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- .rs
- .\" Troff code generated by TPS Convert from ITU Original Files
- .\" Not Copyright ( c) 1991
- .\"
- .\" Assumes tbl, eqn, MS macros, and lots of luck.
- .TA 1c 2c 3c 4c 5c 6c 7c 8c
- .ds CH
- .ds CF
- .EQ
- delim @@
- .EN
- .nr LL 40.5P
- .nr ll 40.5P
- .nr HM 3P
- .nr FM 6P
- .nr PO 4P
- .nr PD 9p
- .po 4P
-
- .rs
- \v | 5i'
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- SECTION\ 2
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBSUBSCRIBERS'\ LINES\ AND\ SETS\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation P.30\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBTRANSMISSION\ PERFORMANCE\ OF\ GROUP\ AUDIO\ TERMINALS\ (GATs)\fR
- .EF '% Volume\ V\ \(em\ Rec.\ P.30''
- .OF '''Volume\ V\ \(em\ Rec.\ P.30 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(Melbourne, 1988)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fB1\fR \fBIntroduction\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- Group Audio Terminals (GATs) are terminals which have been
- specifically designed to be used by several users.
- .PP
- GATs cover a wide range of products ranging from the hands\(hyfree
- telephone when it is used by several users, to the sophisticated teleconference
- studio.
- .PP
- The CCITT recommends that GATs satisfy the specifications
- .FS
- The
- specifications in this Recommendation are subject to future enhancement and
- therefore should be regarded as provisional.
- .FE
- in this Recommendation.
- .PP
- GATs must also comply with Recommendation P.34 as far as loudness is concerned,
- when they are connected to the telephone network. If they use
- voice\(hyactivated circuits, Recommendation\ P.34 may also be applied. Such
- terminals are sensitive to the acoustics of the location where they are
- utilized and they may resort to sophisticated acoustical echo processing
- devices.
- .PP
- The first generation of GATs will operate mainly on 4\(hywire digital
- networks and will make use of the wideband (WB) speech coding algorithm
- specified in Recommendation\ G.722. Such terminals urgently need specifications
- that can be based on the present Recommendation.
- .PP
- A typical GAT configuration is represented in Figure 1/P.30.
- .RT
- .PP
- Such a terminal includes one or several microphones, one or
- several loudspeakers, sending and receiving amplification. Optionally, it
- includes a sound\(hymanaging and mixing device to the loudspeakers and from the
- microphones, a coder\(hydecoder for digital networks, a voice\(hyactivated gain
- processing device and an echo processing device.
- .PP
- The location where the GAT is to be used is very important. Several
- measurements defined in this Recommendation have to be made at the location
- where the GAT is to be used. These are referred to as \*Qin situ\*U measurements.
- They are to be made with the full complement of equipment in the conference
- room, but with no conferees present.
- .PP
- The present Recommendation is devided into three parts:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- interconnection specifications,
- .LP
- \(em
- transmit specifications,
- .LP
- \(em
- near\(hyend specifications.
- .bp
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 19P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 1/P.30, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- Two test signals are used in this Recommendation:
- .LP
- \(em
- an acoustic test signal as defined in Recommendation\ P.50
- (see Note): i.e.\ an artificial voice as defined in Recommendation\ P.50
- produced by a sound source (an artificial mouth) as described in \(sc\
- 2 of
- Recommendation\ P.51 and,
- .LP
- \(em
- an electric test signal whose long\(hyterm spectrum is identical to the
- acoustic signal; when applied by a source with a matched internal
- resistive impedance, it provides a level of \(em22 dBV.
- .PP
- Both test signals are filtered in the transmission system
- bandwidth.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The preferred acoustic signal to be used in the measurements
- for the audio alignment is defined in Recommendation\ P.50. However, other
- signals such as speech\(hyshaped noise or pink noise may be used in some
- applications.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB2\fR \fBInterconnection specifications\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- These specifications are the basic requirements for a GAT to be
- connected to a network and to allow communication between several
- locations.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 2.1
- \fISending sensitivity\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.1.1
- \fIWideband GATs\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- For wideband applications, the transmission characteristics of the audio\(hychannel
- shall be in accordance with Recommendation\ G.722.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.1.1.1
- \fISend side alignment\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The sound source is positioned over the edge of the conference
- table on the centre line of each conferee's position, as defined in
- Recommendation\ P.34 (see Figure\ 3/P.34), and delivers a signal which
- complies with Recommendation\ P.64 [i.e.\ \(em4.7 dBPa at the mouth reference
- point (MRP)].
- .PP
- During the send side alignment the microphones of the GAT shall be
- positioned on the table as in real use.
- .PP
- The microphone gain controls must be adjusted to achieve, for each
- position of the source, an output line level of \(em | 2 (\(+- | ) dBV
- at point X (see Figure 1/P.30), assuming the signal recommended in Recommendation\
- P.50 is used. This value takes account of an 18\ dB peak factor of the
- speech signal and 6\ dB for the variations between speakers and the variations
- due to conferees'
- movements.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.1.2
- \fIGATs connected to the public switched telephone network\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Such terminals must comply with Recommendation\ P.34.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.2
- \fIStability test\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The GAT shall have a minimum
- stability margin
- of 3\ dB when the microphone and loudspeaker paths are looped at reference
- point\ X in
- Figure\ 1/P.30 and the sound source is activated as described in \(sc\ 2.1
- .PP
- During the measurement, the volume control shall be in maximum
- position.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB3\fR \fBTransmit quality specifications\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- These specifications limit the degradations induced on the network by a GAT.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 3.1
- \fIElectro\(hyacoustical specifications\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.1.1
- \fIMicrophone\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The electro\(hyacoustical characteristics of the microhpones should
- conform to IEC Publication 581\(hy5.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.1.2
- \fIOctave band measurements\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- \fIIn situ\fR measurement of the overall transmission frequency response
- characteristic is recommended. It is defined as the difference between
- the
- octave spectra of the electrical signal at the X\ interface and the acoustic
- excitation at the MRP. The artificial mouth is positioned as in \(sc\ 2.1.1.
- .PP
- In order to prevent excessive fluctuations of the frequency response of
- the system, and since the measurements are performed on site, octave band
- measurements are recommended in the range 125\ Hz to 4\ kHz.
- .PP
- The sum of the absolute differences between the measured values and
- their average should be as low as possible. A practical target of 10\ dB is
- achievable.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 3.2
- \fIEcho performance\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.2.1
- \fIAcoustic echo control\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- To get satisfactory suppression of acoustic echoes it is necessary to provide
- the audio processor with either an echo canceller or an echo
- suppressor. The echo cancellation technology is recommended if highest
- possible speech quality performance is aimed at. However, it is recommended
- always to complement echo cancellation with a mild echo suppression, in
- order to prevent the undue transmission of room background noises when
- no talkers are active in the room. This condition should particularly be
- met in
- multi\(hyconference environments.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.2.2
- \fIEcho return loss\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The echo return loss of the audio system shall be measured at
- reference point\ X of Figure\ 2/P.30, with the volume control in maximum
- position. When the electric test signal, as specified in \(sc\ 1, is applied
- to the input port (receive\ in), the level measured at the output port
- (send out) shall not be higher than \(em62\ dBV.
- .PP
- An acoustic echo loss of 40 dB includes a margin of 5\ dB in order to provide
- an echo return loss of 35\ dB when several GATs are used in a conference
- situation. This value of 35\ dB should be understood as a minimum value.
- The
- long\(hyterm target value for the acoustic echo loss must be considered
- as being 45\ dB (especially, to take into account the case where a handset
- is connected to a hands\(hyfree terminal). This value is known to prevent
- any subjective
- degradations due to delayed acoustic echo [1,\ 2]. The level measured at
- reference point\ X will then be \(em72\ dBV.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The echo canceller shall permit double\(hytalk with
- negligible speech quality degradation (under study with Question\ 2/XII).
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.3
- \fIElectrical noise\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The electrical noise emitted by the GAT at the reference point\ X
- should be less than \(em55\ dBm, within the transmission bandwidth. No
- component
- outside the band should exceed 20\ dB above the noise level in the band.
- .bp
- .PP
- The measurement must be done with no conferees in the room and without
- incoming signals on the receiving side of the equipment in order not to
- activate the microphone circuits.
- .PP
- The noise emitted by the GAT at the reference point\ X when the
- microphones are active should be no more than \(em50\ dBm. It must be measured
- by forcing the system into the emission mode as if one speaker were active
- in the room.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.4
- \fIReverberated field picked up by the microphone\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- For this measurement, the sound source is positioned in order that the
- distances between the sound source and all the microphones greater than
- three times the distance between the microphone and the position defined for
- the send side alignment. It is also recommended that the source be, at
- least, one meter from the walls. Then the signal measured at point\ X shall
- be not more than \(em29\ dBV (this accounts for a direct\(hyfield over
- reverberated\(hyfield ratio of 6\ dB [3]). It must be measured by forcing
- the system into the emission mode as if one speaker were active in the
- room. The test must be performed for each
- microphone in the room.
- .PP
- Basic requirements for the choice of the conference room, for its
- acoustical treatment and for the positioning of microphones and loudspeakers
- can be found in Supplement No.\ 16.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB4\fR \fBNear\(hyend quality specifications\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- This part of the Recommendation tests the minimum specifications
- intended for the local users.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 4.1
- \fIElectro\(hyacoustical specifications\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 4.1.1
- \fILouspeakers\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The electro\(hyacoustical characteristics of the loudspeakers should conform
- to IEC Publication\ 581\(hy7.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 4.1.2
- \fIOctave band mesurements\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- \fIIn\(hysitu\fR measurement of the overall reception frequency response
- characteristics is recommended. It is defined as the difference between
- the
- octave spectra of the acoustic signal delivered by the loudspeaker(s) at the
- listening positions and the input electric signal at the X\ interface.
- .PP
- The sum of the absolute differences between the measured values and
- their average should be as low as possible. A practical value of 12\ dB is
- achievable.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 4.2
- \fIReceiving sensitivity\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 4.2.1
- \fIVolume control\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The audio conference terminal shall be provided with a volume
- control. The gain at maximum position should conform to \(sc\ 4.2.2. The volume
- control should ideally be linked to the echo control mechanism.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 4.2.2
- \fIReceiving side alignment\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 4.2.2.1
- \fIWideband GATs\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The electrical test signal is connected to the input port of the
- system. The receiving gain shall be adjusted in order to reach a sound
- pressure level of at least 65\ dB and 20\ dB above the acoustical noise
- level at the MRP. The alignment procedure should be performed with the
- volume control in the
- maximum position.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 4.2.2.2
- \fIGATs connected to the analogue public switched telephone\fR
- \fInetwork\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Such terminals must commply with Recommendation P.34.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBReferences\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- [1]
- CCITT\ \(em\ Contribution COM XII\(hyNo. 170, Study Period 1985\(hy1988
- .LP
- [2]
- CCITT\ \(em\ Contribution COM XII\(hyNo. 171, Study Period 1985\(hy1988
- .LP
- [3]
- CCITT\ \(em\ Contribution COM XII\(hyNo. 172, Study Period 1985\(hy1988
- .bp
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation P.31\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBTRANSMISSION\ CHARACTERISTICS\ FOR\ DIGITAL\ TELEPHONES\fR
- .EF '% Volume\ V\ \(em\ Rec.\ P.31''
- .OF '''Volume\ V\ \(em\ Rec.\ P.31 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(Melbourne, 1988)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- This Recommendation deals with sending and receiving loudness
- ratings, sidetone masking rating, listener sidetone rating, and sending and
- receiving sensitivity/frequency characteristics. Other important
- characteristics are still under study.
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB1\fR \fBSending loudness rating (SLR)\fR \fBand\fR \fBreceiving loudness\fR
- \fR \fBratings (RLR)\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- In view of Recommendation\ G.111, \(sc\ 3.2, the following values
- are recommended:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- as a short\(hyterm objective, nominal values of SLR in the range 5\ to
- 11\ dB and nominal values of RLR in the range \(em1 to 5\ dB;
- .LP
- \(em
- as a long\(hyterm objective, the following nominal values for
- SLR, 8\ dB and for RLR, 2\ dB.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ The recommended values for SLR and RLR do not imply
- that echo control in the network can always be avoided.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ The acoustic loss in the telephone set is an important
- factor in the echo path and will need careful consideration. A volume control
- in the telephone set will decrease the echo loss by the same amount as
- the gain is raised.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 3\fR \ \(em\ For digital telephones connected to a digital PABX (to
- which analogue telephones may also be connected), values at the lower end of
- the ranges above might be needed. The reason is to give customers the same
- receiving level as they are used to having with the analogue telephones. A
- receiving volume control might be considered.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB2\fR \fBSidetone masking rating (STMR) and listener sidetone rating\fR
- \fB(LSTR)\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- In view of the following considerations:
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- the optimum STMR for conditions free from echo;
- .LP
- \(em
- the sidetone masking effect on talker echo at short delays;
- .LP
- \(em
- the difficulties of high ambient noise conditions;
- .LP
- \(em
- what subscribers are used to having with present analogue
- sets,
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- the following values are recommended
- .FS
- The specifications
- given here are subject to future enhancement and therefore should be regarded
- as provisional
- .FE
- :
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- nominal values of STMR in the range 10 to 15\ dB;
- .LP
- \(em
- nominal values of LSTR >15\ dB,
- .LP
- (No maximum values for LSTR need to be imposed.)
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ These values may be modified when information becomes
- available on the effects of short delay echo (e.g. 10\ ms).
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB3\fR \fBSending and receiving sensitivity frequency characteristics\fR
- \fBfor digital telephones\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- In view of the following considerations:
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- the compatibility with analogue telephones in a mixed
- analogue digital network;
- .LP
- \(em
- the absence of line\(hylength\(hydependent frequency distortion to be
- compensated for as with analogue telephones;
- .LP
- \(em
- the aim to achieve the best possible overall quality with the digital
- telephone,
- .bp
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- sending and receiving sensitivity/frequency characteristics as
- specified below are recommended:
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- a substantially flat receiving frequency response \fIS\fR\d\fIJ\fR\\d\fIE\fR\ubetween
- 300\ Hz and 3 | 00\ Hz should be chosen;
- .LP
- \(em
- a nominal sending frequency response \fIS\fR\d\fIM\fR\\d\fIJ\fR\urising
- with a slope within the area indicated in Figure\ 1/P.31 should be striven
- for;
- .LP
- \(em
- below 200\ Hz, the send slope should fall by at least
- 6\ dB/octave.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ \fIS\fR\d\fIJ\fR\\d\fIE\fR\uand \fIS\fR\d\fIM\fR\\d\fIJ\fR\uare
- normally estimated from measurements of \fIS\fR\d\fIJ\fR\\d\fIe\fR\uand
- \fIS\fR\d\fIm\fR\\d\fIJ\fR\uaccording to Recommendation\ P.66.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ An expansion of the lower frequency range to 200 Hz will
- increase the naturalness of the speech.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 3\fR \ \(em\ The normal considerations for anti\(hyaliasing filters
- must be applied to the frequency responses.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 4\fR \ \(em\ Marked peaks in the responses might cause stability
- problems and should therefore be avoided.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 5\fR \ \(em\ The preferred curves for \fIS\fR\d\fIJ\fR\\d\fIE\fR\uand
- \fIS\fR\d\fIM\fR\\d\fIJ\fR\u
- defined in this way should be considered as a design objective. Individual
- microphone and receiver curves will, for several reasons, deviate more
- or less from the \*Qideal\*U curves. However, it is hardly possible to
- specify in a
- Recommendation concerning desirable frequency characteristics how much
- and in which way individual response curves may deviate from the target
- curve, without becoming unacceptable. For type approval of telephone sets,
- it is generally
- necessary to specify limits for the shape of sending and receiving frequency
- curves nationally, in the same way as tolerance limits for loudness ratings
- are usually specified. These limits are based on technical considerations
- as well as on cost of implementation, manufacturing tolerances and other
- economic
- factors.
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 25P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 1/P.31, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation P.32\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .ce 1000
- \fBEVALUATION\ OF\ THE\ EFFICIENCY\ OF\ TELEPHONE\ BOOTHS\fR
- .EF '% Volume\ V\ \(em\ Rec.\ P.32''
- .OF '''Volume\ V\ \(em\ Rec.\ P.32 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBAND\ ACOUSTING\ HOODS\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(Melbourne, 1988)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- The purpose of this Recommendation is to define the methods of
- measurement to evaluate the efficiency of either acoustic hoods or telephone
- booths intended to improve the quality of telephone transmission in noisy
- environments. In addition to the improvement of the transmission quality
- during a conversation between two users, this Recommendation takes into
- consideration the need to guarantee speech privacy for the user speaking
- from the acoustic
- hood or the booth with respect to a listener situated on the outside of the
- telephone booth.
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB1\fR \fBEvaluation methods\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The efficiency of a telephone booth or an acoustic hood can be
- evaluated using either subjective or objective measurements.
- .PP
- The objective measurements suitable for that purpose are those based on
- the acoustic insulation (for example in a
- reverberation chamber
- )
- resulting from the difference between the sound levels registered inside and
- outside the telephone booth or vice\(hyversa. As the acoustic characteristics
- vary outside and inside the telephone booth, the acoustic insulation obtained
- in
- each case (noise source outside or inside the telephone booth) is not the
- same. In addition, if we consider open telephone booths or acoustic hoods,
- the
- measurement of the acoustic insulation gives results not correlatable to the
- ones obtained by means of a subjective evaluation of the booth performance.
- .PP
- A subjective measurement of the efficiency of booths or acoustic hoods
- consists in determining the
- intelligibility index
- inside the booth, in conditions of external noise (room noise, road noise,\
- etc.). This measurement can also be objectively obtained by calculating
- the articulation index, by
- using, for example, the
- Kryter method
- as indicated in Annex\ A.
- .PP
- Another method used to measure subjectively the efficiency of booths and
- acoustic hoods consists in evaluating the
- intelligibility threshold
- variation observed between the intelligibility inside and outside the booth
- placed in a noisy ambient.
- .PP
- The performance of booths and acoustic hoods, related to the user's
- privacy while speaking inside the booth, can be subjectively evaluated by
- measuring the intelligibility of the coversation from the inside to the
- outside of the booth or by using an objective measurement such as calculating
- the
- articulation index (according to
- Kryter's method
- for example) outside the booth under specific noise conditions.
- .PP
- Since the intelligibility inside the booth is also a function of the sidetone
- of the telephone set used, a simple measurement of acoustic insulation
- which does not take into consideration the intelligibility reduction caused
- by the sidetone cannot furnish correct evaluations on the improvement of
- transmission quality due to telephone booths, or acoustic hoods.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- Bearing in mind the following observations:
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- 1)
- international telephone communication can be originated from telephone
- sets installed in noisy ambients and protected by booths or acoustic hoods;
- .LP
- 2)
- there are no measurement methods recommended for evaluating the transmission
- quality improvement resulting from the use of the telephone
- booth;
- .LP
- 3)
- an evaluation of the booth efficiency, based only on the
- acoustic insulation obtained by traditional methods (acoustic attenuation of
- the panels of the booth) is not always correlated to the subjective evaluation
- of the booth performance;
- .LP
- 4)
- subjective measurements either of the intelligibility or of the intelligibility
- threshold variation give the possibility of evaluating the efficienty of
- a booth, but are time\(hyconsuming and expensive and also require a qualified
- and well\(hytrained operator team;
- .LP
- 5)
- there are no recommendations giving criteria relating the
- employment of the booths to the ambient noise level, in order to determine
- an acceptable quality of transmission,
- .bp
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- methods of measurement as specified below are
- recommended
- .FS
- Documentation about the specifications in this
- Recommendation
- is not yet sufficient to confirm their validity, thus they are subject to
- future enhancement and should be regarded as provisional.
- .FE
- :
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- evaluating the efficiency of telephone booths and acoustic hoods taking
- into consideration the
- intelligibility index
- , obtained
- from a listener inside the booth with the external ambient noise having a
- certain acoustic spectrum;
- .LP
- b)
- calculating the intelligibility index inside the telephone booth or the
- acoustic hood by means of the objective method defined in \(sc\ 3,
- taking into consideration the acoustic attenuation of the booth and the
- sidetone of the telephone set used. This objective method allows a rapid
- evaluation of the booth performance, sufficiently precise for practical
- purposes;
- .LP
- c)
- considering the logatom intelligbility as an evaluation
- criterion related to the booth performance, calculated by means of the
- articulation index\ (AI)
- . The conversion from AI to logatom
- intelligibility is language\(hydependent and it shall be performed with the
- appropriate relation;
- .LP
- d)
- evaluating the booth and the acoustic hood at the conditions of utilization,
- that is, when a user is speaking from the inside using a
- telephone set with a determined sidetone and with an external ambient noise
- having an average intensity level and a certain acoustic spectrum, both
- already known.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB2\fR \fBDefinition and descriptions of parameters of calculation\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- Telephone conversations taking place in conditions of ambient noise are
- affected by ambient noise through three different paths:
- .RT
- .LP
- 1)
- acoustic noise (\fIN\fR\d\fIa\fR\u) at the ear which is not
- engaged in the telephone call;
- .LP
- 2)
- acoustic noise (\fIN\fR\d\fIb\fR\u) at the ear which is engaged in
- the telephone call, determined by the acoustic leak between ear and handset;
- .LP
- 3)
- noise picked up by the microphone and directed by sidetone (\fIN\fR\d\fIs\fR\u)
- to the ear which is engaged in the conversation.
- .PP
- The acoustic noise flowing through the acoustic leak between ear and handset
- has a spectrum which changes as a function of the pressure of the handset
- against the ear. To evaluate the performance of booths, the acoustic
- attenuation (\fIL\fR\d\fIR\fR\\d\fIN\fR\\d\fIE\fR\u) of this path can be
- taken into
- consideration.
- .PP
- The noise \fIN\fR\d\fIs\fR\uis due to sidetone changes according to the
- telephone set used and it generally has a spectrum which is different from
- that of \fIN\fR\d\fIb\fR\u. In spite of their mutual correlation, the power
- summation of the
- respective spectra seems the best estimate of the global noise (\fIN\fR\d\fIg\fR\u)
- which affects the ear engaged in the conversation.
- .PP
- In addition, the noises at the two ears (\fIN\fR\d\fIa\fR\u, \fIN\fR\d\fIb\fR\u)
- are generally different, both in level and in spectrum; experimental
- intelligibility measurements [1] [2] have demonstrated that this disturbing
- effect can be evaluated by subtracting 10\ dB from the noise level
- (\fIN\fR\d\fIa\fR\u) at the free ear.
- .PP
- The aforesaid experiment measurements have also shown that the \fItotal\fR
- equivalent noise \fIN\fR\d\fIT\fR\uto be used in intelligibility calculations
- is given by the amplitude sum of noise spectra at the two ears. Consequently,
- the total
- equivalent noise \fIN\fR\d\fIT\fR\uis given from the relation:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .ad r
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- The sidetone noise \fIN\fR\d\fIs\fR\uis a function of the mouth\(hyto\(hyear
- sidetone loss \fIL\fR\d\fIM\fR\\d\fIE\fR\\d\fIS\fR\\d\fIT\fR\uand it should
- be measured at the actual noise level, typically 65\ dB SPL, under diffuse
- field conditions. This is
- particularly important in the case of telephone sets with carbon microphones
- or of electronic telephone sets with automatic gain control or provided
- with noise cancelling microphones.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB3\fR \fBCalculation of the\fR
- \fBbooth or acoustic hood efficiency\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- Given a particular telephone booth or an acoustic hood, the
- following procedure shall be followed for determining the articulation
- index in actual operating conditions.
- .PP
- Calculate:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- the noise spectrum \fIN\fR\d\fIa\fR\uinside the booth by subtracting
- the acoustic attenuation of the booth (\fIL\fR\d\fIa\fR\u) from the external
- noise spectrum (\fIN\fR\d\fIe\fR\u). The attenuation should be measured
- in third octave
- bands,
- with a person inside the booth (or a baffle providing an equivalent acoustic
- absorption) and in a diffuse field condition;
- .LP
- b)
- the spectrum of the noise \fIN\fR\d\fIb\fR\uby subtracting the leakage
- attenuation of the handset (\fIL\fR\d\fIR\fR\\d\fIN\fR\\d\fIE\fR\u) from
- the noise spectrum
- inside the booth \fIN\fR\d\fIa\fR\u;
- .bp
- .LP
- c)
- the sidetone noise spectrum \fIN\fR\d\fIs\fR\uby subtracting the
- acoustic sidetone attenuation \fIL\fR\d\fIR\fR\\d\fIN\fR\\d\fIS\fR\\d\fIT\fR\u |
- .FS
- It is important to
- determine the room noise sidetone sensitivity \fIL\fR\d\fIR\fR\\d\fIN\fR\\d\fIS\fR\\d\fIT\fR\uwhich
- makes use of a diffuse room noise source within the booth. It may also
- be necessary to include within the booth a manikin to simulate the presence
- of a
- subscriber.
- .FE
- from the noise spectrum inside the booth \fIN\fR\d\fIa\fR\u;
- .LP
- d)
- the spectrum of global noise \fIN\fR\d\fIg\fR\uat the ear pressed
- against the handset as the power sum of \fIN\fR\d\fIs\fR\uand \fIN\fR\d\fIb\fR\u;
- .LP
- e)
- the spectrum of total equivalent noise \fIN\fR\d\fIT\fR\uas the
- amplitude sum of noises at both ears, after having subtracted 10\ dB from the
- noise spectrum at the ear not engaged;
- .LP
- f)
- the articulation index, AI by
- Kryter's method
- [3], assuming a listening speech level of 70\ dBA, a value corresponding
- to the limit of the attenuation of the line loss distribution.
- .PP
- An example of application of the calculation method is shown in
- Appendix\ I.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB4\fR \fBEfficiency limits of booths and acoustic hoods\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- Efficiency of booths or acoustic hoods can be considered
- satisfactory if an AI equal to 0.6 is guaranteed.
- .PP
- This value corresponds for most languages to a logatom intelligibility
- of 80% inside the booth, according to the results of French and Steinberg\
- [4], in Figure\ 1/P.32. It can be assumed as the minimum acceptable limit
- of
- performance, corresponding to the maximum external noise level that the
- booth can withstand in order to guarantee a good quality of telephone transmission
- inside the booth.
- .PP
- Therefore, each booth can simply be classified by specifying a
- \fImaximum external noise level\fR (MENL), which is the level that gives
- AI\ =\ 0.6.
- .PP
- The MENL that classifies the telephone booth shall be determined by
- repeating the calculation of the AI, as is indicated in \(sc\ 3, with different
- levels of external noise. By means of the curve representing the values
- of the AI as a function of the outside noise level, the MENL corresponding
- to an
- AI\ =\ 0.6 can be determined. This MENL depends not only on the acoustic
- attenuation of the booth or acoustic hood, but also on the received speech
- level which is assumed to have a reference value of 70\ dBA, and on the
- sidetone performances of the telephone set which should be measured at
- a proper sound
- pressure level, (about 65\ dB SPL) and in free field conditions.
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 20P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 1/P.32, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB5\fR \fBSpeech privacy of telephone communications\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The booth can also guarantee speech privacy of conversation by
- reducing the vocal signals radiated towards outside in order to make them
- unintelligible. Applying Kryter's calculation method of the articulation
- index of the speech signals transmitted through the booth to the external
- ambient at a predetermined noise level, the distance at which the logatom
- intelligibility or AI falls to a pre\(hydetermined value (for example,
- AI\ =\ 0.3) can be estimated. This method can be used to determine the
- curves of equal intelligibility
- (isophenes) in any direction, increasing distance from the booth.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The quality improvement of the conversation for the
- subscriber at the other end of the telephone connection, during a call
- with a telephone in a booth or acoustic hood has not yet been studied.
- The evaluation of this aspect is required in any case to consider a number
- of other factors
- such as the natural increase of speech loudness in noisy environments and
- the effective signal\(hyto\(hynoise ratio of transmitted signals.
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .ce 1000
- ANNEX\ A
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- (to Recommendation P.32)
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- \fBExample of\fR
- \fBefficiency calculation of a telephone booth\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .PP
- The articulation index (AI) is calculated according to
- Kryter's method.
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The acoustic attenuation of a telephone booth measured in an
- echo
- chamber
- at each one\(hythird octave band is reported in Table A\(hy1/P.32,
- column\ 2. The total noise level outside the booth is 80\ dBA and the sound
- level of the noise at each centre frequency band is indicated in column\
- 3. The
- sidetone response characteristics (\fIL\fR\d\fIR\fR\\d\fIN\fR\\d\fIS\fR\\d\fIT\fR\u)
- of the telephone set used inside the booth is given in column\ 4.
- .PP
- The noise level inside the booth at each centre frequency band
- (\fIN\fR\d\fIa\fR\u) is obtained by subtracting column\ 2 from column\
- 3 (column\ 5). It is supposed that the handset of the telephone instrument
- used in the booth has the acoustic attenuation indicated in Figure\ A\(hy1/P.32
- and reported in
- column\ 6.
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 20P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure A\(hy1/P.32, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .PP
- The values of the noise (\fIN\fR\d\fIb\fR\u) due to acoustic leakage
- between ear and handset obtained by subtracting column\ 6 from column\ 5 are
- reported in column\ 7.
- .PP
- The values, at each frequency band, of the sidetone noise
- (\fIN\fR\d\fIs\fR\u) obtained by subtracting column\ 4 from column\ 5 are
- reported in column\ 8. The global noise at engaged ear (\fIN\fR\d\fIg\fR\u)
- is reported in
- column\ 9 as the power sum of the levels indicated in columns\ 8 and\ 7.
- The total equivalent noise is obtained by adding the levels of column\
- 9 to the values of column\ 5 reduced by 10\ db (column\ 10). The speech
- spectrum (\(*b') is reported in column\ 11 and the signal\(hyto\(hynoise
- ratio corrected by 12\ dB (considering the
- peaks of the speech signal) is indicated, at each one\(hythird octave band, in
- .PP
- column\ 12. Kryter's coefficients are indicated for each one\(hythird
- octave band in column\ 13.
- .PP
- The articulation index (AI) is obtained by multiplying the values of column\
- 12 by those of column\ 13 and adding the results. By repeating the
- calculation with other external noise levels, it is possible to draw the
- diagram of the AI as a function of external noise levels for the considered
- booth, as shown in Figure\ A\(hy2/P.32. It can be seen that this booth
- is designed for withstanding a maximum external noise of about 77\ dBA
- which is the MENL
- value that classifies the booth.
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 40P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure A\(hy2/P.32, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .ce
- \fBH.T. [T1.32]\fR
- .ps 9
- .vs 11
- .nr VS 11
- .nr PS 9
- .TS
- center box;
- cw(348p) .
- TABLE\ A\(hy1/P.32
- .TE
- .TS
- cw(30p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(18p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(36p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) .
- {
- Central frequency one\(hythird octave band
- } {
- Acoustic attenuation of the booth, \fIL\fI
- } External noise, \fIN\fI {
- Acoustic sidetone attenuation, \fIL\fI
- } {
- Noise inside the booth, \fIN\fI
- } {
- Acoustic attenuation of handset, \fIL\fI
- } {
- Noise due to acoustic leakage, \fIN\fI
- } Sidetone noise, \fIN\fI {
- Global noise at engaged ear, \fIN\fI
- } {
- Total equivalent noise, \fIN\fI
- } Speech spectrum, \(*b` {
- @ { ignal+12~dB } over { oise } @
- } Kryter's coefficient Products (13)\(mu(12)
- .T&
- cw(30p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(18p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(36p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) .
- (Hz) (dB) (dB SPL) (dB) (dB SPL) (dB) (dB SPL) (dB SPL) (dB SPL) (dB SPL) (dB SPL)
- _
- .T&
- cw(30p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(18p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(36p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) .
- (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) =(3)-(2) (6) (7) =(5)-(6) (8) =(5)-(4) (9) (10) (11) (12) =(11)+12dB -(10) (13) (14)
- _
- .T&
- cw(30p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(18p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(36p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) .
- \ 200 10 77.5 12 67.5 \ 3\fB.0\fR 64.5 55.5 65.0 68.1 61 \ 4.9 0.004\ 0.0196
- .T&
- cw(30p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(18p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(36p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) .
- \ 250 13 76.5 12 63.5 \ 4\fB.0\fR 59.5 51.5 60.1 63.4 63 11.6 0.001\ 0.0116
- .T&
- cw(30p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(18p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(36p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) .
- \ 315 13 73.5 11 60.5 \ 5\fB.0\fR 55.5 49.5 56.5 60.0 64 16.0 0.001\ 0.0160
- .T&
- cw(30p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(18p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(36p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) .
- \ 400 15 74.0 \ 9 59.0 \ 6\fB.0\fR 53.5 50.0 54.8 58.4 65 18.6 0.0014 0.0260
- .T&
- cw(30p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(18p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(36p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) .
- \ 500 14 72.5 \ 9 58.5 \ 7\fB.0\fR 51.5 49.5 53.6 57.4 65 19.6 0.0014 0.0277
- .T&
- cw(30p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(18p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(36p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) .
- \ 630 14 72.0 10 58.0 \ 8.5\fR 49.5 48.0 51.8 56.1 63 18.9 0.002\ 0.0378
- .T&
- cw(30p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(18p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(36p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) .
- \ 800 16 72.0 12 56.0 10.0\fR 46.0 44.0 48.1 53.1 62 20.9 0.0020 0.0418
- .T&
- cw(30p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(18p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(36p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) .
- 1000 15 71.0 12 56.0 11.5\fR 44.5 44.0 47.3 52.7 61 20.3 0.0024 0.0487
- .T&
- cw(30p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(18p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(36p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) .
- 1250 15 69.5 \ 9 54.5 13.0\fR 41.5 45.5 47.0 51.9 60 20.1 0.0030 0.0603
- .T&
- cw(30p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(18p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(36p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) .
- 1600 15 68.0 \ 9 53.0 14.5\fR 38.5 44.0 45.1 50.1 58 19.9 0.0037 0.0736
- .T&
- cw(30p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(18p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(36p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) .
- 2000 11 66.0 \ 8 55.0 16.0\fR 39.0 47.0 47.6 52.4 54 13.6 0.0037 0.0503
- .T&
- cw(30p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(18p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(36p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) .
- 2500 11 64.0 \fB.5\fR 10.5 53.0 17.5\fR 35.5 42.5 43.3 49.2 49 11.8 0.0034 0.0401
- .T&
- cw(30p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(18p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(36p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) .
- 3150 12 62.0 14 50.0 19.0\fR 31.0 36.0 37.2 44.7 47 14.3 0.0034 0.0486
- .T&
- cw(30p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(18p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(36p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) .
- 4000 12 61.5 14 49.5 20.5\fR 29.0 35.5 36.4 44.1 39 \ 6.9 0.0024 0.0166
- _
- .T&
- cw(30p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(18p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(36p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) .
- TOTAL (dBA) 80.0 66.3 64.7 \fB0.\fR 70.0 {
- AI = 0.52
- SPL
- Sound pressure level
- }
- _
- .TE
- .nr PS 9
- .RT
- .ad r
- \fBTableau A\(hy1/P.32 [T1.32], p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBReferences\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- [1]
- CCITT Contribution \(em COM XII\(hyNo. 122, (France), Study period 1981\(hy1984.
- .LP
- [2]
- CCITT Document \(em Annex 2, AP VII\(hyNo. 115.
- .LP
- [3]
- KRYTER, (K.): Methods for the calculation and use of Articulation Index,
- \fIJ.A.S.A.\fR Vol. 34, 1962.
- .LP
- [4]
- FRENCH, (N. | .) and STEINBERG (J. | .): Factors governing the
- intelligibility of speech sounds, \fIJ.A.S.A.\fR Vol.\ 19, 1947.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBBibliography\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- CCITT Contribution \(em COM XII\(hyNo. 139, (Italy), Study per
- iod 1973\(hy1976.
- .LP
- CCITT Contribution \(em COM XII\(hyNo. 130, (Norway), Study pe
- riod 1977\(hy1980.
- .LP
- CCITT Contribution TD 26, (Sweden), WP Laboratory (Gen
- eva,
- 17\(hy19\ January\ 1984)
- .LP
- KRYTER (K.): The effects of noise on man, \fIAcademic Press\fR , pp. 7
- 0\(hy77,
- 1970.
- \v'1P'
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ P.33\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- .EF '% Volume\ V\ \(em\ Rec.\ P.33''
- .OF '''Volume\ V\ \(em\ Rec.\ P.33 %'
- .ce 1000
- \fBSUBSCRIBER\ TELEPHONE\ SETS\ CONTAINING
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- \fBEITHER\ LOUDSPEAKING\ RECEIVERS\ OR\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBMICROPHONES\ ASSOCIATED\ WITH\ AMPLIFIERS\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(Mar del Plata, 1968; amended at Geneva, 1972 and 1980)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- The\ CCITT,
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fIconsidering\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- (a)
- that an increasing number of
- loudspeaker
- sets
- is being used in the telephone network,
- .PP
- (b)
- the complex nature of factors introduced by this
- equipment and affecting telephone transmission performance,
- .PP
- (c)
- the need to help Administrations to determine the
- conditions in which the use of such equipment may be authorized in telephone
- networks,
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fImakes the following recommendation:\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- (1)
- In order to avoid overload of carrier systems, the mean long\(hyterm power
- of speech currents should not exceed the mean absolute power
- level assumed for system design. In Recommendation\ G.223\ [1] the value
- adopted for this mean power level is\ \(em15\ dBm0 (mean power\ =\ 31.6
- microwatts).
- Loudspeaker telephones having a sending sensitivity that complies with
- Recommendation\ P.34 can be assumed to fulfil this Recommendation. Furthermore,
- in order to avoid excessive crosstalk from high\(hylevel speech currents
- and/or
- inadequate received volume from low\(hylevel speech currents, care should
- be taken to ensure that the variation of speech currents is not substantially
- greater
- than that from modern handset telephones.
- .PP
- (2)
- Administrations should take the necessary precautions so that the person
- listening may be able to break the sending circuit if oscillations
- occur, or provide for suitable methods so that a device controlled by the
- voice may prevent oscillations.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBReference\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- [1]
- CCITT Recommendation \fIAssumptions for the calculation of noise on\fR
- \fIhypothetical reference circuits for telephony\fR , Vol.\ III, Rec.\ G.223.
- .bp
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ P.34\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .ce 1000
- \fBTRANSMISSION\ CHARACTERISTICS\fR
- .EF '% Volume\ V\ \(em\ Rec.\ P.34''
- .OF '''Volume\ V\ \(em\ Rec.\ P.34 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBOF\ HANDS\(hyFREE\ TELEPHONES\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(Melbourne, 1988)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fB1\fR \fBIntroduction\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The sending and receiving sensitivities of handset telephones,
- normally expressed as Loudness Rating (LR) values, are used in most countries
- in connection with their national transmission plan for the design of the
- national network.
- .PP
- However, since it is possible to fulfil Recommendations such as\ G.121
- by distributing LR values between the telephone sets and the network in
- different ways, it is not possible to issue an international Recommendation
- stating\ LR values of telephone sets alone \(em\ whether these
- are handset or hands\(hyfree telephones.
- .PP
- On the other hand, it is possible to recommend sensitivity values for
- hands\(hyfree telephones (HFTs)
- relative to the standard handset
- telephone used nationally. The object of such Recommendations should be to
- obtain equivalent performance with both types of telephones, at least with
- respect to send and receive loudness. This means that the average user's
- behaviour and preferences while talking and listening must be taken into
- account. The relative sensitivities defined in \(sc\(sc\ 2 and 3 are derived
- from
- performance tests aimed at fulfilling this requirement.
- .PP
- Other important features contributing to the quality of telephone
- calls made from
- hands\(hyfree telephones
- cannot presently be dealt with by existing Recommendations and are studied
- within
- Question\ 2/XII\ [1].
- .PP
- For loudspeaking telephones (see Recommendation\ P.10) which do not
- provide full hands\(hyfree operation, the relevant parts of this Recommendation
- may be referred to.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB2\fR \fBSending sensitivity\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The sending LR (SLR) of an HFT should be about 5\ dB worse
- .PP
- (i.e.\ higher) than the\ SLR of the corresponding handset telephone (the
- actual value will depend on the type of handset used).
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\
- Conversation tests
- in several countries have shown
- that comparable
- speech voltages
- are obtained on the line when the
- sending loudness rating of the HFT is 5\ dB higher than that of the
- handset telephone used.
- .PP
- The difference of 5\ dB has several components:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- the average talking level for\ HFTs, which is about 3\ dB
- higher than for handsets;
- .LP
- b)
- the output level from a handset telephone in conversational use, which
- is about 1\(hy2\ dB lower than what is obtained in the speaking
- position specified for loudness ratings measurements;
- .LP
- c)
- other minor differences such as different frequency
- response curves.
- .PP
- If the sending sensitivity is controlled by the room noise level, this
- control should be designed to compensate the expected rise of the talking
- level with room noise.
- .PP
- It should not be possible for the user to adjust the sending
- sensitivity.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB3\fR \fBReceiving sensitivity\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The
- receiving sensitivity of a hands\(hyfree telephone
- without automatic gain control should be adjustable within a range of 15\
- to 30\ dB. This range should span the value of the receiving loudness rating
- (RLR) which is equal to that of the corresponding handset telephone, as
- well as a RLR value
- about 10\ dB better.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ Every precaution should be taken to ensure that the
- increase in gain due to the volume control does not allow the overhearing of
- other telephone conversations due to crosstalk.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ In principle, the RLR of the HFT should be equal
- to the RLR of the corresponding handset telephone in a quiet room. The
- range of room noise levels met in normal office use necessitates, however,
- an additional gain of at least 10\ dB.
- .bp
- .PP
- For hands\(hyfree telephones equipped with an automatic gain control for
- the receive level (the gain being controlled by the incoming speech voltage),
- loudness ratings may not be applicable. In this case, the HFT should be
- designed so that the
- listening level
- at the maximum line length for
- which the HFT is intended to be used can be preset to a value that may be
- considered as the best compromise between the levels required for listening
- in quiet and noisy rooms.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 3\fR \ \(em\ The preferred listening level depends on the room noise
- level as well as on other external conditions. There is, furthermore, a
- great variance between individual listeners.
- .PP
- The average preferred level for listening only appears to be a sound pressure
- level of about 65\ dB for 45\ dBA room noise, or 70\ dB for 55\ dBA
- room noise. However, to obtain maximum Mean Opinion Scores in conversation
- tests, listening levels of about 5 to 10\ dB higher may be required.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB4\fR \fBFrequency response curves\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 4.1
- \fISending\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Available information indicates that the optimum slope of the
- sending response curve when measured with the HFT on a table lies between\
- 0 and +3\ dB/octave, if the receiving response curve is flat.
- .PP
- Only under highly reverberant conditions may a somewhat higher
- preemphasis increase the intelligibility. Therefore, if a frequency
- compensation for the probable cable attenuation is included, the sending
- curve should not rise with frequency by more than 2\(hy3\ dB/octave.
- .PP
- Below 300 Hz there should be a gradual roll\(hyoff. The slope may be
- steeper below 200\ Hz.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The interval 200\(hy300 Hz makes a significant contribution
- to the naturalness of the transmitted speech and should therefore be included
- in the transmission band of the HFT.
- .PP
- Above 4000 Hz, a roll\(hyoff by at least \(em6 dB/octave (preferably
- \(em12\ dB/octave) is appropriate in order to avoid interference by crosstalk
- to adjacent channels in certain types of long\(hydistance circuits.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 4.2
- \fIReceiving\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The receiving response curve should be substantially flat in the
- frequency range of 200\(hy4000\ Hz.
- .PP
- The requirement refers to the sound pressure in the undisturbed field at
- the listener's position with a set\(hyup including the table as described
- in\ \(sc\ 6.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB5\fR \fBSwitching characteristics\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- Most loudspeaker and hands\(hyfree telephones contain
- voice\(hyswitched circuits
- whose main function is to avoid singing through acoustic feedback. Such
- circuits insert a loss in either the sending or receiving direction in
- various ways. Switching from one direction to the other occurs when a signal
- above a given threshold is applied from the opposite direction, or when the
- control circuit, taking into account the relative levels and the nature
- of the signals in both directions, allows the switching.
- .PP
- The fundamental voice\(hyswitching parameters of the switching function
- are defined as follows (see Figures\ 1/P.34 and 2/P.34):
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- threshold level\fIV\fR\d\fIT\fR\\d\fIH\fR\u: minimum necessary signal level
- for removing insertion loss,
- .LP
- \(em
- build\(hyup time \fIT\fR\d\fIR\fR\u: time from the input signal going
- above the threshold level up to 50% of the complete removal of the insertion
- loss,
- .LP
- \(em
- hang\(hyover time \fIT\fR\d\fIH\fR\u: time from the input signal going
- below the threshold level up to the insertion of 50% of the switched loss,
- .LP
- \(em
- switching time \fIT\fR\d\fIS\fR\u: time from one transmission direction
- to the other (see Figure\ 2/P.34).
- .bp
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 24P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 1/P.34, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 24P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 2/P.34, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .PP
- By a suitable choice of parameter values, the degradation of speech quality
- that is introduced by voice switching can be made negligible, while an
- inadequate choice of parameter values, switching times in particular, may
- lead to serious clipping effects and loss of initial or final consonants
- in the
- transmitted speech.
- .PP
- Measurements of voice switching characteristics may be divided into
- those dealing with:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- characteristics for alternate conversation, in which two
- parties communicate by alternating speech spurts without interrupting each
- other. In this case, it may be assumed that the voice switch circuit returns
- to an idle state before being activated by an input signal in either direction;
- .LP
- b)
- characteristics for simultaneous conversation, in which both parties
- may interrupt each other by simultaneous talk, or where speech at one end
- of a connection is present simultaneously with noise at the other
- end.
- .PP
- The first case is of fundamental importance, as its
- characteristics also affect simultaneous conversation characteristics, and
- hands\(hyfree telephones should therefore always be checked in that respect.
- .PP
- A suitable signal for measuring the characteristics for case\ a) above
- consists of a periodic tone burst signal (see Figure\ 1/P.34). The on/off
- times T1/T2 and the amplitudes H and L should be adjustable. For case\
- b), in order to switch alternately the hands\(hyfree telephone from sending
- to receiving state,
- the use of two out\(hyof\(hyphase tone burst sequences is recommended
- (for instance acoustical 1\ kHz, electrical 400\ Hz). Switching characteristics
- measured this way will probably be more readily used in the analysis of
- subjective conversation tests results.
- .PP
- There are three types of hands\(hyfree sets under consideration:
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 5.1
- \fIType\ 1\fR \ \(em\ Hands\(hyfree telephone sets for which switching occurs
- when an absolute level \fIV\fR\d\fIT\fR\\d\fIH\fR\uis reached
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- In general, it is desirable to keep the threshold value low, the
- build\(hyup time short and the hang\(hyover time long. On the other hand, in
- practical applications extremely short build\(hyup times (about a few
- milliseconds) may cause the voice\(hyswitching circuit to be operated by
- impulsive noises, while very long hang\(hyover times are likely to impede
- the natural
- switch\(hyover in conversation. Furthermore, if the threshold level is
- more than 25\ dB below the active speech level, the voice\(hyswitching
- circuit will be
- activated too easily by ambient noise.
- .PP
- The following switching characteristics are recommended:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- The build\(hyup time \fIT\fR\d\fIR\fR\ushould be less than 15 ms,
- preferably below 10\ ms.
- .LP
- b)
- The hang\(hyover time \fIT\fR\d\fIH\fR\ushould be greater than 100 ms.
- If the threshold level is in the preferred range, values of\ \fIT\fR\d\fIH\fR\u
- between\ 150 and 250\ ms are recommended. Hang\(hyover times greater
- than 400\ ms do not improve the performance noticeably.
- .LP
- c)
- The threshold level \fIV\fR\d\fIT\fR\\d\fIH\fR\ushould be at least 20 dB
- below the active speech level. Levels between \(em20 and \(em15\ dB
- may be used if the hang\(hyover time is greater than 300\ ms.
- Levels above \(em15\ dB should not be used.
- .LP
- In order to measure \fIV\fR\d\fIT\fR\\d\fIH\fR\u, the amplitude is gradually
- increased from a low level until switching occurs. By doing this, an absolute
- threshold value is obtained. Generally, the threshold is expressed as the
- difference between this value and the average r.m.s. speech voltage present
- in the active state.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 5.2
- \fIType\ 2\fR \ \(em\
- Hands\(hyfree telephone sets for which switching
- depends on the relative levels
- in both transmission directions, and
- also in some cases on noise levels (acoustical and electrical), amplifiers
- gains, automatic gain controls, previous transmission direction,\ etc.
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The following values are recommended:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- \fIT\fR\d\fIR\fR\ushould be less than 15\ ms, preferably below 10\ ms,
- .LP
- b)
- \fIT\fR\d\fIH\fR\ucan be less than 50\ ms,
- .LP
- c)
- \fIT\fR\d\fIS\fR\uis recommended to be approximately 100\ ms and is
- measured by using 2 excitation signals (see Input\ 1 and Input\ 2 in
- Figure\ 2/P.34).
- .LP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ Under highly reverberant conditions, some hands\(hyfree
- sets with such a \fIT\fR\d\fIS\fR\umay operate in an unsatisfactory way.
- .PP
- More information about measuring levels and methods can be found in the
- Handbook on Telephonometry in \(sc\ 3.5.
- .bp
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 5.3
- \fIType\ 3\fR \ \(em\
- Hands\(hyfree sets using echo cancellation
- techniques
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Some indications about the evaluation of sets using echo
- cancellation are given in Recommendation\ P.30.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ For loudspeaking telephone sets, an insertion loss may be
- introduced in the receiving side to avoid the acoustical coupling with the
- handset microphone. This insertion loss may be introduced when the received
- level on the loudspeaker is too high, or when the signal from the handset
- microphone is sent onto the loudspeaker at too high a level.
- .PP
- It is recommended that the delay of application and withdrawal of
- this insertion loss be limited to 20\ ms and its value limited to avoid any
- clipping effect on the received speech.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB6\fR \fBConditions of measurement\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- For both subjective and objective measurements, physical test
- arrangements as described in this section should be used.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.1
- \fITest table\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- During the measurements, the HFT is placed on a table defined as
- follows:
- .PP
- The surface of the table should be hard (e.g. polished marine plywood or
- suitable hardwood), flat, rigid and horizontal to provide a sound\(hyreflecting
- surface on which the HFT being tested rests. The dimensions of the table
- should be such that the surface area is about 1\ m\u2\d but not less than
- 0.96\ m\u2\d and the width not less than 800\ mm\ [2].
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ This arrangement should be used for all measurements,
- including the recording of frequency responses, although diffraction effects
- due to the table are likely to cause severe dips or peaks in the response
- curve (see \(sc\ 6.5.2).
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.2
- \fITest arrangements\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The physical test arrangements of one\(hy and two\(hypiece HFTs\ [3] for
- subjective and objective measurements is shown in Figure\ 3/P.34.
- .PP
- If the projections of the housing are not rectangular, the point B is positioned
- at the crossing of the centre line through the housing and the
- outline of the vertical projection of the housing.
- .PP
- The edge of the front of the box should be perpendicular to the
- line\ A\(hyB.
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 20P
- .ad r
- \fBFIGURE\ 3/P.34, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.3
- \fITest environment\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- When performing tests, the room acoustics must not have a
- dominating influence. It is recommended for objective measurements that the
- test environment be practically free\(hyfield (anechoic) down to a lowest
- frequency of 175\ Hz, and be such that the test arrangement lies totally
- within the free\(hyfield volume.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ Satisfactory free\(hyfield conditions may be considered
- to exist where errors due to the departure from ideal conditions do not
- exceed \(+- | \ dB.
- .PP
- The tests should be made in an environment where the ambient noise
- level is negligible. For objective measurements this is achieved if the
- Noise Rating (NR) of the Noise Criterion (NC) is lower than\ 15 [4,\ 5].
- For
- subjective tests, it may be sufficient to keep the sound level of ambient
- noise below 35\ dBA.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.4
- \fISubjective determinations\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Loudness rating should be determined in accordance with
- Recommendation\ P.78.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ Some information about reference equivalents can be
- found in the CCITT \fIRed Book\fR | (Vol.\ V\ 1985), or in the Handbook
- on Telephonometry.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.4.1
- \fISending\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The talking level for the measurement of sending loudness rating
- (SLR) of an HFT should normally be the same as specified for measurements on
- handset telephones.
- .PP
- It is not necessary for the talker during the test to shift between
- the reference microphone guard\(hyring and the guard\(hyring positioned
- relative to the HFT if the obstacle effect of the reference microphone
- can be assumed to be negligible.
- .PP
- Normally the specified talking level and the use of a conventional
- test phrase or sentence should be sufficient to ensure that a voice\(hyswitched
- HFT will be in the sending condition during the determination of SLR. If
- this is not the case the talking level may be increased by up to 5\ dB,
- which may be compensated in the reference system to preserve the same listening
- level.
- .PP
- If the sending sensitivity is controlled by the room noise level the subjective
- measurement should be done in a quiet environment (<\ 35\ dBA).
- Further information about the HFT performance may then be estimated by
- repeating the sending measurements with increasing levels of room noise,
- up to a maximum of 60\ dBA.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.4.2
- \fIReceiving\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The talking level at the reference microphone for the measurement of RR25E
- or RLR should normally be the same as specified for the measurement of
- handset telephones. This should normally ensure that when loudness balance
- is achieved between the reference system and the test system path, a signal
- of
- sufficient magnitude is present at the HFT to switch it into the receive
- condition.
- .PP
- Problems can sometimes occur when approaching the balance condition
- from the condition of high attenuation in the balance attenuators, when
- the low level input signal may fail to switch the HFT into the receiving
- condition. If this does occur the talking level may be increased by up
- to 5\ dB in order to
- minimize the difference in loudness.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The listening level will thus also increase at balance,
- but in this case it will not be possible to correct it by changing the
- reference
- system attenuator.
- .PP
- Obtaining the loudness balance for the receiving condition may be
- facilitated by use of a loudspeaking intermediate reference system. The
- specification of such a system is, however, outside the scope of this
- Recommendation.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.5
- \fIObjective evaluations\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Objective evaluations of loudspeaker and hands\(hyfree telephones
- concern:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- the sending and receiving frequency sensitivity curves
- measurements,
- .LP
- \(em
- the objective determination of loudness ratings according to the method
- described in Recommendation\ P.79.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ Other methods for calculating loudness ratings used by
- some Administrations for their own internal planning purposes can be found
- in Supplement\ No.\ 19.
- .bp
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 6.5.1
- \fISensitivity measurements\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.5.1.1
- \fISending sensitivity measurements\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The
- sending response curves of a looudspeaker and/or hands\(hyfree telephone
- is recorded at the output terminals of the thetelephone with the same electrical
- connections as for the handset telephones. The acoustical input to the
- telephone microphone is supplied from an artificial mouth in the
- position shown in Figure\ 3/P.34.
- .PP
- In such a case, the sending sensitivity of the local telephone system is
- expressed as follows:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIS
- \dmJ
- \u\fR = 20 log
- \d10
- \u
- @ { fIV~\ds\u\fR } over { fIp~\dm\u\fR } @ \ \ dB rel
- 1 V/Pa
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- where \fIV\fR\d\fIs\fR\uis the voltage across a 600 ohm termination and
- \fIP\fR\d\fIm\fR\uis the
- sound pressure at the MRP.
- .PP
- The measuring level proposed in Recommendation\ P.64 may be used: \(em4.7\
- dBPa at the MRP (Figure\ 3/P.34), which corresponds to \(em29\ dBPa at
- 50\ cm
- from the lip when there is no table nor set.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ Some HFTs use \*Qnoise guard\*U circuits and therefore
- the
- source signal has to be modified. A suitable method is to pulse the source
- signal at an adequate rate, e.g.\ 250\ ms \*QON\*U and 150\ ms \*QOFF\*U.
- Sending
- sensitivities determined for HFTs in this way are not suitable for use in
- calculating send loudness ratings (SLR). For this purpose, the reference
- sound pressure should have a level at the MRP which is (on average, over
- the
- frequency range of interest) 24.2\ dB higher.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.5.1.2
- \fIReceiving frequency sensitivity response measurements\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The
- receiving sensitivity of a loudspeaker and/or hands\(hyfree
- telephone
- is expressed as follows:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIS
- \dJe
- \u\fR = 20 log
- \d10
- \u
- @ { fIp~\dR\u\fR } over { (12~\fIE~\dJ\u\fR } @ \ \ dB rel
- Pa/V
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- where \fIp\fR\d\fIR\fR\uis the sound pressure at point C in Figure\ 3/P.34
- and \fIE\fR\d\fIJ\fR\uis the e.m.f in the 600\ ohms source.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 6.5.2
- \fIMeasure and computation of loudness ratings\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.5.2.1
- \fISending\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The computation of the sending loudness rating may be performed
- according to Recommendation\ P.79 by using the frequency sensitivity response
- measured between the electrical output of the set and the acoustical sound
- pressure at the MRP (Figure\ 3/P.34).
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\
- Other methods for calculating loudness ratings used by some Administrations
- for their own internal planning purposes can be found in
- Supplement\ No.\ 19.
- .PP
- However, some care must be taken in the test design and the
- interpretation of the results. Results available up to now concern only a
- limited number of sets and the measuring signal is of some importance. Under
- some conditions, an artificial speech\(hylike signal may activate the noise\(hyguard
- circuits (by inserting some loss at the sending side). Better results are
- expected by using an artificial voice satisfying Recommendation\ P.50 (temporal
- characteristics of the signal closer to those of real speech).
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.5.2.2
- \fIReceiving\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Objective measurements described in \(sc\ 6.5.1.2 are made with a
- free\(hyfield microphone at point\ C (Figure\ 3/P.34).
- .PP
- Loudness Ratings are computed following Recommendation\ P.79, provided
- the following phenomena are taken into account:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- the diffraction effect of the listener head,
- .LP
- \(em
- an appropriate correction for the difference between one\(hyear and two\(hyears
- listening.
- .bp
- .PP
- These subjects are still under study under Question\ 2/XII.
- .PP
- Provisionally, a correction term of 14\ dB should be subtracted in the
- computed loudness ratings.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ Other methods for calculating loudness ratings used
- by some Administrations for their own internal planning purposes can be
- found in
- Supplement\ No.\ 19.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBReferences\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- [1]
- CCITT \(em Question 2/XII Contribution COM XII\(hyNo.\ 1,
- Study Period\ 1989\(hy1992.
- .LP
- [2]
- European Committee for Standardization (CEN) \fIOffice chair/desk working\fR
- \fIposition\ \(em\ dimensions and design requirements\fR , CEN: prEN91/August\
- 1981.
- .LP
- [3]
- CCITT \fIA method for measuring the sensitivity of a loudspeaking\fR
- \fItelephone set\fR , Annex\ 2 to Question\ 17/XII, White Book, Vol.\ V,
- ITU, Geneva,\ 1969.
- .LP
- [4]
- ISO \fIAssessment of noise with respect to community response\fR ,
- ISO\ Recommendation\ 1996,\ 1971.
- .LP
- [5]
- BERANEK (L. | ): Noise and Vibration Control, \fIMcGraw Hill\fR , pp.\
- 564\(hy566, New York,\ 1971.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ P.35\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBHANDSET\ TELEPHONES\fR
- .EF '% Volume\ V\ \(em\ Rec.\ P.35''
- .OF '''Volume\ V\ \(em\ Rec.\ P.35 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(Malaga\(hyTorremolinos, 1984; amended at Melbourne, 1988)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fB1\fR \fBTransmission characteristics\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The transmission plan for international telephone connections
- is given in Recommendation\ G.101.
- .PP
- Recommendations\ G.111 and G.121 deal with the transmission quality,
- i.e.\ loudness ratings for international and national telephone connections,
- respectively.
- .PP
- These Recommendations permit administrations to split the requirements
- between analogue telephone sets and the other parts of the network as long
- as the overall specifications are fulfilled.
- .PP
- Therefore no precise specifications can be given for analogue
- telephone sets, although some design considerations can be provided. The
- latter are contained in Supplement\ No.\ 10.
- .PP
- Recommendations for digital telephones are found in
- Recommendation\ P.31.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB2\fR \fBHandset dimensions\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The shape and the dimension of the handset have an important
- influence on both send and receive levels. The earpiece must be capable of
- forming a good seal to the ear and the handgrip of the handset must be such
- that it will encourage the user to hold it to the head in the optimum
- position.
- .PP
- Reference\ [1] is an ergonomic study which presents data on the
- distribution of the relevant finger and head dimensions.
- .PP
- A later head dimension study carried out in the People's Republic of China
- is reported in\ [2]. A subsequent investigation\ [3] shows that, for
- convenience in use, the mouthpiece of the handset should be somewhat outside
- (e.g.\ 10\(hy12\ mm) a circle enclosing the centre of the lip of 80% of
- the subjects tested (over\ 4000). A handset conforming to these dimensions
- (see
- Figure\ 1/P.35) will then be acceptable to more than 90% of users. When
- a longer lip\(hyto\(hymouthpiece distance is chosen, the signal\(hyto\(hyambient\(hynoise
- ratio will be worse and recommended LSTR values will be more difficult
- to meet (see
- Recommendations\ G.121, P.11, P.76, P.79 and Supplement\ No.\ 11). Therefore
- both signal\(hyto\(hyambient\(hynoise ratio and mouthpiece position for
- convenient use must be considered and probably a compromise must be made.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB3\fR \fBRecommendation on handset\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- Based on the information given above, the CCITT recommends that
- handset telephones conform to the dimensions outlined in Figure\ 1/P.35, with
- respect to mouthpiece positions and cheek\(hyto\(hyhandset clearance.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ An earpiece with a design that forms a good seal to the
- IEC\ 318 ear (Recommendation\ P.51) will facilitate testing both in laboratories
- and during manufacturing. Experience has shown that earpieces with a good
- seal to the IEC\ 318 artificial ear also give in most cases a good seal
- to the human ear.
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 34P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 1/P.35, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBReferences\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- [1]
- CCITT \(em Contribution COM XII\(hyNo. 49 (ITT), Study Period 1973\(hy1976.
- .LP
- [2]
- CCITT \(em Contribution COM XII\(hyNo. 21 (People's Republic of China),
- Study Period\ 1977\(hy1980.
- .LP
- [3]
- CCITT \(em Contribution COM XII\(hyNo. 112 (People's Republic of China),
- Study Period\ 1977\(hy1980.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBBibliography\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- CCITT \(em Contribution COM XII\(hyNo. 32 (U.K), Study Period 1973\(hy1976.
- .bp
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ P.36\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .ce 1000
- \fBEFFICIENCY\ OF\ DEVICES\ FOR\ PREVENTING\fR
- .EF '% Volume\ V\ \(em\ Rec.\ P.36''
- .OF '''Volume\ V\ \(em\ Rec.\ P.36 %'
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- \fBTHE\ OCCURRENCE\ OF\ EXCESSIVE\ ACOUSTIC\ PRESSURE\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBBY\ TELEPHONE\ RECEIVERS\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(Malaga\(hyTorremolinos, 1984; amended at Melbourne, 1988)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- The use of devices for preventing the occurrence of excessive
- acoustic pressure by telephone receivers is recommended in Recommendation\
- K.7. Methods for checking the efficiency of such devices in response to
- short
- duration impulses and for longer duration disturbances, such as tones, are
- given in this Recommendation. A method is also given for checking that such
- devices do not have adverse effects on normal speech signals.
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- \fIPreliminary Note\fR \ \(em\ On the basis of the findings of scientific
- studies, several authors or organizations have proposed ear\(hydamage risk
- criteria based on variations in acoustic pressure, under impulse conditions
- for which, parenthetically, there is no single definition. Likewise, ear\(hydamage
- risk criteria have also been proposed for longer duration acoustic
- disturbances, such as tones. However, these criteria
- cannot be directly transposed to the test conditions and measurements described
- below. Nor could the results be cross\(hychecked without introducing certain
- hypotheses that are not specified in this Recommendation, the purpose of
- which is merely to describe a method simple both in its application and
- in the
- analysis of the results obtained. The criteria recommended are based on
- experience gained in several countries about the telephone receiver quality
- necessary to ensure the safety of users and operators. Administrations may
- wish to adopt lower limiting levels to reduce user annoyance caused by
- acoustic disturbances, but the limiting levels should not be so low as
- to have adverse effects on normal speech levels.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB1\fR \fBEfficiency of \fR \fBprotection against short duration\fR \fBimpulses\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- In order to check whether a telephone set affords satisfactory
- protection against the risk of acoustic shocks due to short duration impulses,
- it is recommended that its characteristics be examined as follows:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- the entire telephone set, including the protective device, is placed
- in normal operating conditions as regards current
- supply and its position for the exchange of a call (e.g.\ with
- the handset raised);
- .LP
- b)
- the
- earpiece of the handset earphone
- is applied in the normal way to an artificial ear conforming to Recommendation\
- P.51
- (which corresponds to IEC Publication\ 318);
- .LP
- c)
- the artificial ear is electrically connected to a precision sound level
- meter conforming to IEC Publication\ 651, correctly
- calibrated and having the necessary circuits for measuring peak
- acoustic pressure levels. This equipment must be of class\ 2 for
- prototype testing, and may be of class\ 3 for checking mass\(hyproduced
- sets;
- .LP
- d)
- electrical impulses are applied to the telephone set by a
- suitable assembly which enables these impulses to be superimposed on the
- d.c.\ supply without the latter short\(hycircuiting them. These
- impulses are produced by a generator which conforms with
- Figure\ 1/K.17, and whose components are those described for
- symmetric\(hypair repeater tests (\fIR\fR\d3\u\ =\ 25\ ohms,
- \fIC\fR\d2\u\ =\ 0.2\ \(*mF, see Table\ 1/K.17). The test voltage is between\ 0
- and\ 1.5\ kV;
- .LP
- e)
- the telephone set is also checked for self\(hygenerated
- acoustic impulses such as those produced by operation of the hook switch
- or by dialing;
- .LP
- f)
- for both cases d) and e) above, the peak acoustic pressure level observed
- (maximum instantaneous value) should be below 140\ dB relative to 20\ \(*mPa.
- In the long term, Administrations are recommended to limit this value to
- 135\ dB for sets in common use.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ Administrations may deem it appropriate to use different
- limits for specific cases, for instance for the headsets used by
- operators.
- .bp
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB2\fR \fBEfficiency of \fR \fBprotection against longer duration\fR \fBdisturbances\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- In order to check whether a telephone set affords satisfactory
- protection against the risk of acoustic hazards due to longer duration
- disturbances, such as tones, it is recommended that its characteristics be
- examined as follows:
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- the entire telephone set, including the protective device, is placed
- in normal operating conditions as regards current supply and its
- position for the exchange of a call (e.g.\ with the handset raised);
- .LP
- b)
- the earpiece of the handset earphone is applied in the
- normal way to an artificial ear conforming to Recommendation\ P.51 (wich
- corresponds to IEC Publication\ 318);
- .LP
- c)
- the artificial ear is electrically connected to a precision sound level
- meter conforming to IEC Publication\ 651, correctly calibrated to
- measure A\(hyweighted sound pressure levels. This equipment must be of
- class\ 2 for prototype testing, and may be of class\ 3 for checking mass\(hyproduced
- sets;
- .LP
- d)
- a 1000\ \(+-\ 20\ Hz
- .FS
- The ISO list of preferred frequencies
- includes 1000\ Hz. It is a commonly used reference frequency in acoustic
- testing. Recommendation\ O.6 suggests 1020\ Hz be used when testing PCM
- systems to avoid being at a submultiple of the 8000\ Hz sampling rate.
- This
- Recommendation may need to be considered when testing digital telephones.
- .FE
- sinewave signal is applied to the telephone set and its amplitude is increased
- until it reaches 10\ V\dr\\dm\\ds\uacross the set's terminals or until
- the
- steady\(hystate acoustic output from the telephone receiver reaches its
- limiting value, whichever occurs first;
- .LP
- e)
- the telephone set is also checked for self\(hygenerated
- acoustic disturbances, such as tone dialing signals fed back to the
- receiver;
- .LP
- f)
- for both cases d) and e) above, the steady\(hystate A\(hyweighted sound
- pressure level should be below 125\ dBA (\*Qslow\*U response).
- .PP
- \fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ Tones or other disturbances which are inherently
- limited to less than\ 0.5\ s duration should be evaluated as short duration
- impulses under \(sc\ 1. Repetitive disturbances, such as those which might be
- produced during automatic tone\(hytype dialing, should be evaluated under
- \(sc\ 2
- using the sound level meter set for \*Qslow\*U response averaging.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ Administrations may deem it appropriate to use
- different levels for specific cases, for instance, for the headsets used by
- operators.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB3\fR \fBEffect on normal speech signals\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- It is recommended to check whether the strong\(hysignal attenuation
- obtained by protective devices does not cause deterioration of the normal
- speech signals, e.g.\ by nonlinear distortion. This may be done by conducting
- a series of measurements using steady\(hystate sine wave signals at a frequency
- of 1000\ \(+-\ 20\ Hz and relating to the following magnitudes:
- .RT
- .LP
- \fIN\fR is an electric voltage level at the terminals of the
- set. \fIN\fR | s determined by the relation:
- \v'6p'
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIN\fR = 20 log
- \d10
- \u
- @ { fIV~\drms~\u\fR } over { .775 } @ \ \ (dB)
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- .LP
- where \fIV
- \drms
- \u\fR represents the r.m.s. value of the voltage
- across the terminals. The value of \fIV\fR\d\fIr\fR\\d\fIm\fR\\d\fIs\fR\u\
- =\ 0.775\ volts (\(em2.2\ dBV)
- gives \fIN\fR \ =\ 0 and corresponds to a power level of 0\ dBm into 600\ ohms.
- .LP
- \fIP\fR (\fIN\fR )
- is an acoustic pressure produced by the
- telephone receiver under given conditions, (this may be the pressure measured
- on an artificial ear in accordance with Recommendation\ P.51), corresponding
- to the application of voltage level\ \fIN\fR across the terminals of the
- set.
- .LP
- \fIA\fR (\fIN\fR )
- is an attenuation of electroacoustic efficiency in relation to its reference
- value determined for
- \fIN\fR \ =\ \(em20\ dB. \fIA\fR (\fIN\fR ) is determined by the relation:
- \v'6p'
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIA\fR (\fIN\fR ) = 20 log
- \d10
- \u
- @ { fIP\fR (\(em20) } over { fIP\fR (\fIN\fR ) } @
- + \fIN\fR + 20\ \ (dB)
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- .LP
- [\fIA\fR (\fIN\fR )\ =\ 0 when \fIN\fR \ =\ \(em20\ dB].
- .PP
- The values obtained for \fIA\fR (\fIN\fR ) must match those in Table\ 1/P.36
- which have been obtained from measurements carried out on several types
- of set fitted with various protective devices.
- .bp
- .PP
- \fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ It may be useful to make a few additional measurements
- to ensure that, at frequencies between 200\ Hz and 4000\ Hz, the values
- observed for \fIA\fR (\fIN\fR ) are of the same order.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ Some sets of recent design have special features,
- such as electroacoustic sensitivity which depends on the conditions of
- d.c.\ current
- supply or on the level of the speech signals received, quite apart from the
- effect of the protective devices. In that case, Administrations intending to
- use such sets may have to adapt the above conditions, taking care nevertheless
- to comply with their principles.
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 9P
- .ad r
- \fBTABLE\ 1/P.36 [T1.36], p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ P.37\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .ce 1000
- \fBMAGNETIC\ FIELD\ STRENGTH\ AROUND\ THE\ EARCAP\fR
- .EF '% Volume\ V\ \(em\ Rec.\ P.37''
- .OF '''Volume\ V\ \(em\ Rec.\ P.37 %'
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- \fBOF\ TELEPHONE\ HANDSETS\ WHICH\ PROVIDE\ FOR\ COUPLING\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBTO\ HEARING\ AIDS\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(Malaga\(hyTorremolinos, 1984; amended at Melbourne, 1988)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fB1\fR \fBIntroduction\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- Magnetic induction systems incorporated in telephone handsets
- generate an alternating magnetic field with spatial characteristics which
- make the field detectable by
- hearing aids
- equipped with
- induction
- pick\(hyup coils
- .
- .PP
- Reception of an audio\(hyfrequency signal via an induction pick\(hyup coil
- can often allow an acceptable signal\(hyto\(hynoise ratio to be achieved
- in cases
- where the acoustical reception would otherwise be degraded by reverberation
- and background noise.
- .PP
- The magnetic field strength which enables induction pick\(hyup coils in
- hearing aids to function effectively must be high enough to produce an
- acceptable signal\(hyto\(hynoise ratio but not so high as to cause overloading
- of the hearing aid.
- .PP
- The value of magnetic field strength recommended in this standard has been
- chosen so that these requirements are met as far as possible.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB2\fR \fBScope\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- This Recommendation applies to telephone handsets which provide a magnetic
- field for coupling to hearing aids. It specifies the level linearity and
- frequency dependence of the magnetic field strength produced by the handset
- and characteristics for a calibrated probe coil.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB3\fR \fBExplanation of terms\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.1
- \fILevel of magnetic field strength\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The maximum value of the
- magnetic field strength
- is
- measured in accordance with \(sc\ 4.2.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.2
- \fIPlane of measurement\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- A plane parallel to the earcap plane at a distance of 10\ mm.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB4\fR \fBMagnetic field strength measurements and recommended values\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 4.1
- \fICalibration of acoustic receive level\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Using the measurement configuration shown in Figure\ 3/P.64, the
- drive level of the oscillator shall be adjusted to produce a sound pressure
- level of 80\ dB at 1000\ Hz. This drive level shall be used for measuring the
- level and frequency characteristics of the magnetic field strength.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 4.2
- \fIMagnetic field strength level\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Place (per \(sc 5) the centre of the
- calibrated probe coil
- in the plane of measurement and circuit orientate it for maximum coupling.
- Determine the magnetic field strength at 1000\ Hz using the drive level
- as per \(sc\ 4.1.
- .PP
- Recommended range of values for the magnetic field strength
- is:
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \(em17 to \(em30 dB relative to 1 A/m.
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ Hearing aids with magnetic pick\(hyup coils primarily
- intended for coupling to magnetic loops in auditoria in accordance with IEC
- Publication\ 118\(hy4 are likely to have a sensitivity that corresponds
- to a field strength in the upper end of the range recommended for coupling
- to telephones.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 4.3
- \fILinearity of the magnetic field strength\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- With the probe coil positioned as in \(sc 4.2, increase the 1000 Hz
- drive level specified in \(sc\ 4.1 by 20\ dB and measure the resulting magnetic
- field strength.
- .PP
- The field strength should increase by 20\ dB\ \(+-\ 1\ dB, or if the
- telephone set has a higher linearity the linearity of the magnetic field
- shall be equally as good.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 4.4
- \fIMeasurement of frequency characteristics\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- With the probe coil positioned as in \(sc 4.2 and the drive level as in
- \(sc\ 4.1, vary the frequency from 300\ Hz to 3400\ Hz and measure the
- resulting field strength. The magnetic field strength frequency characteristics
- shall fit within the template shown in Figure\ 1/P.37.
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 21P
- .ad r
- \fBFIGURE\ 1/P.37, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB5\fR \fBProbe coil\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 5.1
- \fIDimensions\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- For measuring the magnetic field strength, a calibrated probe coil having
- the following dimensions is recommended:
- .RT
- .LP
- Core:
- length (12.5\ \(+-\ 1 mm)
- .LP
- cross section (1 mm\ \(+-\ 0.5\ mm)\ \(mu\ (2 mm\ \(+-\ 0.5 mm)
- .LP
- Winding:
- length (10 mm\ \(+-\ 1 mm)
- .LP
- cross section (2 mm\ \(+-\ 0.5 mm)\ \(mu\ (3 mm\ \(+-\ 0.5 mm)
- .PP
- The winding shall be shorter than the core.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ The magnetic field may be inhomogeneous within distances
- comparable to the length of the probe coil. The introduction of a magnetic
- core material may also redirect the magnetic field contours, therefore
- the magnetic material of the core may be of importance.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ The probe coil may be combined with frequency correcting
- elements to obtain a flat frequency response in the range of 300\ Hz
- to\ 3400\ Hz.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 5.2
- \fICalibration of the probe coil\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The sensitivity as a function of frequency of the probe coil shall be measured
- with an accuracy
- of\ \(+- | .5\ dB.
- .PP
- A method of producing a homogeneous magnetic field of known intensity is
- given in IEC Publication\ 118\(hy1. The harmonic distortion of the magnetic
- field used for the calibration shall be less than\ 1%.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 5.3
- \fIDistortion\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The distortion of the probe coil shall be less than 2%, when
- measuring field strength up to +2\ dB relative to 1\ A/m.
- \v'1P'
- .RT
- .ce 1000
- ANNEX A
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- (to Recommendation P.37)
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- \fBMeasurement of an acousto\(hymagnetic adapter generating a\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- \fBmagnetic field\fR
- .ce 0
- .LP
- A.1
- \fIScope\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- This annex specifies the measuring method for an acousto\(hymagnetic adapter
- that converts the acoustic output of an associated telephone receiver to
- a magnetic field, in accordance with \(sc\(sc\ 4.1 and 4.2, that can be
- received
- by the magnetic pick\(hyup coil in a hearing aid.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.2
- \fIDefinition of the adapter plane\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The adapter plane is defined as the plane formed by the contacting points
- of a flat surface against the surface of the acousto\(hymagnetic adapter
- opposite the earcap connection.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.3
- \fIDefinition of the plane of measurement\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The plane of measurement is defined as a plane parallel to the
- adapter plane at a distance of 10\ mm.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.4
- \fIMeasurement procedures\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Measurements are made in accordance with this Recommendation.
- .PP
- The output sound pressure level of the telephone receiver is measured against
- the artificial ear without the acousto\(hymagnetic adapter being mounted.
- .PP
- The characteristics of the magnetic field of the acousto\(hymagnetic
- adapter are measured when mounted on the actual telephone receiver.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ In reporting results, the type of telephone set used
- should be specified.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.5
- \fIMagnetic field requirements\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The magnetic field produced by the adapter when fitted to a handset should
- meet the level and frequency characteristic requirements given in \(sc\(sc\
- 4.2 and 4.4.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- A.6
- \fIPhysical properties\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Desirable physical properties of the acousto\(hymagnetic adapter
- are:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- easy to place on the earcap and remove again;
- .LP
- \(em
- a firm contact to the earcap so that the acousto\(hymagnetic
- adapter and the telephone handset can be used as an integrated unit;
- .LP
- \(em
- forming a good and well\(hydefined acoustic coupling to the
- earcap (see\ Note);
- .LP
- \(em
- the surface of the acousto\(hymagnetic adapter defining the
- adapter plane should be flat or should have a shape easily defining the
- adapter plane;
- .LP
- \(em
- the adapter plane should be approximately parallel to the
- earcap plane;
- .LP
- \(em
- the magnetic field produced by the adapter should be
- orientated so that the magnetic coupling to the hearing aid is only to
- a small extent dependent on the position of the hearing aid.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The inner diameter of an acoustic seal is recommended
- to be equal to the edge diameter of the IEC\ 318 artificial ear.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBBibliography\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- \fIMethods of measurement of electro\(hyacoustical characteristics of hearing
- aids.\fR \fIPart\ 4: Magnetic field strength in audio\(hyfrequency induction
- loops for\fR
- \fIhearing aid purposes\fR , IEC Publication\ 118\(hy4, 1981.
- .LP
- AHLBORG (H.): Speech levels in the Swedish telephone network.\fR
- \fITELE Engl. Ed.\fR ,\ No.\ 1, 1978.
- .LP
- DAHLGAARD (T.) and NIELSEN (A. | .): A statistical analysis of speech signals
- in a local exchange, and a calculation of the line impedance from the natural
- speech signals. \fITeleteknik\fR ,\ No.\ 2, 1974.
- .LP
- GLEISS (N.): Preferred listening levels in telephony.
- \fITELE Engl. Ed.\fR ,\ No.\ 2, 1974.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ P.38\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .ce 1000
- \fBTRANSMISSION\ CHARACTERISTICS\ OF\ OPERATOR\fR
- .EF '% Volume\ V\ \(em\ Rec.\ P.38''
- .OF '''Volume\ V\ \(em\ Rec.\ P.38 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBTELEPHONE\ SYSTEMS\ (OTS)\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- The measurement methods adopted for measuring on operator
- telephone systems\ (OTS) which comprise a headset, feeding circuit and
- subscriber's line (the same principles can be applied to any system that
- uses a headset), conform to the methods described in Recommendation\ P.64
- with the
- following exceptions:
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB1\fR \fBSending sensitivities of OTS\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- In principle, the OTS is similar to the Local Telephone
- System\ (LTS) of Recommendation\ P.64 with the exception that in a headset
- the earphone and microphone may not have a fixed relationship as has a
- conventional telephone handset. Those headsets which are not adjustable
- in distance from the receiver to the microphone should be positioned per
- Annex\ A of
- Recommendations\ P.76. For those which are adjustable, a modal position
- of the input port of the mouthpiece must be specified by the manufacturer
- in
- 3\(hydimensional coordinates relative to the lip, horizontal and vertical
- reference planes of the mouth as defined in Recommendation\ P.51.
- .PP
- This
- modal position
- is defined by the manufacturer to be
- representative of the position of normal usage.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The term \*Qcorner of the mouth\*U used by some manufacturers
- in defining the normal use position is assumed to be 21\ mm from the centre
- 9\ mm
- behind the lip plane. The sound field of the artificial mouth is not defined
- behind the lip plane and therefore measurement points behind the lip plane
- are not recommended.
- .PP
- The sending sensitivity is then determined as per \(sc\(sc\ 2, 4\ and\ 6 of
- Recommendation\ P.64
- .PP
- The sending loudness rating (SLR) is computed as described in
- Recommendation\ P.79.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB2\fR \fBReceiving sensitivities of OTS\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- 2.1
- For headsets using
- supra\(hyaural earphones
- , the IEC\ 318
- artificial ear is used.
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The receiving sensitivity is determined as per\ \(sc\(sc\ 3, 5\ and\ 7 of
- Recommendation\ P.64.
- .PP
- The receiving loudness rating (RLR) is computed as described in
- Recommendation\ P.79 using the \fIL\fR\d\fIE\fR\uvalues of Table\ 4/P.79.
- .RT
- .PP
- 2.2
- For headsets using
- insert type receivers
- , the IEC\ 711 ear
- simulator is used.
- .PP
- The receiving sensitivity is determined as per \(sc\(sc\ 3, 5 and 7 of
- Recommendation\ P.64.
- .PP
- 2.3
- The receiving sensitivity suitable for use in the calculation of
- loudness requires:
- .LP
- a)
- a transfer function (\fIS\fR\d\fID\fR\\d\fIE\fR\u) for the eardrum to the
- ear reference point (ERP) and is given in Table\ 1/P.51, and
- .LP
- b)
- the \fIL\fR\d\fIE\fR\\d\fI(\fR\\d\fII\fR\\d\fI)\fR\uvalues of Table\
- 1/P.38 appropriate for insert type receivers.
- .PP
- The sensitivity is defined as:
- \v'6p'
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIS
- \dJE
- \u\fR = \fIS
- \dJd
- \u\fR + \fIS
- \dDE
- \u\fR \(em \fIL
- \dE(I)
- \u\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- where
- .LP
- \fIS\fR\d\fIJ\fR\\d\fIE\fR\u is the sensitivity from the junction to the
- real\ ear.
- .LP
- \fIS\fR\d\fIJ\fR\\d\fId\fR\u is the sensitivity from the junction to
- the 711\ IEC ear simulator (eardrum).
- .LP
- \fIL\fR\d\fIE\fR\\d\fI(\fR\\d\fII\fR\\d\fI)\fR\u is the ear coupling
- loss of insert type
- receivers (Table\ 1/P.38).
- .LP
- \fIS\fR\d\fID\fR\\d\fIE\fR\u is the transfer function from the eardrum to the
- ERP (Table\ 1/P.51).
- .PP
- The receiving loudness rating (RLR) is computed as described in
- Recommendation\ P.79 using \fIS\fR\d\fIJ\fR\\d\fIE\fR\ufrom the above formula.
- (\fINote\fR \ \(em\ The
- \fIL\fR\d\fIE\fR\uvalues of Table\ 4/P.79 have been replaced by the values
- Table\ 1/P.38.)
- .PP
- \fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ Study is still continuing under Question\ 8/XII,
- to evaluate intra\(hyconcha, circum\(hyaural and non\(hycontact types of
- earpieces.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ Further information on the measurement of OTS can
- be found in\ \(sc\ 3.4 of the Handbook on Telephonometry.
- .RT
- .ce
- \fBH.T. [T1.38]\fR
- .ce
- TABLE\ 1/P.38
- .ce
- \fBValues of L\fR\(da\fBE \fR\(da\fB(\fR\(da\fBI\fR\(da\fB) for insert
- type receivers\fR
- .ps 9
- .vs 11
- .nr VS 11
- .nr PS 9
- .TS
- center box;
- cw(36p) | cw(24p) .
- Frequency (Hz) \fIL\fI (\fI\fI ) (dB)
- _
- .T&
- cw(36p) | cw(24p) .
- \ 200 23.0
- .T&
- cw(36p) | cw(24p) .
- \ 250 19.0
- .T&
- cw(36p) | cw(24p) .
- \ 315 18.0
- .T&
- cw(36p) | cw(24p) .
- \ 400 17.4
- .T&
- cw(36p) | cw(24p) .
- \ 500 12.8
- .T&
- cw(36p) | cw(24p) .
- \ 630 \ 9.0
- .T&
- cw(36p) | cw(24p) .
- \ 800 \ 6.8
- .T&
- cw(36p) | cw(24p) .
- 1000 \ 3.2
- .T&
- cw(36p) | cw(24p) .
- 1250 \ 1.5
- .T&
- cw(36p) | cw(24p) .
- 1600 \ 1.4
- .T&
- cw(36p) | cw(24p) .
- 2000 \ 0.4
- .T&
- cw(36p) | cw(24p) .
- 2500 -1.5
- .T&
- cw(36p) | cw(24p) .
- 3150 \ 3.0
- .T&
- cw(36p) | cw(24p) .
- 4000 \ 0.0
- _
- .TE
- .nr PS 9
- .RT
- .ad r
- \fBTableau 1/P.38 [T1.38], p.13\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .LP
- \fBMONTAGE : PAGE 80 = PAGE BLANCHE\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
-