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ User\(hyto\(hyuser signalling may imply additional functions
- in the exchanges, e.g.\ charging, flow control,\ etc. The requirements
- for user\(hyto\(hyuser signalling transfer delay and the impact of user\(hyto\(hyuser
- signalling on exchange performance is for further study.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.4.3
- \fBcall set up delay\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Call set up delay is defined as the interval from the instant when the
- signalling information required for outgoing circuit selection is received
- from the incoming signalling system until the instant when the corresponding
- signalling information is passed to the outgoing signalling system.
- .RT
- .PP
- 2.4.3.1
- For originating 64 kbit/s circuit switched connections
- (types\ I, II and III option a).
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- i)
- If overlap sending is used, the interval starts when the
- information message received contains a \*Qsending complete\*U indication
- or the
- address information for call set up is complete.
- .LP
- ii)
- If en\(hybloc sending is used, the time interval starts when the SETUP
- message has been received from the user signalling system.
- .PP
- For call attempts using overlap sending, the values in
- Table\ 29/Q.543 are recommended.
- .ce
- \fBH.T. [T30.543]\fR
- .ce
- TABLE\ 29/Q.543
- .ps 9
- .vs 11
- .nr VS 11
- .nr PS 9
- .TS
- center box;
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | cw(60p) .
- Reference load A Reference load B
- _
- .T&
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | rw(60p) .
- Mean value \(= | 00 ms \(= | 00 ms
- _
- .T&
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | rw(60p) .
- {
- 0.95 probability of not exceeding
- } \(= | 00 ms 1000 ms
- _
- .TE
- .nr PS 9
- .RT
- .ad r
- \fBTable 29/Q.543 [T30.543], p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- .sp 1
- For call attempts using en\(hybloc sending, the values in
- Table\ 30/Q.543 are recommended.
- .ce
- \fBH.T. [T31.543]\fR
- .ce
- TABLE\ 30/Q.543
- .ps 9
- .vs 11
- .nr VS 11
- .nr PS 9
- .TS
- center box;
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | cw(60p) .
- Reference load A Reference load B
- _
- .T&
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | rw(60p) .
- Mean value \(= | 00 ms \(= | 00 ms
- _
- .T&
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | rw(60p) .
- {
- 0.95 probability of not exceeding
- } \(= | 00 ms 1200 ms
- _
- .TE
- .nr PS 9
- .RT
- .ad r
- \fBTable 30/Q.543 [T31.543], p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- .sp 1
- 2.4.3.2
- For originating supplementary service call attempts:
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- for further study.
- .PP
- 2.4.3.3
- For transit 64 kbit/s circuit switched connections between
- circuits that use CCITT Signalling System\ No.\ 7, the requirements of CCITT
- Recommendations\ Q.725 and\ Q.766 should apply for \fIT\fR\d\fIc\fR\\d\fIu\fR\uvalue
- (case of a processing intensive message).
- .bp
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.4.4
- \fBthrough connection delay\fR \v'3p'
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- 2.4.4.1
- For originating outgoing and transit traffic 64 kbit/s switched
- circuit connections, through connection delay is defined as the interval
- from the instant that the signalling information required for setting up
- a
- connection through the exchange is received from the incoming signalling
- system to the instant that the transmission path is available for carrying
- traffic
- between the incoming and outgoing terminations on the exchange.
- .PP
- Usually, both directions of transmission will be switched through at the
- same time. However, at an originating exchange, on certain calls, there
- may be a requirement to effect switch through in two stages, one direction
- at a time. In this case, different signalling messages will initiate the
- two stages of switch through and the recommended delay applies to each
- stage of switch
- through.
- .PP
- The values in Table 31/Q.543 are recommended.
- .RT
- .ce
- \fBH.T. [T32.543]\fR
- .ce
- TABLE\ 31/Q.543
- .ps 9
- .vs 11
- .nr VS 11
- .nr PS 9
- .TS
- center box;
- lw(90p) | cw(72p) | cw(66p) .
- Reference load A Reference load B
- _
- .T&
- lw(90p) | cw(39p) | cw(33p) | cw(33p) | cw(33p) .
- Without ancillary function With ancillary function Without ancillary function With ancillary function
- _
- .T&
- lw(90p) | cw(39p) | cw(33p) | cw(33p) | cw(33p) .
- Mean value \(= | 50 ms \(= | 50 ms \(= | 00 ms \(= | 00 ms
- _
- .T&
- lw(90p) | cw(39p) | cw(33p) | cw(33p) | cw(33p) .
- {
- 0.95 probability of not exceeding
- } \(= | 00 ms \(= | 00 ms \(= | 00 ms \(= | 00 ms
- _
- .TE
- .nr PS 9
- .RT
- .ad r
- \fBTable 31/Q.543 [T32.543], p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 1
- .PP
- 2.4.4.2
- For internal and terminating traffic 64 kbit/s switched circuit
- connections the through connection delay is defined as the interval from the
- instant that the CONNECT message is received from the called line signalling
- system until the through connection is established and available for carrying
- traffic and the ANSWER and CONNECT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT messages have been passed
- to the appropriate signalling systems.
- .PP
- The values in Table 32/Q.543 are recommended.
- .ce
-
- .ce
- \fR
- .ce
- \fBH.T. [T33.543]\fR
- .ce
- TABLE\ 32/Q.543
- .ps 9
- .vs 11
- .nr VS 11
- .nr PS 9
- .TS
- center box;
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | cw(60p) .
- Reference load A Reference load B
- _
- .T&
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | cw(60p) .
- Mean value \(= | 50 ms \(= | 00 ms
- _
- .T&
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | cw(60p) .
- {
- 0.95 probability of not exceeding
- } \(= | 00 ms \(= | 00 ms
- _
- .TE
- .nr PS 9
- .RT
- .ad r
- \fBTable 32/Q.543 [T33.543], p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- 2.4.5
- \fBincoming call indication sending delay \(em (for terminating and
- internal traffic connections)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The incoming call indication sending delay is defined as the
- interval from the instant at which the necessary signalling information is
- received from the signalling system to the instant at which the SETUP message
- is passed to the signalling system of the called subscriber line.
- .bp
- .PP
- In the case of overlap sending in the incoming signalling system, the values
- in Table\ 33/Q.543 are recommended.
- .RT
- .ce
- \fBH.T. [T34.543]\fR
- .ce
- TABLE\ 33/Q.543
- .ps 9
- .vs 11
- .nr VS 11
- .nr PS 9
- .TS
- center box;
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | cw(60p) .
- Reference load A Reference load B
- _
- .T&
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | rw(60p) .
- Mean value \(= | 00 ms \(= | 00 ms
- _
- .T&
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | rw(60p) .
- {
- 0.95 probability of not exceeding
- } \(= | 00 ms 1000 ms
- _
- .TE
- .nr PS 9
- .RT
- .ad r
- \fBTable 33/Q.543 [T34.543], p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- In the case of en\(hybloc sending in the incoming signalling system, the
- values in Table\ 34/Q.543 are recommended.
- .ce
- \fBH.T. [T35.543]\fR
- .ce
- TABLE\ 34/Q.543
- .ps 9
- .vs 11
- .nr VS 11
- .nr PS 9
- .TS
- center box;
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | cw(60p) .
- Reference load A Reference load B
- _
- .T&
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | rw(60p) .
- Mean value \(= | 00 ms \(= | 00 ms
- _
- .T&
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | rw(60p) .
- {
- 0.95 probability of not exceeding
- } \(= | 00 ms 1200 ms
- _
- .TE
- .nr PS 9
- .RT
- .ad r
- \fBTable 34/Q.543 [T35.543], p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.4.6
- \fBconnection release delay\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Connection release delay is defined as the interval from the
- instant when DISCONNECT or RELEASE message is received from a signalling
- system until the instant when the connection is no longer available for
- use on the
- call (and is available for use on another call) and a corresponding RELEASE
- or DISCONNECT message is passed to the other signalling system involved
- in the
- connection.
- .PP
- The values in Table 35/Q.543 are recommended.
- .RT
- .ce
- \fBH.T. [T36.543]\fR
- .ce
- TABLE\ 35/Q.543
- .ps 9
- .vs 11
- .nr VS 11
- .nr PS 9
- .TS
- center box;
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | cw(60p) .
- Reference load A Reference load B
- _
- .T&
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | cw(60p) .
- Mean value \(= | 50 ms \(= | 00 ms
- _
- .T&
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | cw(60p) .
- {
- 0.95 probability of not exceeding
- } \(= | 00 ms \(= | 00 ms
- _
- .TE
- .nr PS 9
- .RT
- .ad r
- \fBTable 35/Q.543 [T36.543], p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.4.7
- \fICall clearing delay\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Disconnect and call clearing will usually be performed at the same time.
- However, on certain calls it may be necessary for an exchange to retain
- call references after disconnect has occurred, until a clearing message
- is
- received. The exchange may then discard the call reference information. The
- corresponding RELEASE message must be passed on to other involved signalling
- systems in the interval allowed for signalling transfer delay
- (see\ \(sc\ 2.4.2).
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.4.8
- \fITiming for start of charging\fR (circuit switched calls)
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- When required, timing for charging at the exchange where this
- function is performed, shall begin after receipt of an ANSWER indication
- from a connecting exchange or the called user. The start of timing for
- charging should occur within the intervals recommended in Table\ 36/Q.543.
- .RT
- .LP
- .ce
- \fBH.T. [T37.543]\fR
- .ce
- TABLE\ 36/Q.543
- .ps 9
- .vs 11
- .nr VS 11
- .nr PS 9
- .TS
- center box;
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | cw(60p) .
- Reference load A Reference load B
- _
- .T&
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | cw(60p) .
- Mean value \(= | 00 ms \(= | 175 ms
- _
- .T&
- lw(90p) | cw(60p) | cw(60p) .
- {
- 0.95 probability of not exceeding
- } \(= | 00 ms \(= | 50 ms
- _
- .TE
- .nr PS 9
- .RT
- .ad r
- \fBTable 36/Q.543 [T37.543], p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 1
- 2.5
- \fICall processing performance objectives\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 2.5.1
- \fI64 kbit/s switched connections\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.5.1.1
- \fIPremature release\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The probability that an exchange malfunction will result in the
- premature release of an established connection in any one minute interval
- should be:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIP\fR \ \(=\ 2\ \(mu\ 10\uD\dlF261\u5\d
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- 2.5.1.2
- \fIRelease failure\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The probability that an exchange malfunction will prevent the
- required release of a connection should be:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIP\fR \ \(=\ 2\ \(mu\ 10\uD\dlF261\u5\d
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- 2.5.1.3
- \fIIncorrect charging or accounting\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The probability of a call attempt receiving incorrect charging or accounting
- treatment due to an exchange malfunction should be:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIP\fR \ \(=\ 10\uD\dlF261\u4\d
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .bp
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.5.1.4
- \fIMisrouting\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The probability of a call attempt misrouted following receipt by
- the exchange of a valid address should be:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIP\fR \ \(=\ 10\uD\dlF261\u4\d
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- 2.5.1.5
- \fINo tone\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The probability of a call attempt encountering no tone following
- receipt of a valid address by the exchange should be:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIP\fR \ \(=\ 10\uD\dlF261\u4\d
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- 2.5.1.6
- \fIOther failures\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The probability of the exchange causing a call failure for any
- other reason not identified specifically above should be:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIP\fR \ \(=\ 10\uD\dlF261\u4\d
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.5.2
- \fI64 kbit/s semi\(hypermanent connections\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- This requires further study taking into consideration:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- need to recognize an interruption;
- .LP
- \(em
- probability of an interruption;
- .LP
- \(em
- requirements for re\(hyestablishment of interrupted connection;
- .LP
- \(em
- any other unique requirements.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.5.3
- \fIn \(mu 64 kbit/s switched connections\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- To be recommended if/when specific services are defined.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.5.4
- \fIn \(mu 64 kbit/s semi\(hypermanent connections\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- To be recommended if/when specific services are defined.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 2.6
- \fITransmission performance\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.6.1
- \fI64 kbit/s switched connections\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The probability of a connection being established with an
- unacceptable transmission quality across the exchange should be:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIP\fR (Unacceptable transmission)\ \(=\ 10\uD\dlF261\u5\d
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- .PP
- The transmission quality across the exchange is said to be
- unacceptable when the bit error ratio is above the alarm condition.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The alarm condition has yet to be defined.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.6.2
- \fI64 kbit/s semi\(hypermanent connections\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- To be recommended.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.6.3
- \fIn \(mu 64 kbit/s switched connections\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- To be recommended, if/when specific services are defined.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.6.4
- \fIn \(mu 64 kbit/s semi\(hypermanent connections\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- To be recommended if/when specific services are defined.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 2.7
- \fISlip rate\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.7.1
- \fINormal conditions\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The slip rate under normal conditions is covered in
- Recommendation\ Q.541.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.7.2
- \fITemporary loss of timing control\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The case of temporary loss of timing control corresponds to the
- \*Qholdover operation\*U defined and recommended in Recommendation\ G.812. The
- allowable slip rate will correspond to the maximum relative TIE also
- recommended therein.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.7.3
- \fIAbnormal conditions at the exchange input\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The slip rate in case of abnormal conditions (wide phase
- diviations,\ etc.) at the exchange input is the subject of further study
- taking into account the requirements of Recommendation\ G.823.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB3\fR \fBExchange performance during overload conditions\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- This section applies to digital exchanges operating during periods when
- the number of call attempts presented to the exchange exceeds its call
- processing capacity for a significant period of time, excluding momentary
- peaks. Under these conditions the exchange is said to be operating in an
- overload condition.
- .PP
- This Recommendation identifies requirements for exchange performance during
- overload and for overload mechanisms in the exchange. Network management
- functions to be supported by an exchange are defined in Recommendation\
- Q.542, \(sc\ 5.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.1
- \fIExplanation of terms used in definition of overload\fR
- \fIparameters\fR \v'3p'
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- \fBload\fR : the total number of call attempts presented to
- an exchange during a given interval of time (i.e.\ offered load)
- .LP
- \(em
- \fBoverload\fR : that part of the total load offered to an
- exchange, in excess of the engineered traffic processing capacity of the
- exchange. Overload is usually expressed as a percentage of engineered
- capacity.
- .LP
- \(em
- \fBthroughput\fR : the number of call attempts processed
- successfully by an exchange per unit time.
- .LP
- \(em
- \fBengineered capacity\fR : the mean offered load at which
- the exchange just meets all grade of service requirements used by the
- Administration to engineer the exchange.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.2
- \fICall processing performance during overload\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- An exchange must continue to process a specified load even when the offered
- call attempts exceed its available call processing capacity. The number
- of call attempts handled during an overload condition should not be
- significantly lower than the engineered capacity of the exchange for a
- specified Grade Of Service (GOS), as noted in \(sc\ 3.7.
- .PP
- Two basic requirements for exchange performance during overload
- are:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- to maintain adequate exchange throughput in sustained
- overload
- .LP
- \(em
- to react sufficiently quickly to load peaks and the sudden
- onset of overload.
- .PP
- As the offered load increases beyond the engineered attempt
- capacity of the exchange, the throughput or the carried attempt load may
- exhibit a behaviour shown by curve\ A in Figure\ 1/Q.543, i.e.\ processor
- throughput may be reduced drastically if the offered load increases well
- beyond the engineered load. Curve\ B in Figure\ 1/Q.543 represents the
- maximum
- throughput, where the throughput remains at the nominal design level under
- overload. Appropriate overload protection mechanisms should be included
- in the overall exchange design so that the throughput performance of the
- processor
- under overload resembles the curve\ C in Figure\ 1/Q.543.
- .bp
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 20P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 1/Q.543, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.3
- \fIEngineered exchange capacity\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Exchange engineered capacity is the maximum load that the exchange can
- handle while operating in a \*Qnormal\*U mode (i.e.\ performing all required
- operating and administrative functions) while meeting performance requirements
- specified in \(sc\ 2 or those specified by the Administration. It is not
- necessarily the point of maximum throughput (see Figure\ 1/Q.543).
- .PP
- Overload controls, when applied, may have a significant effect on
- exchange capacity. Overload throughput performance should be specified
- relative to the engineered capacity of the exchange when overload controls
- are
- operating.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.4
- \fIOverload control strategy\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- An effective overload control strategy will prevent the rapid
- decrease in processed call attempts with increasing overload (see Curve\ A in
- Figure\ 1/Q.543); the relatively gradual decrease with overload controls
- enabled (Curve\ C in Figure\ 1/Q.543) is due to the increasing processing
- overhead in
- exercising the overload controls.
- .PP
- Overload is defined as the level of call attempts offered to the
- exchange in excess of the exchange engineered capacity. For example, when
- the exchange is offered call attempts at a rate of 10% greater than the
- engineered capacity, the exchange is said to have 10% overload.
- .PP
- The exchange throughput at an overload of Y% above the engineered
- capacity load should be at least X% of the throughput at engineered capacity.
- This concept is shown in Figure\ 2/Q.543 which shows the region of unacceptable
- throughput performance. Any throughput curve which remains above the X%
- level until reaching the point of Y% overload is acceptable. The recommended
- values are Y\ =\ 50% and X\ =\ 90%. Beyond Y% overload the exchange should
- continue to
- process calls in an acceptable manner.
- .RT
- .PP
- As long as the level of overload does not exceed Y% above the
- exchange engineered capacity, then the exchange throughput should be no less
- than X% of engineered capacity, as depicted in Figure\ 2/X.543.
- .PP
- Measurements that can provide data as the basis for calculation of X and
- Y, are identified in \(sc\ 3.8.
- .bp
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 18P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 2/Q.543, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.5
- \fIDetection of overload\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The exchange should incorporate suitable means for detecting
- overload conditions.
- .PP
- The onset of an overload state should be recognized by the exchange
- processing logic which in turn will invoke strategies to avoid a severe
- degradation in throughput load. During overload, both severe delays and
- processing delays will increase and will normally exceed the performance
- objectives given for Reference load\ B.
- .PP
- Overload indications may, for example, be provided by: a continuous
- measurement of the occupancy of the resources used for call handling over
- short periods (e.g.\ a few seconds); monitoring the queue lengths for the
- various call handling processes,\ etc. Overload control activation indications
- should be
- given to the administration staff.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.6
- \fIOverload protection\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The internal overload control methods used in an exchange are
- dependant on the particular technical arrangement of the switching system,
- and are not subject to CCITT Recommendations. Overload controls used in
- conjunction with adjacent exchanges are discussed under \*QNetwork management
- design
- objectives\*U in Recommendation\ Q.542, \(sc\ 5.
- .PP
- In order to reduce the load on the exchange caused by calls that
- cannot be processed during overload, it may be necessary to discourage
- further attempts by customers during this situation. Methods used to achieve
- this
- reduction should not significantly increase the load on exchange processors,
- as for example, routing calls to recorded announcements.
- .PP
- Overload controls, once applied, should be removed as quickly as
- possible when the degree of overload reduces, consistent with the need
- to avoid oscillatory behaviour which might prolong the period of degraded
- service.
- .PP
- As a guideline to providing service during overload conditions, the
- following general principles are applicable:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- give preference to the processing of terminating calls,
- .LP
- \(em
- give preference to priority class lines, calls to priority
- destinations based on digit analysis and incoming calls with priority
- indications in, for example, the Initial Address Message of a call using
- CCITT Signalling System\ No.\ 7, if an essential service protection capability
- has been invoked,
- .bp
- .LP
- \(em
- defer some or all activities non\(hyessential to handling
- offered traffic; examples are some administration and maintenance processes
- in the exchange. (Nevertheless the man\(hymachine communications essential
- for
- priority operational tasks should always be preserved. In particular, network
- management terminals and functions associated with interfaces to network
- management support systems should be afforded high priority, since network
- management actions can play an important role in reducing exchange overloads),
- .LP
- \(em
- maintain normal charging and supervisory functions, and
- established connections until the receipt of the appropriate release signal,
- .LP
- \(em
- assign priorities to specific exchange measurements, such
- that low priority measurements cease at a predetermined level of congestion.
- Higher priority measurements may be ceased at a higher level of congestion,
- or may be run continuously, depending on their importance to the call handling
- functions,
- .LP
- \(em
- give preference to calls already being processed, before
- accepting new calls.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.7
- \fIGrade of service during overload\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- In general the overall grade of service seen by the subscribers
- will deteriorate when the exchange experiences severe overload conditions
- and the overload protection mechanisms have been invoked. This may be due
- to the
- fact that the overload protection procedures may require that the exchange
- not accept all the call attempts offered.
- .PP
- Accepted calls may or may not receive a grade of service equal to that
- received by calls at Reference load\ B of \(sc\ 2. In terms of the exchange
- overload performance, it is sufficient that calls be accepted in such a
- way that
- throughput is maximized.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.8
- \fIPerformance monitoring during overload control activation\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The operational measurements in the exchange should be sufficient to determine
- the number of call attempts accepted by the exchange, and the
- number that are successfully being completed, from the exchange point\(hyof\(hyview.
- Separate measurements should be available to count the number of attempts
- rejected by the exchange during overload, so that the total load can be
- estimated.
- .PP
- An accepted call attempt is defined to be a call attempt which is
- accepted for processing by the exchange. This does not necessarily mean
- that an accepted call attempt will complete or receive an acceptable grade
- of service.
- .PP
- The call completion rate can vary statistically with time, according to
- the specific call attempt acceptance process invoked by the overload
- controls. Therefore the call completion rate estimated from the operational
- measurements needs to be taken over a sufficiently long period of time to
- verify conformance to the X% throughput requirement.
- .RT
- .ce 1000
- ANNEX\ A
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- (to Recommendation Q.543)
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- \fBAn example of methodology for computing the call\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- \fBprocessing capacity of a Digital Exchange\fR ,
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- \fBtaking into account ISDN services,\fR
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- \fBincluding packet data handling\fR
- .ce 0
- .LP
- A.1
- \fIGeneral\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- Exchanges will generally be required to handle many types of calls as they
- provide basic telephony service, supplementary telephony service, ISDN
- bearer service and ISDN supplementary services. A variety of signalling
- types will be used on subscriber lines and for handling calls over interexchange
- circuits. Performance objectives have been recommended and are applicable
- over the full range of exchange sizes and loads up to the limit of exchange
- \*Qengineered\*U capabity at its maximum size for the mix of call types
- handled and
- .PP
- signalling types used in the exchange. Different mixes of call types and
- signalling types require different amounts of processing capacity. Thus the
- maximum number of subscriber lines that can be served and the number of
- calls that can be handled will be different for each mix on the same switching
- system. This ANNEX serves as an example of a methodology that makes it
- possible to compute the processing capacity of an exchange for any particular
- mix of
- call types and signalling expected to be encountered in its implementation.
- Of course, other possible limiting factors such as allowable hardware
- configuration, memory capacity,\ etc., must also be taken into account when
- determining the capacity of the exchange.
- .bp
- .PP
- The method of calculating call processing capacity illustrated herein is
- for a particular multi\(hyprocessor exchange design shown in Figure\ A\(hy1/Q.543.
- However, the principles used can be applied to any processor controlled
- exchange design for any mix of services, traffic and signalling handled
- by the exchange. This method requires that manufacturers provide information
- and data about their exchange designs in terms that Administrations can
- use in the
- formulae derived below and that Administrations make measurements and/or
- estimates to forecast the expected traffic volumes and mix of services, call
- types and signalling.
- .PP
- It is important to examine the exchange architecture and to understand
- how calls are processed in order to recognize potential limiting elements.
- For example, ISDN calls involving packet switching will have two separate
- elements to be considered, call set up and packet handling. Packet call
- set up can be
- dealt with in the same manner as circuit switched call setup by considering
- these types of call attempts in and with the circuit switched call attempt
- originations and dispositions. However, subsequent packet handling requires
- continuing processing capacity, occasionally for long periods of time,
- may be handled by processors other than those involved in call setup and
- thus, must be dealt with separately.
- .PP
- Figure A\(hy1/Q.543 of this ANNEX shows a block diagram of an exchange
- design with several processors, which is used as an example in this
- ANNEX.
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- The Interface Unit 1 through n provide interfaces to user
- lines, interexchange circuits, signalling terminals and any other interfaces
- to entities outside the exchange. A certain amount of call processing
- (e.g.\ handling signalling to or from lines or interexchange circuits, digit
- analysis,\ etc.) can be performed by processors in these interface units. In
- this example, each Interface Unit also contains its own packet handler
- (shown as PH). The Interface Units communicate with a Central Processing
- Unit over
- high capacity inter\(hyprocessor lines.
- .LP
- b)
- The Central Processing Unit directs call processing by the exchange.
- It receives information about call attempts from the Interface Units, determines
- how they should be handled and routed and directs their disposition by
- the appropriate Interface Units. In connection with packet switching calls,
- it is assumed that the Central Processing Unit is involved only in call
- set up and call release and that ongoing packet handling requires no significant
- amount of CPU processing capacity. The CPU also performs other call related
- and administrative tasks, such as maintaining charging information, and
- performs other administrative and operations functions for the exchange.
- .PP
- To determine the capacity of this design it is necessary to know how many
- Interface Units can be connected to an exchange. Then it is necessary to
- compute the call processing capacity of the Central Processing Unit and
- the capacity of the Interface Units to determine which is the limiting
- factor. In some designs, other elements, such as a utility processor or
- the switching
- network, can limit the size of the exchange. Thus, it is necessary to
- understand the exchange design and then to make appropriate computations
- involving the limiting elements to determine the processing capacity of the
- exchange for the traffic mix envisioned.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- A.2
- \fIDefinitions\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.2.1
- \fBcapacity unit\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The processing capacity required in an exchange (or processing
- unit) to process a call attempt consisting of the originating portion plus
- the terminating (or disposition) portion.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.2.2
- \fBhalf unit\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The processing capacity required to process either the originating or terminating
- (disposition) portion of a call attempt handled by an exchange or a processing
- unit, e.g.\ an Interface Unit in the exchange design shown.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.2.3
- \fBoriginating type\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A type of call attempt entering the exchange (e.g. a telephone call from
- a line class\(hymarked for basic telephone service, or one from a line
- marked for supplementary services, or basic ISDN services, \fIor\fR ISDN
- supplementary
- services, or a call entering the exchange on an incoming interexchange
- circuit,\ etc.).
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.2.4
- \fBterminating (disposition) type\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A type of call attempt leaving or disposed of by the exchange (e.g. a call
- attempt terminating to a line class marked for basic telephone service,
- or one to a line with supplementary or ISDN services assigned, or to an
- outgoing interexchange circuit,\ etc.).
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.2.5
- \fBreference capacity unit\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The processing capacity required for processing an arbitrarily
- selected pair of half units, one an originating type attempt and one a
- terminating (disposition) type attempt, usually a pair that is expected
- to be involved in a significant portion of the traffic load in the exchange.
- The
- reference capacity unit uses a standard against which capacity units for
- other types of attempts are compared. (It is suggested that an originating
- outgoing \*Qlocal\*U telephone call attempt from a basic telephone line
- and disposed of by routing it to an interexchange circuit using CCITT Signalling
- System\ No.\ 7 as the reference capacity unit.)
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.2.6
- \fBreference capacity half\(hyunit\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The processing capacity required in an interface unit to process an arbitrarily
- selected half\(hyunit, either an originating or a terminating
- (disposition) type (usually one that is involved in a significant portion of
- traffic that interface units handle, e.g.\ an originating telephone call
- attempt from a basic telephone line). The reference capacity half\(hyunit
- is used as the standard against which half\(hyunits of other types of attempts
- are compared. When separate calculations for different interface units
- are necessary, which occurs when different mixes of line classes and traffic
- are served by the different
- interface units, the same reference capacity half\(hyunit should be used
- for all calculations.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.2.7
- \fBcentral processor unit (CPU) reference capacity unit\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The processing capacity required in the CPU to process the portions of
- attempts associated with one reference capacity unit. The reference capacity
- unit is assigned unit value. Thus, if \fIF\fR is the fraction of one reference
- capacity unit for processing the originating portion and \fIF\fR ` is the
- fraction of one reference capacity unit required for processing the terminating
- (disposition) portion, the sum is unity (
- \fIF\fR \ +\ \fIF\fR `\ =\ 1).
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.2.8
- \fBinterface unit (IU) reference capacity unit\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The amount of processing capacity required in the IU in the
- exchange design shown, to properly handle one reference capacity
- half\(hyunit.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.2.9
- \fBweighting factor\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The ratio of the relative amount of processing capacity required to handle
- either portion, originating or terminating (disposition), of any
- \fIattempt\fR type, to the capacity required in that processor to perform
- the same functions for reference capacity unit, (originating and terminating
- (disposition) portions). For example, if a complete reference capacity unit
- requires 1000\ processor cycles in the CPU and the originating portion
- of a call attempt entering the exchange requires 430\ cycles in the CPU,
- the weighting
- factor (CPU) for that originating attempt type would be 0.43.
- .PP
- Similarly, in the interface unit, a weighting factor is the ratio of the
- amount of IU processing capacity required to handle a particular half\(hyunit
- to the amount of IU processing capacity required to handle a reference
- capacity half\(hyunit. Thus if an IU requires 600\ cycles to handle a reference
- capacity
- half\(hyunit and another type of call entering the exchange via the IU requires
- 725\ IU processor cycles, the weighting factor (IU) for that half\(hyunit
- attempt type would be 1.21.
- .PP
- Weighting factors for all originating and terminating (disposition)
- types of capacity units and half\(hyunits, are required for each processing
- unit in the exchange in order to make capacity computations. These weighting
- factors must be furnished by the manufacturer.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.2.10
- \fBreference unit (and half\(hyunit) processing capacity (RUPC)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Is capacity information that should be furnished by the
- manufacturer. RUPC is the total number of reference capacity units (and
- half\(hyunits) that can be performed by a processor (or processing unit) in one
- hour in an exchange while meeting performance criteria specified by the
- Administration and at the same time performing all the operations and
- administrative tasks required for normal operation of the exchange. Thus,
- RUPC is the processing capacity available
- .bp
- .PP
- for call handling. It is the
- total
- .PP
- installed capacity diminished by an amount required for overhead,
- administrative tasks,\ etc. In addition to accounting for the overhead of
- administrative tasks, it may also be desirable to \*Qreserve\*U a certain
- percentage of capacity for program growth additions that would be needed
- in a maximum size exchange for adding new features in the future. To be
- able to make a realistic comparison of different systems, it is necessary
- that the
- Administration learn from the manufacturers, the non\(hycall handling functions
- that are accounted for and the percent of capacity that is being reserved
- for growth.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.3
- \fIProcessing capacity computation (for a central processing unit)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Capacity information and weighting factors are furnished by the
- manufacturer.
- .RT
- .LP
- Let
- \fIF\fR\d\fIi\fR\u =
- weighting factor for originating type \fIi\fR
- .LP
- \fIF\fR `
- \fI\fI\d\fIj\fR\u =
- weighting factor for
- terminating (disposition) type \fIj\fR .
- .PP
- Traffic mix on the CPU is specified by the Administration.
- .LP
- Let
- \fIP\fR\d\fIi\fR\u =
- fraction of call attempts expected to be
- originating type\ \fIi\fR
- .LP
- \fIP\fR `
- \fI\fI\d\fIj\fR\u =
- fraction of call attempts expected to be terminating (disposition) type\
- \fIj\fR .
- \v'6p'
- .ad r
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- If, R = the call attempt rate expressed in terms of busy hour call attempts,
- then the amount of processing capacity required for originating type work
- units associated with the i\(hyth call attempt type traffic is:
- \v'6p'
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIP\fR\d\fIi\fR\u
- .EF '% \fI''
- .OF '''\fI %'
- .EF '% \fI''
- .OF '''\fI %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- .sp 1
- Similarly, the processing capacity required for disposition work associated
- with the j\(hyth call type traffic is:
- \v'6p'
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIP\fR `
- \fI\fI\d\fIj\fR\u\fIF\fR `
- \fI\fI\d\fIj\fR\u\fIR\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fR
- .sp 1
- .PP
- In order to satisfy the performance design objectives in
- Recommendation\ Q.543, the reference unit processing capacity (RUPC) must be
- equal to or greater than the total originating type work plus the total
- terminating (disposition) type work:
- \v'6p'
- .ad r
- .ad b
- .RT
- .ad r
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.4
- \fIProcessing capacity computation (for an interface unit)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Capacity information and weighting factors are furnished by the
- manufacturer.
- .RT
- .LP
- Let
- \fIH\fR\d\fIi\fR\u\ =
- weighting factor for half\(hyunit type i.
- .PP
- Traffic mix on the interface unit is specified by the
- Administration.
- .bp
- .LP
- Let
- \fIP\fR\d\fIi\fR\u\ =
- fraction of attempts to be half\(hyunit type
- i.
- \v'6p'
- .ad r
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- If, R = the attempt rate in terms of busy hour half\(hyunits, the
- processing capacity required for i\(hyth type half\(hyunits is:
- \v'6p'
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIP\fR
- .EF '% \fI''
- .OF '''\fI %'
- .EF '% \fIiR''
- .OF '''\fIiR %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- .PP
- In order to satisfy performance criteria, the reference unit call processing
- capacity (RUPC) must be equal to or greater than the total
- processing load:
- \v'6p'
- .ad r
- .ad b
- .RT
- .ad r
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- A.5
- \fIExamples of processing capacity computations\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.5.1
- \fIFor a central processing unit\fR \v'3p'
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- \fIInputs\fR
- .PP
- Information furnished by manufacturer:
- .LP
- \(em
- RUPC = 100,000 central processor reference capacity units per hour
- .LP
- \(em
- Weighting factors (see Table A\(hy1/Q.543).
- .LP
- .sp 1
- .ce
- \fBH.T. [T38.543]\fR
- .ce
- TABLE\ A\(hy1/Q.543
- .ps 9
- .vs 11
- .nr VS 11
- .nr PS 9
- .TS
- center box;
- cw(120p) | cw(54p) | cw(54p) .
- Termination type Originating portion (F) {
- Termination (disposition) portion (F`)
- }
- _
- .T&
- lw(120p) | cw(54p) | cw(54p) .
- Basic analogue access line 0.60 0.40
- .T&
- lw(120p) | cw(54p) | cw(54p) .
- {
- Analogue access line with supplementary services
- } 0.72 0.48
- .T&
- lw(120p) | cw(54p) | cw(54p) .
- ISDN access line 0.72 0.56
- .T&
- lw(120p) | cw(54p) | cw(54p) .
- Interexchange circuit (IXC) 0.50 0.40
- _
- .TE
- .nr PS 9
- .RT
- .ad r
- \fBTable A\(hy1/Q.543 [T38.543], p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .PP
- Information furnished by the Administration.
- .PP
- Expected traffic mix (see Table A\(hy2/Q.543).
- .RT
- .ce
- \fBH.T. [T39.543]\fR
- .ce
- TABLE\ A\(hy2/Q.543
- .ps 9
- .vs 11
- .nr VS 11
- .nr PS 9
- .TS
- center box;
- cw(90p) | cw(90p) | cw(48p) .
- Originating call type From\ \(em\ termination type {
- Traffic mix
- (fraction of total)
- }
- _
- .T&
- lw(90p) | lw(90p) | cw(48p) .
- Telephone Basic analogue access line 0.28
- .T&
- lw(90p) | lw(90p) | cw(48p) .
- Telephone {
- Analogue acess line with supplementary services
- } 0.32
- .T&
- lw(90p) | lw(90p) | cw(48p) .
- 64\ kbit/s switched ISND access line 0.05
- .T&
- lw(90p) | lw(90p) | cw(48p) .
- Packet switched (setup) ISDN access line 0.02
- .T&
- lw(90p) | lw(90p) | cw(48p) .
- Incoming\(hycircuit switched Interexchange circuit (IXC) 0.33
- _
- .T&
- lw(90p) | rw(90p) | cw(48p) .
- Total 1.00
- _
- .T&
- cw(90p) | cw(90p) | cw(48p) .
- Terminating call type To\ \(em\ termination type {
- Traffic mix
- (fraction of total)
- }
- _
- .T&
- lw(90p) | lw(90p) | cw(48p) .
- Telephone Basic analogue access line 0.26
- .T&
- lw(90p) | lw(90p) | cw(48p) .
- Telephone {
- Analogue access line with supplementary services
- } 0.30
- .T&
- lw(90p) | lw(90p) | cw(48p) .
- 64\ kbit/s switched ISDN access line 0.05
- .T&
- lw(90p) | lw(90p) | cw(48p) .
- Packet switched (setup) ISDN access line 0.02
- .T&
- lw(90p) | lw(90p) | cw(48p) .
- Outgoing\(hycircuit switched Interexchange circuit (IXC) 0.37
- _
- .T&
- lw(90p) | rw(90p) | cw(48p) .
- Total 1.00
- _
- .TE
- .nr PS 9
- .RT
- .ad r
- \fBTable A\(hy2/Q.543 [T39.543], p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- .sp 2
- Computation (see Table A\(hy3/Q.543).
- .ce
- \fBH.T. [T40.543]\fR
- .ce
- TABLE\ A\(hy3/Q.543
- .ps 9
- .vs 11
- .nr VS 11
- .nr PS 9
- .TS
- center box;
- cw(108p) | cw(60p) | cw(60p) .
- Termination type Originating portion Terminating portion
- _
- .T&
- lw(108p) | rw(60p) | rw(60p) .
- Basic analogue access line {
- 0.28 \(mu 0.60 = 0.168\fR
- \fR
- } 0.26 \(mu 0.40 = 0.104
- .T&
- lw(108p) | rw(60p) | rw(60p) .
- {
- Analogue access line with supplementary services
- } 0.32 \(mu 0.72 = 0.230 0.30 \(mu 0.48 = 0.144
- .T&
- lw(108p) | rw(60p) | rw(60p) .
- {
- ISDN access line\ \(em\ circuit switched
- } 0.05 \(mu 0.72 = 0.036 0.05 \(mu 0.56 = 0.028
- .T&
- lw(108p) | rw(60p) | rw(60p) .
- {
- ISDN access line\ \(em\ packet switched
- } 0.02 \(mu 0.72 = 0.014 0.02 \(mu 0.56 = 0.011
- .T&
- lw(108p) | rw(60p) | rw(60p) .
- Interexchange circuit (IXC) 0.33 \(mu 0.50 = 0.165 0.37 \(mu 0.40 = 0.148
- _
- .T&
- lw(108p) | rw(60p) | rw(60p) .
- Total 0.613 0.435
- _
- .TE
- .nr PS 9
- .RT
- .ad r
- \fBTable A\(hy3/Q.543 [T40.543], p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .PP
- Maximum call attempt rate for the central processor for the
- specified mix of traffic:
- \v'6p'
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIR\fR maximum =
- @ { 00,000 } over { .613\~+\~0.435 } @
- = 95,420 call attempts per hour
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- .sp 1
- At this point in the computation, it would be wise to examine the exchange
- design to verify that hardware configuration, memory capacity, or any other
- possible limitations do not prevent reaching this computed capacity.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.5.2
- \fIExample of a processing capacity computation for an interface\fR
- \fIunit\fR | see Table\ A\(hy4/Q.543)
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Weighting factors are furnished by the manufacturer.
- .PP
- Traffic mix is estimated by the Administration.
- .RT
- .LP
- .ce
- \fBH.T. [T41.543]\fR
- .ce
- TABLE\ A\(hy4/Q.543
- .ps 9
- .vs 11
- .nr VS 11
- .nr PS 9
- .TS
- center box;
- lw(60p) | cw(78p) | cw(30p) | cw(48p) .
- Call type Weighting factor {
- Traffic mix
- (fraction of total)
- }
- _
- .T&
- lw(60p) | lw(78p) | lw(30p) | lw(12p) | lw(18p) | lw(18p) .
- \fIFrom:\fR
- .T&
- lw(60p) | lw(78p) | lw(30p) | lw(12p) | lw(18p) | lw(18p) .
- Basic analogue access line {
- Telephone (reference call)
- False start/abandon
- } 1.00 1.16 \(mu \(mu 0.14\ 0.005 = 0.140 = 0.006
- .T&
- lw(60p) | lw(78p) | lw(30p) | lw(12p) | lw(18p) | lw(18p) .
- Analogue access line {
- Telephone
- False start/abandon
- Supplementary service No. 1
- Supplementary service No. 2
- Supplementary service No. n
- } {
- 1.15\fR
- 1.20
- 1.52
- 1.31
- 1.
- ++
- } \(mu \(mu \(mu \(mu \(mu 0.10\ 0.005 0.05\ 0.01\ . {
- = 0.115
- = 0.006
- = 0.076
- = 0.013
- .
- }
- .T&
- lw(60p) | lw(78p) | lw(30p) | lw(12p) | lw(18p) | lw(18p) .
- ISDN access line {
- 64\ kbit/switched
- Packet call setup
- Supplementary service No. 1
- Supplementary service No. 2
- Supplementary service No. n
- } 1.20 1.15 1.44 1.20 1. ++ \(mu \(mu \(mu \(mu \(mu {
- 0.025
- 0.01\
- 0\ \ \ \
- 0.01\
- .
- } = 0.030 = 0.012 . = 0.012
- .T&
- lw(60p) | lw(78p) | lw(30p) | lw(12p) | lw(18p) | lw(18p) .
- IXC \(em CCITT No. 5 Incoming 1.30 \(mu 0.07\ = 0.091
- .T&
- lw(60p) | lw(78p) | lw(30p) | lw(12p) | lw(18p) | lw(18p) .
- IXC \(em CCITT No. 7 Incoming 0.90 \(mu 0.08 = 0.072
- .T&
- lw(60p) | lw(78p) | lw(30p) | lw(12p) | lw(18p) | lw(18p) .
- \fITo:\fR
- .T&
- lw(60p) | lw(78p) | lw(30p) | lw(12p) | lw(18p) | lw(18p) .
- Basic analogue line Telephone 0.65 \(mu 0.13 = 0.085
- .T&
- lw(60p) | lw(78p) | lw(30p) | lw(12p) | lw(18p) | lw(18p) .
- Analogue line {
- Telephone
- Supplementary service No. 4
- } 0.75 0.80\fR \fR \(mu \(mu 0.12\ \fR 0.035 = 0.090 = 0.028
- .T&
- lw(60p) | lw(78p) | lw(30p) | lw(12p) | lw(18p) | lw(18p) .
- ISDN {
- 64\ kbit/switched
- Packet call setup
- Supplementary service No. 5
- } 0.75 0.75 0.80 \(mu \(mu \(mu 0.02 0.01 0.01 = 0.015 = 0.008 = 0.008
- .T&
- lw(60p) | lw(78p) | lw(30p) | lw(12p) | lw(18p) | lw(18p) .
- IXC\ \(em\ CCITT No. 5 Outgoing 1.62 \(mu 0.08 = 0.130
- .T&
- lw(60p) | lw(78p) | lw(30p) | lw(12p) | lw(18p) | lw(18p) .
- IXC \(em CCITT No. 7 Outgoing 0.83 \(mu 0.10\ = 0.083
- _
- .T&
- lw(60p) | lw(78p) | lw(30p) | lw(12p) | lw(18p) | lw(18p) .
- Total \fB=\fR 1.020
- _
- .TE
- .nr PS 9
- .RT
- .ad r
- \fBTable A\(hy4/Q.543 [T41.543], p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .PP
- Information from the manufacturer.
- .PP
- Reference capacity for an interface unit = 15,000 reference capacity half\(hyunits
- per hour.
- .PP
- Computation:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIR\fR maximum =
- @ { 5,000 } over { .020 } @
- = 14,705 half\(hyunits per hour or 7,352 call attempts per hour
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- .PP
- If the traffic load is distributed in the above proportions across all
- interface unit the number of interface units required to fully load the
- central processing unit would be 13 [95,420 divided by 7,352]. In this
- case it would probably be wise to plan on a maximum of 14\ interface units
- in order to reserve some processing capacity for future program growth.
- At this point in
- the computation, it would be wise to examine the exchange design to verify
- that hardware configuration, memory or any other possible limitations do
- not prevent reaching this computed capacity.
- .PP
- The above capacity computation methodology can also be used to study the
- effects of different traffic mixes on interface units.
- .RT
- .LP
- A.6
- \fIPacket handling\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- A.6.1
- \fIDefinitions\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.6.1.1
- \fBpacket\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The unit of information exchanged between processors at
- layer\ 3.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.6.1.2
- \fBuser packet\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A packet of information exchanged between the originating and
- terminating users in a packet switched connection. The length of packets may
- vary, depending on the protocol used. The number of user packets transferred
- between the originating and terminating users measures the amount of
- information transferred. The fundamental measure of packet switching capacity
- is expressed as the number of some agreed standard length user packets
- per
- second.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.6.1.3
- \fBacknowledgement packet\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Packet switching protocols have various strategies to ensure the
- reliable transmission of packets between users. These strategies involve
- sending packets not containing user data to verify the successful transmission
- of users packets. Such packets are called acknowledgement packets. The
- acknowledgement strategy depends on the packet switching protocol being
- used.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.6.1.4
- \fBreference packet type\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- An arbitrarily selected user packet type, usually one of a protocol that
- is expected to be involved in a significant portion of the packet traffic
- an exchange might handle.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.6.1.5
- \fBreference packet work unit\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The amount of processor capacity required to handle one packet of the reference
- packet type together with its \*Qshare\*U of capacity required to
- handle associated acknowledgement packets. The reference packet work unit is
- assigned unit value.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.6.1.6
- \fBweighting factor\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The ratio of the amount of processing capacity required to handle any type
- of packet [including its \*Qshare\*U of associated acknowledgement
- packets] to the amount of processing required to handle one reference packet
- [including its \*Qshare\*U of associated acknowledgement packets]. For
- example, if a complete reference packet requires 1000\ processor cycles
- and a complete X.25 message packet requires 1200\ cycles, the weighting
- factor for that packet type would be 1.2. The weighting factors must be
- furnished by the manufacturer for each packet type handled by the exchange.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.6.1.7
- \fBreference packet processing capacity (RPPC)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The total number of reference type user packets that can be handled by
- the processor in one second while meeting the specified performance
- criteria. This number should be furnished by the manufacturer. It is important
- .PP
- to note that RPPC derives from that processing capacity reserved for packet
- handling and generally is the installed capacity diminished by an amount
- required for overhead, administrative tasks,\ etc.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.6.2
- \fIPacket calls\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Packet calls consist of two parts: packet call set\(hyup [and
- disconnect] and ongoing packet exchanging [packet handling stage].
- .RT
- .LP
- A.6.2.1\ \ Packet call set\(hyup can be dealt with in the same manner as that
- described previously for circuit switched call set\(hyup. Appropriate weighting
- factors for the various types of packet call set\(hyup and estimates of packet
- type calls in the traffic mix are used for computing the capacity of the
- processor involved. [See \(sc\ A.5. Packet call set\(hyup was included
- in the example of
- call attempt processing capacity computations]. Just as with circuit switched
- services, there may be packet calls with different processing requirements
- and therefore it will be necessary to treat the different type packet calls
- individually in the computation.
- .LP
- A.6.2.2\ \ After packet call set\(hyup, each packet exchanged between users
- during
- the call requires processing at the originating and terminating exchanges.
- The total amount of processing work required during a packet switched call
- is a
- function of the number of packets exchanged throughout the call. If a processor
- is dedicated to handling packets, the processing capacity is usually expressed
- in terms of number of user packets of a standard length handled per second.
- To account for the packet processing capacity that will be needed in an
- exchange during a busy hour, data on the average number [and type] of packets
- per call must be forecast. Note that for very long duration calls, e.g.\
- permanent
- virtual circuits, only packets offered during the busy hour need to be
- considered. Also, packets from long duration calls originated prior to but
- extending into the busy hour, must be included.
- .PP
- In the exchange architecture shown in Figure A\(hy1/Q.543, it is
- assumed that each interface unit has a separate packet handling processor
- (shown as PH) within the unit. This processor interacts with digital line or
- digital circuit units to handle the protocols involved in packet switching.
- Once a packet call has been set\(hyup, there is no further demand for processing
- work on the interface unit processor nor the central processing unit processor
- .LP
- until call disconnect. Thus, the only potential capacity limitation due to
- packet handling in the exchange will be that imposed by the processing
- capacity of the packet handling processor in the interface unit. [For systems
- that use the same processor for call set\(hyup \fIand\fR packet handling,
- see \(sc\ A.7.]
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.6.2.3
- \fIProcessing capacity computation for a packet handling\fR
- \fIprocessor\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Weighting factors are furnished by the manufacturer. Let \fIG\fR\d\fIk\fR\ube
- the weighting factor for handling a user packet of type\ \fIk\fR [including
- the
- handling of an appropriate \*Qshare\*U of associated acknowledgement packets].
- .PP
- The data traffic mix (fractions of total) and volumes is forecast by the
- Administration.
- .PP
- Let \fIQ\fR\d\fIk\fR\ube the fraction of user packets of type \fIk\fR . Note
- that:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .ad r
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- If \fIR\fR\d\fIp\fR\u= user packet arrival rate, then the amount of
- processing capacity required for work associated with user packet traffic of
- the k\(hyth type is:
- \v'6p'
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIQ\fR\d\fIk\fR\u\fIG\fR\d\fIk\fR\u\fIR\fR\d\fIp\fR\u
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- .PP
- In order to satisfy performance criteria the reference packet
- processing capacity (RPPC) must be equal to or greater than the total packet
- handling work. Thus:
- \v'6p'
- .ad r
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .PP
- From which the maximum packet processing capacity \fIR\fR\d\fIp\fR\umax
- is:
- \v'6p'
- .ad r
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.6.2.4
- \fIExample of a packet processing computation for an interface\fR
- \fIunit packet processor\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Information furnished by the manufacturer:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- RPPC = 10000 reference packet work units per second
- .LP
- b)
- Weighting factors (\fIG\fR ):
- .LP
- \(em
- X.25 type data = 1.00 (reference type)
- .LP
- \(em
- X.75 type data = 0.70
- .LP
- Estimated data traffic mix (furnished by the
- Administration):
- .ce
- \fBH.T. [T42.543]\fR
- .ce
-
- .ps 9
- .vs 11
- .nr VS 11
- .nr PS 9
- .TS
- center box;
- cw(30p) | cw(60p) .
- Type Traffic portion (Q)
- _
- .T&
- cw(30p) | cw(60p) .
- X.25 0.52
- .T&
- cw(30p) | cw(60p) .
- X.75 0.48
- _
- .TE
- .nr PS 9
- .RT
- .ad r
- \fBTable [T42.543], p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- Computation
- .ce
- \fBH.T. [T43.543]\fR
- .ce
-
- .ps 9
- .vs 11
- .nr VS 11
- .nr PS 9
- .TS
- center box;
- cw(48p) | cw(60p) .
- Packet type Processing factor
- _
- .T&
- cw(48p) | rw(60p) .
- X.25 data 1.00 \(mu 0.52 = 0.520
- .T&
- cw(48p) | rw(60p) .
- X.75 data 0.70 \(mu 0.48 = 0.336
- .T&
- cw(48p) | rw(60p) .
- Total\ \ \ 0.856
- _
- .TE
- .nr PS 9
- .RT
- .ad r
- \fBTable [T43.543], p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- Maximum processing capacity for the above data traffic mix:
- \v'6p'
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIR\fR\d\fIp\fR\umax =
- @ { 000 } over { .856 } @ = 1168 packets per second
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- .sp 1
- If the estimated data packet arrival rate (\fIR\fR\d\fIp\fR\u) does not
- exceed the above number, then packet handling capacity in the interface unit
- will not limit the number of digital lines or circuits that generate data
- packets terminated on the unit. If it does exceed the above number, the
- digital lines and circuits generating the packet traffic will have to be
- spread over
- more interface units.
- .bp
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.7
- \fICapacity computation for exchange architectures other than that\fR
- \fIassumed in Figure\ A\(hy1/Q.543\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- If the same processor is used for both call set\(hyup (circuit
- switched calls and packet calls) and for handling data packet traffic, the
- capacity of the processor must be allocated between the two functions.
- This can be done by computing the capacity of the processor for each function
- separately [with zero capacity used for the other function] and then allotting
- capacity
- between the two functions as required. Thus, if a processor has a maximum
- call processing capacity of 100,000\ calls per hour \fIor\fR 1,000\ packets
- per second,
- for every 100\ packets per second of packet handling capacity required,
- the call processing capacity will be reduced by 10,000\ calls.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.8
- \fIConclusion\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The methodology shown here illustrates a possible approach for
- determining the limiting factors in an exchange design and for computing its
- processing capacity. It is most important that the exchange architecture be
- understood, that capacity limiting elements be identified and that the
- proper computations be made to determine the true capacity of the exchange.
- These
- procedures can be used in engineering and loading the exchange most
- effectively. Trade\(hyoffs can be made between the use of capacity for various
- purposes. For example, in Figure\ A\(hy1/Q.543, a signalling terminal is shown
- connected to an interface unit. In that IU, the available processing capacity
- will be reduced by the amount of work required by the interface unit to
- support that terminal. The remainder of the processing capacity can be
- allocated
- effectively by using information generated in the call processing computation
- methodology.
- .PP
- It is also very important that the capacity of an exchange should not be
- calculated using the entire capacity for call processing. It should be
- made using the processing capacity available under \*Qnormal\*U operating
- conditions
- with the exchange performing all the operations and administrative functions
- expected of it during the busy hour.
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 28P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure A\(hy1/Q.543, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .ce 1000
- ANNEX\ B
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- (to Recommendation Q.543)
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- \fBAn example of a methodology for measuring\fR
- \fBexchange capacity\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .LP
- B.1
- \fIGeneral\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The capacity of an exchange used for call processing can be
- measured in a laboratory or in the field and projections can be made to
- predict the maximum processing capacity of the exchange design for the
- configuration
- and load characteristics involved in the measurements. This Annex serves
- as an example of a methodology that makes it possible to measure the processing
- capacity of an exchange for the configuration and load characteristics
- involved in the measurement.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.2
- \fITheory behind the measurement method\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The call handling capacity of \fIa processor\fR | an be expressed in
- terms of the maximum number of calls (or call attempts) which can be processed
- in a fixed interval of time while meeting all service criteria. In normal
- conditions, the work functions performed by a switching system processor
- can be divided into three categories (one fixed level and two variable)
- as shown in
- Figure\ B\(hy1/Q.543.
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 19P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy1/Q.543, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- At normal loads, a linear relationship is usually observed between offered
- load and processor utilization. However, at heavy loads, some system
- components may become overloaded and this can be reflected in non\(hylinearity
- in the processor utilization versus load characteristic.
- .PP
- In the case of a single processor controlled system, Figure B\(hy1/Q.543
- represents the processing capacity of the exchange. In a multi\(hyprocessor
- system, the capacity is distributed among processors and the exchange capacity
- is related to the system configuration and the exchange processing capacity
- is a function of the processors involved in call handling functions.
- .PP
- As shown in Figure B\(hy1/Q.543, the processing capacity of a processor
- is divided between three elements:
- .RT
- .LP
- 1)
- fixed overhead related to mandatory tasks (e.g. task
- scheduling and scanning);
- .LP
- 2)
- call processing work (including traffic\(hyrelated overhead
- tasks);
- .LP
- 3)
- deferrable (base\(hylevel) tasks (e.g. routine
- maintenance).
- .bp
- .PP
- The tasks which a processor executes are assigned to three levels of priorities,
- base, medium and high\(hylevel tasks (see Figure\ B\(hy2/Q.543 | ) and
- Figure\ B\(hy2/Q.543 | )).
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 17P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy2/Q.543, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- As the traffic load (call attempts) increases call processing work expands
- and the processing of deferrable tasks decreases.
- .PP
- Measurement of the percentage of time spent by the processor
- performing base\(hylevel tasks gives an indication of the percent or processing
- capacity required for a particular load on the processor.
- .PP
- As shown in Figure B\(hy2/Q.543 | ), at low traffic load, the
- percentage of time used to perform base\(hylevel tasks is relatively high. In
- Figure\ B\(hy2/Q.543 | ), at high traffic load, the percentage of time
- at base\(hylevel is relatively low. Thus the measurement of percentage
- of time used to perform base\(hylevel tasks can be used to determine call
- processing capacity.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- B.3
- \fICapacity measurement methodology for exchanges\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Measurements can be performed on exchanges in laboratories or in
- the field to measure capacity usage for various load levels and then to
- project the data to estimate the call processing capacity of a processor.
- .PP
- The collection of data will depend on facilities available to perform the
- required measurements. The exchange may be designed to provide indications
- of time spent performing base\(hylevel tasks or it may be necessary to
- access the bus system of a processor in order to measure this time. Equipment
- will be
- needed to create loads, or loads in a working exchange must be measured in
- order to establish load points. Various level loads for the various types of
- calls (or services) should be observed in order to establish a basis for
- projecting the load line to determine the maximum processing capacity for
- the mix of traffic services assumed or measured. In projecting call capacity
- care must be taken not to extrapolate beyond the linear region of the processor
- utilization versus offered call attempts relationship.
- .RT
- .PP
- Where multi\(hyprocessors are involved, the exchange configuration, the
- distribution of traffic types and processing capacity of each processor
- must be examined to determine the limiting factors that controls the exchange
- capacity (as discussed in Annex\ A. An example of methodology for computing
- the call processing capacity of a digital exchange, taking into account
- ISDN
- services, including packet data handling).
- .bp
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 22P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy3/Q.543, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ Q.544\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBDIGITAL\ EXCHANGE\ MEASUREMENTS\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ VI.5\ \(em\ Rec.\ Q.544''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ VI.5\ \(em\ Rec.\ Q.544 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fB1\fR \fBGeneral\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- This Recommendation applies to digital local, combined, transit and international
- exchanges for telephony in Integrated Digital Networks\ (IDN) and mixed
- (analogue/digital) networks, and also to local, combined, transit and
- international exchanges in an Integrated Digital Networks\ (ISDN). The
- field of application of this Recommendation is more fully defined in
- Recommendation\ Q.500. Some measurements only apply to a certain type (or
- types) of exchange. Where this occurs, the application is defined in the
- text. Where no such qualification is made, the measurement applies to all
- exchange
- applications.
- .PP
- This Recommendation includes traffic and performance measurements that
- are necessary for provisioning and operating exchanges so as to satisfy
- grade of service objectives covered in the E.500 series of Recommendations.
- These
- measurements are typically performed during specified periods and intervals
- after which the results are sent to designated local and/or remote exchange
- terminals or operation and maintenance centres\ (OMC) or any other appropriate
- data handling centre. In some cases, data may be utilized in its original
- form whereas in other cases data may need to be processed to determine
- when pre\(hyset thresholds are exceeded and/or to recognize an abnormal
- condition when it
- occurs. In this Recommendation, no particular system design requirement is
- implied. Different designs may have more or less data accumulated and processed
- within the exchange or by an external system.
- .PP
- Different types and sizes of exchanges may require different sets of measurements.
- Also, different Administrations may have different requirements for measurements
- depending on policies, procedures or national network
- considerations. An Administration may thus find it desirable in some
- applications to measure items that are not covered by this Recommendation
- whereas in other applications some measurements may not be desired.
- .bp
- .PP
- Exchange measurements are required for both national and international
- service. Requirements for international service take into consideration
- the
- following CCITT\ Recommendations:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- Recommendations E.401 to E.427: International telephone
- network management and checking of service quality;
- .LP
- \fR
- \(em
- Recommendations E.230 to E.277: Operational provisions
- relating to charging and accounting in the international
- telephone service.
- .PP
- The aspects of traffic engineering are given in
- Recommendations\ E.500 to E.543. Recommendations on traffic meaurements
- for SPC exchanges are provided by Recommendations\ E.502, E.503 and\ E.504.
- .PP
- Additional measurements in an exchange, not specified in this
- Recommendation, are required, e.g.\ for:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- Transmission performance (Recommendations Q.551, Q.552, Q.553 and\ Q.554).
- .LP
- \(em
- Digital access signalling (Recommendations Q.920 to Q.931). This is for
- further study.
- .LP
- \(em
- Packet mode (Recommendations X.25 and X.75). This is for
- further study.
- .LP
- \(em
- Signalling System No. 7 (e.g. those measurements specified in Recommendation\
- Q.791 for the message transfer part require further study to
- determine their applicability to this Recommendation).
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ For the terms and definitions of teletraffic used in
- this Recommendation, see Recommendation\ E.600.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB2\fR \fBMeasurement processes\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.1
- \fIGeneral\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The activities involved in exchange measurements can be split in
- four processes as represented by Figure\ 1/Q.544.
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 17P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 1/Q.544, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .PP
- On choice of each individual national Administration, the above
- four processes can be fully or partially integrated into the exchanges.
- .PP
- It is nevertheless recommended that:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- \fIdata collection\fR | be fully integrated into the exchange for
- all types of data;
- .LP
- b)
- \fIdata presentation\fR | be integrated into the exchange and/or
- at the O&M centre at least for the measurements required by
- O&M personnel.
- .PP
- Presentation of data required for planning and administration
- activities could be performed at the O&M personnel premises or in other
- locations which could be more centralized and generally takes place at a
- deferred time.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.2
- \fIData collection\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Three different activities of data collection can be
- identified:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- event registration;
- .LP
- \(em
- traffic registration (traffic intensity and/or volume of
- traffic);
- .LP
- \(em
- call records registration.
- .PP
- The data generated by event registration and traffic registration are suitable
- for direct utilization (immediate presentation).
- .PP
- Call records can only be utilized after off\(hyline analysis. Processing
- of call records can generate any type of data, including the event registration
- and traffic registration.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.3
- \fIBulk data storage, analysis and processing\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Data storage for collected data can be required for accumulation of a massive
- data base suitable for subsequent analysis and processing.
- .PP
- These data can be held in the exchange for processing at the exchange location
- or transferred to administrative and engineering centres.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.4
- \fIData presentation\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- It is the function through which the collected data are becoming
- readable. Features related to the data presentation are:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- location of presentation;
- .LP
- b)
- time frame of presentation. It is dependent on the nature of
- the data and their utilization. The activities of maintenance
- and network management require immediate presentation;
- .LP
- c)
- physical support of the displayed data and relevant format.
- These aspects are mainly related to the type of data and are to
- be left to individual implementations.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB3\fR \fBTypes of measurement data\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- Measurement data primarily consists of counts of various events and the
- traffic intensity on various resources. For certain measurement data,
- sampling, or time averaging techniques may provide an acceptably accurate
- result. In some cases, externally generated test calls may provide the most
- practical method of obtaining the data. In other cases, call records, such
- as detailed charging records, may be used.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.1
- \fIEvent counts\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Events, for example incoming seizures, call attempts encountering busy,
- and call attempts to specified destination codes should be countable.
- Some event counts may be accumulated over the whole exchange whereas others
- may be accumulated only over a subset such as an inter\(hyexchange circuit
- group. In some cases, event counts may be accumulated several ways.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.2
- \fITraffic intensity\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Traffic intensity on a pool of resources is the traffic volume
- divided by the duration of observation. It is thus equal to the average
- number of busy resources. As in the case of event counts, traffic intensity
- data may be for the whole exchange or for various subsets.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.3
- \fICall records\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Call records contain data used by the exchange for the setting up of calls.
- The data may include the identity and classification of the
- originating line or incoming circuit, the dialled number, the call routing
- and disposition, and possibly the time of occurrence of certain events
- during the entire call period.
- .PP
- Call records can be generated and outputted by the exchange to allow the
- establishment of a data base suitable for off\(hyline processing to determine
- traffic values and characteristics. Output of the call records associated
- with a statistical sample of total calls may be sufficient for this purpose.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB4\fR \fBMeasurement administration\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- Exchanges should provide capabilities for operating personnel to
- establish measurement schedules and direct the output routing of measurement
- results. The methods of establishing measurement schedules should be designed
- to minimize the introduction of errors when defining relevant parameters.
- It
- should be possible to have a number of measurements simultaneously active
- with different schedules and output routings. A single measurement should
- be capable of having more than one measurement schedule and/or output routing
- simultaneously. The number of measurement types running concurrently may be
- limited to conserve exchange storage and processing resources. Criteria for
- measurement and recording of traffic may be found in Recommendation\ E.500
- and other related E\(hySeries Recommendations.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 4.1
- \fIScheduling\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 4.1.1
- \fIRecording periods\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A recording period is the time interval during which a measurement is performed.
- Measurements can be activated either on\(hydemand or according to a time
- schedule.
- .PP
- Different measurement periods may be schedulable for different days of
- the week. For example, a measurement may be scheduled for\ 0900 to\ 1800
- on
- Monday through Friday and\ 0900 to\ 1200 on Saturday. The measurements for an
- entire week may be programmed and the weekly cycle may be repeated until
- a new command will stop it.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 4.1.2
- \fIResult accumulation periods\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A recording period contains one or more result accumulation
- periods. The beginning and ending of the recording period must correspond to
- the beginning and ending of result accumulation periods.
- .PP
- The measurement result outputs are to be made available at the end of each
- result accumulation period and shall refer to that period.
- .PP
- More than one result accumulation period may be required for an
- individual measurement.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 4.2
- \fIData output criteria\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 4.2.1
- \fIOn schedule\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Measurement data output typically occurs shortly after the end of each
- result accumulation period specified by the measurement schedule.
- Alternatively, the exchange may store the data in its memory for limited
- periods, e.g.\ in the event of contention for output resources.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 4.2.2
- \fIOn demand\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- (For further study.)
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 4.2.3
- \fIOn exception\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The exchange should be able to provide measurement data when
- specified criteria are met, for example, when the rate of incoming call
- attempts exceeds a particular value.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 4.3
- \fIData output routing\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 4.3.1
- \fITo a local or remote terminal\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Measurement data should be able to be routed for printing or
- display on designated terminals which are either directly connected to the
- exchange or remotely connected via dedicated or switched circuits.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 4.3.2
- \fITo an external processing centre\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Measurement data should be routable to external locations such as OMC that
- provide data collection and analysis functions for multiple
- exchanges.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 4.3.3
- \fITo local storage media\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- An Administration may require exchanges to store measurement data in bulk
- memories such as magnetic tapes for later processing and analysis. This
- could be an alternative to sending the data to an OMC.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 4.4
- \fIPriorities\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- High priority should be assigned to certain measurements that are essential,
- e.g.\ those associated with collection and output of data used for
- overload detection, network management and accounting. These should not be
- discontinued during periods of exchange processing congestion (see
- Recommendation\ Q.543,
- \(sc\ 3.8). Measurements that have been suspended should be resumed in an order
- that is reverse to the order in which they were suspended.
- .PP
- When recovery procedures are invoked, records associated with call
- accounting and billing should be retained.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB5\fR \fBApplication of measurements\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 5.1
- \fIPlanning and engineering\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Measurement data is essential for planning efficient
- telecommunication networks that meet specified grade\(hyof\(hyservice standards.
- Analysis of data accumulated over a period of time provides information
- needed to forecast future demand and to plan and engineer extensions to
- the
- network.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 5.2
- \fIOperation and maintenance\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Operation and maintenance functions are supported by the following types
- of measurement data:
- .RT
- .LP
- i)
- performance data pertaining to call handling irregularities and delays;
- .LP
- ii)
- availability data for the exchange, its subsystems, and its connecting
- subscriber lines and inter
- exchange circuits;
- .LP
- iii)
- load on various components of the exchange.
- .PP
- The above data may be used to evaluate exchange and network
- performance and to plan rearrangements to improve the service provided
- by the existing network equipment.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 5.3
- \fINetwork management\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Data for network management includes certain traffic and
- performance measurements and status indications. These are used to detect
- abnormalities in the network and to automatically enable, or allow manual
- operation of, network management controls. In some cases, the data must be
- analyzed to determine whether specified thresholds are being exceeded. Since
- the effectiveness of network management actions depends upon their
- responsiveness to changing conditions in the network as a whole, it may be
- appropriate to perform this analysis by a data processing system serving
- one or more exchanges and display the results at a network management centre.
- Network management functions are covered in Recommendations\ E.410 through
- E.414
- and\ Q.542.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 5.4
- \fIAccounting in international service\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Accounting in international service needs to be mutually agreed
- between Administrations; Recommendations\ E.230 to\ E.277 apply.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 5.5
- \fISubdivision of revenue\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Subdivision of revenue is a matter of agreement between RPOAs of the same
- country. Requirements in this area are a national matter.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 5.6
- \fITariff and marketing studies\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The studies are intended to identify subscriber needs and trends. Requirements
- in this area are a national matter.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB6\fR \fBCall events definition\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- This section is applicable to 64 kbit/s circuit switched call
- attempts. Application to other types of calls or Supplementary Services
- is for further study.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.1
- \fIGeneral\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Every call attempt coming from a subscriber line or interexchange circuit
- moves across a branch of the possible status of call events reference diagram
- shown in Figure\ 2/Q.544.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 6.2
- \fICall events detailed description\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.2.1
- \fISeizure from a subscriber line or incoming circuit\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- This is the starting point for an incoming/outgoing call
- attempt.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.2.2
- \fIValid address\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The incoming/originating seizure is successfully accepted by the
- exchange.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.2.3
- \fINot routed call attempt\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A call attempt that is not routed through the exchange, perhaps due to
- an exchange condition or to receipt of an address that is incomplete or
- invalid.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.2.3.1
- \fIFalse start\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- An incoming seizure signal that has been recognized without being followed
- by digit reception.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.2.3.2
- \fIIncomplete dialling (time out, abandon)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- An incoming seizure that has been received but the number of
- received digits is not sufficient to perform call routing.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.2.3.3
- \fIInvalid address\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- An attempt where the received digits do not correspond to an
- existing or allowed destination. The call is then given interception
- treatment (tone or announcements or operators).
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.2.3.4
- \fICall not routed due to the exchange\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A call attempt where the system cannot perform call routing due to internal
- reasons (congestion):
- \v'3p'
- .RT
- .LP
- 1)
- Blocking through the switching network
- .LP
- Although there is an outgoing circuit/subscriber line
- available for the required destination, the connection cannot be realized
- through the switching network, and no further routing choices are
- available.
- .LP
- 2)
- Unavailability of common resources
- .LP
- Unavailability of service circuits or other common resources (e.g. memory
- areas)
- .LP
- 3)
- System faults
- .LP
- Presence of some internal fault in the exchange.
- .bp
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 47P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 2/Q.544, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.2.4
- \fICalls routed to interexchange circuits\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- These calls are successfully routed to an outgoing circuit
- available for the required destination or routed to another circuit group
- for overflow reasons. When making overall exchange measurements, these
- calls can be counted all together.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.2.4.1
- \fISeizure of outgoing circuit\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- These are calls that are routed to a specific circuit. They have to be
- separately counted when making measurements on the outgoing circuit
- group.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.2.4.2
- \fIOverflow to next circuit group\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- These are calls that cannot be routed on a specific circuit group but are
- routed to a subsequent routing\(hychoice circuit group. They have to be
- counted separately when making measurements on the outgoing circuit group.
- Measurement of the subsequent events associated with these calls are only
- associated with circuit group on which the calls are routed.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 6.2.5
- \fICalls not routed due to network conditions\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.2.5.1
- \fICalls in overflow from the last routing choice\fR
- \fI(all circuits busy)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- These are calls on which the system cannot perform routing due to the unavailability
- of outgoing circuits towards the required destination.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.2.5.2
- \fICalls blocked by network management controls\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- These are call attempts that are suppressed by the exchange as a
- consequence of the application of network controls.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.2.6
- \fISuccessful backward call set\(hyup signal\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- These are calls for which a backward signal is received, indicating the
- conclusion of call routing at a remote exchange, but not answered. The
- set of signals typically includes:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- end of selection
- .LP
- \(em
- address complete
- .LP
- \(em
- subscriber line free
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 6.2.7
- \fIUnsuccessful call attempts\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.2.7.1
- \fIReceiving an unsuccessful backward call set\(hyup signal\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- This occurs when a backward signal is received indicating the
- impossibility of setting up the call.
- .PP
- These backward signals typically are:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- congestion signals
- .LP
- \(em
- subscriber line busy signals
- .LP
- \(em
- signals defined as part of the UBM (Unsuccessful Backward
- set\(hyup information Message) group of messages in CCITT Signalling System\
- No.7 (see Recommendation\ Q.723).
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.2.7.2
- \fINot receiving a backward call set\(hyup signal\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- These are calls that are abandoned or forced\(hyout before reception of
- any backward call set\(hyup signal. They include:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- calls abandoned by the calling party
- .LP
- \(em
- calls forced out by the expiration of timers.
- .bp
- .PP
- Note that within these categories of calls there are several types of call
- disposition that cannot be distinguished by the exchange since they may
- be characterized by tones, announcements or the lack thereof, for
- instance:
- .LP
- \(em
- ring\(hyback tone
- .LP
- \(em
- busy tone
- .LP
- \(em
- congestion tone
- .LP
- \(em
- announcements
- .LP
- \(em
- no tones or announcements
- .LP
- \(em
- incompletely dialled calls
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.2.8
- \fICalls routed to subscriber line\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- These are call attempts that are successfully routed to a
- subscriber line.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.2.9
- \fICalls not routed due to called line conditions\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- These are unsuccessful call attempts which do not reach answer
- status due to the particular condition of the called subscriber line:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- busy
- .LP
- \(em
- out\(hyof\(hyservice
- .LP
- \(em
- rerouted call
- .LP
- \(em
- no free outlet
- .LP
- \(em
- etc.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.2.10
- \fIAnswered calls\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- These are calls that reach the \*Qanswered\*U status. Depending on the
- signalling protocol answered status can be reached in one of the following
- ways:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- reception of an answer signal
- .LP
- \(em
- reception of a metering pulse
- .LP
- \(em
- immediate answer status on seizure (of the subscriber
- line/outgoing interexchange circuit).
- .PP
- The following events are \fInot\fR included in this class of
- calls:
- .LP
- \(em
- reception of Re\(hyanswer signal
- .LP
- \(em
- answer from an intercepting device (automatic or manual) due to call
- diversion at the transit exchange.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.2.11
- \fINot answered call attempts\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- These are calls on which an answer signal is not received after a successful
- backward signal has been received, or after the seizure of the
- called subscriber line. These include:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- calls forced\(hyout by the expiration of timers
- .LP
- \(em
- calls abandoned by the calling party after listening to
- ring\(hyback tone.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB7\fR \fBTraffic measurements\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- This section is applicable to 64 kbit/s circuit switched traffic. \*QApplication
- to other types of traffic or supplementary services is for further study.\*U
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 7.1
- \fIGeneral\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Traffic in an exchange can be categorized as shown in
- Figure\ 3/Q.544. All measurements listed in this section can be obtained by
- recording and analyzing events that can be experienced by calls.
- .bp
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 15P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 3/Q.544, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- It is not intended that every exchange should be required to make all the
- different measurements in this Recommendation. Due to the application of
- various signalling methods and differing switching system designs, some
- variation of the measurements might be appropriate in a specific exchange.
- For example, an Administration may require more detailed counts of events
- to permit a meaningful call failure analysis on a specific exchange. Furthermore,
- the
- traffic categories to which any measurement relates may vary depending on
- system design, on system application and measurement utilization.
- .PP
- Measurements may be combined into sets appropriate to a specific type of
- exchange, for example, local or transit. In particular, Administrations
- may consider that, by the use of a few measurement sets, it is possible
- to satisfy the majority of their requirements.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 7.2
- \fIOverall measurements\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The following measurements are applicable to the total traffic of an exchange.
- Due to possible variations in sytem design, the traffic categories to which
- any measurement relates may vary from that shown in the following
- text. Figure\ 3/Q.544 illustrates the exchange traffic categories.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 7.2.1
- \fIOriginating traffic\fR \v'3p'
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- Originating call attempts.
- .LP
- b)
- Invalid call attempts for example:
- .LP
- \(em
- no dialling,
- .LP
- \(em
- incomplete dialling,
- .LP
- \(em
- invalid number dialled.
- .LP
- c)
- Call attempts not routed due to the exchange, for example, due to:
- .LP
- \(em
- blocking through the switching network,
- .LP
- \(em
- unavailability of common resources,
- .LP
- \(em
- system faults.
- .LP
- d)
- Internal call attempts.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 7.2.2
- \fIIncoming traffic\fR \v'3p'
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- Incoming seizures.
- .LP
- b)
- Invalid call attempts for example:
- .LP
- \(em
- incomplete dialling,
- .LP
- \(em
- invalid number dialled.
- .bp
- .LP
- c)
- Call attempts not routed due to the exchange, for example, due to:
- .LP
- \(em
- blocking through the switching network,
- .LP
- \(em
- unavailability of common resources,
- .LP
- \(em
- system faults.
- .LP
- d)
- Transit call attempts.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 7.2.3
- \fITerminating traffic\fR \v'3p'
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- Call attempts routed to subscriber lines.
- .LP
- b)
- Call attempts not routed due to line condition.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 7.2.4
- \fIOutgoing traffic\fR \v'3p'
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- Outgoing call attempts routed to an interexchange
- circuit.
- .LP
- b)
- Call attempts not routed due to network condition.
- .LP
- c)
- Unsuccessful call attempts.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 7.2.5
- \fIService utilization\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The exchange should be able to measure the utilization of each type of
- basic and supplementary service it provides. The mix of services and the
- corresponding exchange measurements depends upon switching system capabilities
- and Administration policies.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 7.3
- \fIInterexchange circuit groups\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The measurements apply to individual circuit groups. All circuit
- groups should be measurable. For traffic intensity, it may be desirable to
- measure all circuit groups simultaneously. Information for estimating the
- average number of circuits in service during the result accumulation period
- should be provided in addition to the traffic data for each circuit group.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 7.3.1
- \fIIncoming traffic\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Incoming traffic is understood to be:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- the traffic on incoming circuit group,
- .LP
- \(em
- the incoming traffic on both\(hyway circuit groups.
- .PP
- The following parameters should be measured:
- .LP
- a)
- traffic intensity,
- .LP
- b)
- number of seizures.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 7.3.2
- \fIOutgoing traffic\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Outgoing traffic is understood to be:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- the traffic on outgoing circuit groups,
- .LP
- \(em
- the outgoing traffic on both\(hyway circuit groups.
- .PP
- The following parameters should be measured:
- .LP
- a)
- traffic intensity,
- .LP
- b)
- number of seizures,
- .LP
- c)
- number of call attempts overflowing from the group,
- .LP
- d)
- answered call attempts.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 7.4
- \fISubscriber line groups\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- These measurements are applicable to groups of subscriber lines
- that share switching network access paths. The lines served by a particular
- line concentration unit of a local exchange would be an example of such a
- group. In systems where traffic levels on such line groups could result in
- failure to meet grade of service objectives, appropriate measurements for
- load balancing purposes should be provided.
- \v'3p'
- .bp
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- Originating calls
- .LP
- i)
- Number of call attempts
- .LP
- ii)
- Number of call attempts resulting in an outgoing
- seizure
- .LP
- iii)
- Number of answered calls
- .LP
- iv)
- Traffic intensity
- .LP
- b)
- Terminating calls
- .LP
- i)
- Number of call attempts
- .LP
- ii)
- Number of answered calls
- .LP
- iii)
- Traffic intensity
- .LP
- c)
- Internal (e.g. intra\(hyconcentrator calls)
- .LP
- i)
- Number of call attempts
- .LP
- ii)
- Number of answered calls
- .LP
- iii)
- Traffic intensity
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 7.5
- \fIAuxiliary units\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Auxiliary units provide functions such as multifrequency
- signalling, tones, announcements, and access to operators. Grouping of
- auxiliary units may vary with system implementation characteristics. Groups
- in this section refer to system independent functional groups. Some systems
- may
- allow calls to wait for an auxiliary circuit of one is not immediately
- available.
- .PP
- The measurements indicated below are intended to provide information for
- the dimensioning of auxiliary units. They should be provided for each group
- which may require dimensioning. Measurements may be activated for any specified
- list of auxiliary units. Information for estimating the average number
- of units in service during the result accumulation period should be provided
- in addition to the traffic data for each circuit group:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- traffic intensity,
- .LP
- b)
- number of seizures,
- .LP
- c)
- number of bids not served.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 7.6
- \fIControl unit(s)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- These measurements are highly system dependent and therefore no
- specific recommendations can be made. However, it is essential that systems
- will have provisions for determining the utilization of control equipment,
- such as processors, for dimensioning, planning, and grade of service monitoring
- of the exchange.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 7.7
- \fICall attempt destinations (see also \(sc 9.3)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- These measurements are used to assess the probability of success on calls
- to various destinations and may be used in deciding on any network
- management actions considered necessary. The number of destination codes
- specified for measurement at any one time may be limited. For any specified
- destination code, the following parameters should be measured:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- number of call attempts,
- .LP
- b)
- number of call attempts resulting in an outgoing seizure,
- .LP
- c)
- number of answered calls.
- .PP
- Intensity measurements for specified destination codes may be
- required by some Administrations for traffic engineering purposes.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB8\fR \fBExchange performance and availability measurements\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 8.1
- \fIPerformance measurements\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- For monitoring the exchange grade of service, a certain number of parameters
- should be observed. They may include the measurements given in
- Recommendation\ E.543 for delay grade of service monitoring. However, other
- processing delays (see relevant paragraphs of Recommendation\ Q.543) may be
- observed for complete monitoring of the exchange grade of service.
- .bp
- .PP
- Measuring processing delays on a per call or statistical basis could be
- burdensome to the exchange. Moreover, some processing delays may not be
- measurable with an acceptable time accuracy and others may not be easily
- measured by the exchange itself.
- .PP
- Operating procedures of Administrations will impose constraints on the
- accuracy of the measurements for grade of service monitoring purposes.
- When
- such accuracy requirements allow, it may be possible to measure processing
- delays on a sample or test call basis. Requirements in this area are therefore
- a national matter.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 8.2
- \fIAvailability measurements\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The exchange should record the beginning and ending time of all
- detected instances during which service is unavailable to one or more exchange
- terminations. The recorded information should permit the determination
- of the number and identity of terminations affected if possible.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB9\fR \fBData for network management\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 9.1
- \fIGeneral\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Procedures for network management are specified in
- Recommendations\ E.410 through\ E.414. Those procedures make use of data from
- exchanges to determine overall network performance and, when required,
- appropriate control actions. Much of the data required for network management
- is also needed for other operation and maintenance functions. However,
- effective network management requires control actions to be executed quickly
- in response to changing network and traffic conditions. Therefore, exchanges
- that Administrations have designated to provide network management functions
- must be able to provide traffic and status data to other exchanges and
- network
- management centres on a pre\(hyarranged basis or when triggered by a specific
- event, such as an overload condition. The network management functions
- provided by any specific exchange will depend upon factors such as its
- size, position in the network, and Administration policies.
- .PP
- Details of traffic measurement requirements for network management are
- found in Recommendation\ E.502. Most of the information required for network
- management operations can only be generated by the exchanges and consist
- of two general categories of data:
- \v'3p'
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- Network status information, for example:
- .LP
- \(em
- busy/idle status of circuit groups
- .LP
- \(em
- individual equipment's availability
- .LP
- \(em
- alarms
- .LP
- \(em
- network management action (controls) in effect
- .LP
- Status information generally does not require
- measurements.
- .LP
- b)
- Network traffic load and performance information, for
- example:
- .LP
- \(em
- number of bids per route per hour
- .LP
- \(em
- answer/seizure ratio per route per destination.
- .PP
- This type of information requires \*Qreal\(hytime\*U monitoring of
- network performances via exchange measurements, and it is specifically the
- subject of this part of the Recommendation. The objects and entities of
- measurement are given in full details by \(sc\(sc\ 9.2, 9.3 and\ 9.4.
- .PP
- The exchange generated information can be:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- utilized at the source exchange, if network management
- actions are taken locally,
- .LP
- \(em
- transmitted to other exchanges or elements of the TMN
- (typically to network management centres) for possible network management
- actions.
- .PP
- It should be noted that exchange internal overload controls are
- complementary to network management functions, and the information generated
- by the internal overload monitoring system can also be used for network
- management functions. Exchange performance under overload conditions is
- dealt with in
- Recommendation\ Q.543,\ \(sc\ 3.
- .bp
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 9.2
- \fIManagement on interworking circuit groups\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 9.2.1
- \fIGeneral\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Performance monitoring of interexchange circuit groups for network management
- purposes should be performed on outgoing traffic. This is where the offered
- and routed traffic can be seen.
- .PP
- Circuit group monitoring should be organized on the basis of
- individual interexchange circuit groups. It should be possible to monitor
- the performance of all circuit groups. However, the number of circuit groups
- to be monitored simultaneously at an exchange and the length of data accumulation
- periods will depend on many aspects of the network management implementation
- and the function of the exchange in the network. For example, a large transit
- exchange may require performance monitoring on a large percentage of its
- outgoing circuit groups while a local exchange may only require monitoring
- on a few groups.
- .PP
- It should be possible to readily activate/deactivate measurements on circuit
- groups.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 9.2.2
- \fIEntities to be measured on interexchange circuit groups\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The following measurements should be made on outgoing interexchange circuit
- groups for network management purposes:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- outgoing bids (see Note)
- .LP
- b)
- outgoing seizures (see Note)
- .LP
- c)
- overflow bids (see Note)
- .LP
- d)
- answers received
- .LP
- e)
- count of calls affected by network management circuit group controls.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ Any two of these measurements are necessary. The third
- can be derived from the other two.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 9.2.2.1
- \fIAdditional measurements required on international circuit\fR
- \fIgroups at international transit exchanges\fR \v'3p'
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- transit bids (international traffic only)
- .LP
- \(em
- incoming seizures (international transit traffic only).
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 9.2.3
- \fICalculated network performance parameters\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The entities of measurement in \(sc 9.2.2 can be used to calculate all
- the network management performance parameters required for network management
- on the basis of (Draft) Recommendation\ E.411 as follows:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- bids per circuit per hour
- .LP
- b)
- seizures per circuit per hour
- .LP
- c)
- percentage overflow
- .LP
- d)
- answer/seizure ratio
- .LP
- e)
- answer/bid ratio
- .LP
- f)
- mean holding time per seizure.
- .PP
- Depending on the type of network management implementation the
- network performance parameters can be calculated at the source exchange,
- or in other elements of the TMN, consistent with the distribution of the
- network
- management functions in the TMN.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 9.3
- \fIMeasurements on call destinations\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 9.3.1
- \fIGeneral\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Depending on the network management implementation and the function of
- the exchange in the network, the exchange should be able to make traffic
- measurements to different numbers of destinations indicated on a preliminary
- basis to be critical destinations. Call destinations can be represented by
- country codes, area codes, exchange codes or any combination of them.
- .PP
- Measurement by destination is essential for the implementation of the hard\(hyto\(hyreach
- network management feature. Typically, traffic measurements by
- destination will be limited to a predetermined set of destination codes
- (e.g.\ country or area code). It should be possible to readily expand the
- scope of the measurements within a focused area when certain thresholds
- are
- exceeded.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 9.3.2
- \fIEntities to be measured on call destinations\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The following are the entities that should be measurable per
- destination for network management purposes:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- outgoing bids;
- .LP
- b)
- outgoing circuit seizures;
- .LP
- c)
- answers;
- .LP
- d)
- counts of calls affected by network management controls by type of control.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 9.4
- \fIMeasurements on exchange resources\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 9.4.1
- \fIGeneral\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The exchange should be able to monitor the level of utilization of its
- own common resources, like processing capacity, call registers, hardware
- units such as digit senders and receivers,\ etc., in order to provide the
- information on exchange congestion level to the network management function
- (see Recommendation\ E.411).
- .PP
- Since the common resource monitoring function is also required for
- overload protection purposes, the same mechanisms of measurement can be used
- for both functions, namely, exchange overload protection and network
- management.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 9.4.2
- \fIObjects and entities to be measured on exchange resources\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The objects and entities of exchange resources to be measured
- depend on the system architecture. The decision concerning which kind of
- specific objects and entities should be measured is therefore left to
- individual Administrations or Operating Agencies.
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 30P
- .ad r
- Blanc
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
-