InfoMagic Standards 1993 July/Disc.iso/ccitt/1988/troff/4_3_03.tro

Text File | 1991-12-13 | 42.4 KB | 1,287 lines

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SECTION\ 2
.FS
In general, for CCIR
Recommendations concerning television, see CCIR Vol.\ XII,
ITU, Geneva,\ 1986.
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\fBINTERNATIONAL\ TELEVISION\ TRANSMISSIONS\fR
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\fB2.1\ International television transmissions\ \(em\ Definitions and
responsibilities\fR
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    \fBRecommendation\ N.51\fR
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\fBDEFINITIONS\ FOR\ APPLICATION\ TO\fR
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\fBINTERNATIONAL\ TELEVISION\ TRANSMISSIONS\fR
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.PP
The following definitions apply to the maintenance of
international television transmissions. Other definitions are used for other
purposes, e.g. an international television link and international multiple
destination television link as defined in \(sc\(sc\ 11 and\ 12 respectively
below, are within the definition of an international television circuit
as defined by the CMTT.
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
\fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ It is intended that the definitions given in
Recommendations\ N.1 and\ N.51 should remain identical, so far as is practical,
by use of only simultaneous amendments.
.PP
\fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ A television circuit section, circuit, link or connection
is considered to be permanent for maintenance purposes if it is always
available for use when required, whether or not it is continuously in use.
Such a circuit may be used for the purposes of occasional transmission,
i.e.
transmissions of short duration (e.g.\ less than 24 hours) or it may be
used for a long duration, i.e. one day or more. A permanent television
connection
between broadcasting organizations' premises may be used at any time, except
only for periods of maintenance as agreed between the Administrations and
broadcasting organizations concerned.
.RT
.LP
A television circuit section, circuit, link or connection is considered
to be temporary for maintenance purposes when it has no existence outside
the period of transmission (including line\(hyup and testing time) for
which it is
required.
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\fB1\fR     \fBinternational television transmission\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The transmission of video signals over the international
telecommunication network for the purpose of interchanging television material
between broadcasting organizations in different countries.
.RT
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\fB2\fR     \fBbroadcasting organization\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
A broadcasting organization is an organization which is concerned with
either or both sound and television broadcasting. Most of the customers
ordering facilities for sound\(hyprogramme and television transmission are
broadcasting organizations; for convenience, the term broadcasting organization
is used to denote the activity of any user or customer and, where so used,
it is equally applicable to any other customer requiring sound\(hyprogramme
or
television transmissions.
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.RT
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\fB3\fR     \fBbroadcasting organization (send)\fR
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.PP
The broadcasting organization at the sending end of an
international television transmission.
.RT
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\fB4\fR     \fBbroadcasting organization (receive)\fR
.sp 1P
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.PP
The broadcasting organization at the receiving end of an
international television transmission.
.RT
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\fB5\fR     \fBinternational television centre (ITC)\fR
.sp 1P
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.PP
A centre at which at least one international television circuit
(see \(sc\ 9) terminates and in which international television connections (see
\(sc\ 13) can be made up by the interconnection of international and national
television circuits.
.RT
.sp 2P
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\fB6\fR     \fBnational television centre (NTC)\fR
.sp 1P
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.PP
A centre at which two or more national television circuits
terminate and at which national television circuits may be
interconnected.
.RT
.sp 2P
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\fB7\fR     \fBtelevision circuit section\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The unidirectional national or international television
transmission path between two stations at which the programme is accessible
at video frequencies. The transmission path may be established via terrestrial
or single destination satellite routing. (See Note\ 2 above and Figures\
1/N.51
and\ 3/N.51.)
.RT
.sp 2P
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\fB8\fR     \fBinternational multiple destination television circuit section\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The unidirectional television transmission path from one frontier station
to two or more of the frontier stations at which interconnection is
made at video frequencies. (See Note\ 2 above and Figure\ 4/N.51.)
.RT
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\fB9\fR     \fBinternational television circuit\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The transmission path between two ITCs which comprises one or more television
circuit sections (national or international) together with any
necessary video equipment. The transmission path may be established via
terrestrial or single destination satellite routing. (See Note\ 2 above and
Figures\ 1/N.51 and\ 3/N.51.)
.RT
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\fB10\fR     \fBinternational multiple destination television circuit\fR
.sp 1P
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.PP
The unidirectional transmission path from one ITC to two or more other
ITCs comprising television circuit sections (national or international)
one of which is an international multiple destination circuit section,
together with any necessary video equipment. (See Note\ 2 above and
Figure\ 4/N.51.)
.RT
.sp 2P
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\fB11\fR     \fBinternational television link\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The unidirectional transmission path between the ITCs of the two terminal
countries involved in an international television transmission. The
international television link comprises one or more international television
circuits (see Figures\ 1/N.51 and\ 3/N.51) interconnected at intermediate
ITCs. It can also include national television circuits in transit countries.
(See
Note\ 2 above and Figure\ 2/N.51.)
.RT
.sp 2P
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\fB12\fR     \fBinternational multiple destination television link\fR
.sp 1P
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.PP
The unidirectional transmission path between the ITCs of the
terminal countries involved in an international multiple destination television
transmission. The international multiple destination television link comprises
international television circuits, one of which is an international multiple
destination television circuit. (See Note\ 2 above and Figure\ 5/N.51.)
.RT
.sp 2P
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\fB13\fR     \fBinternational television connection\fR
.sp 1P
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.PP
The unidirectional transmission path between the broadcasting
organization (send) and the broadcasting organization (receive) comprising
the international television link extended at its two ends over national
television circuits to the broadcasting organization. (See Note\ 2 above
and
Figure\ 2/N.51.)
.bp
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.sp 2P
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\fB14\fR     \fBinternational multiple destination television connection\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The unidirectional transmission path between the broadcasting
organization (send) and two or more broadcasting organizations (receive)
comprising the international multiple destination television link extended
at its end over national television circuits to the broadcasting organizations.
(See Note\ 2 above and Figure\ 5/N.51.)
.RT
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\fB15\fR     \fBsend reference station\fR
.sp 1P
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.PP
The transmit sub\(hycontrol station of an international multiple
destination television circuit section (see \(sc\ 8), circuit (see \(sc\
10) or link
(see \(sc\ 12). (See Figures\ 4/N.51 and\ 5/N.51.)
.RT
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\fB16\fR     \fBprogramme originator\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
A customer at a transmitting country needing up\(hylinking of a
transmission to television receive\(hyonly stations (TVROs) not related
to an ITC (see Figure\ 6/N.51).
.RT
.sp 2P
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\fB17\fR     \fBinternational satellite transmission centre (ISTC)\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
A centre at a transmitting country responsible for the national
extension and up\(hylink to satellite. This term is applicable only for
transmission to TVROs not related to an ITC (see Figure\ 6/N.51).
.RT
.sp 2P
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\fB18\fR     \fBtelevision receive\(hyonly station (TVRO)\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
An earth station which is used only for reception (see
Figure\ 6/N.51). In this respect the term is used to denote any TVRO whose
owner is authorized to receive the programme material.
.RT
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\fB19\fR     \fBfault reporting centre (FRC)\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
A centre at a receiving country dealing with enquiries and fault reports
concerning transmission to TVROs not related to an ITC. (See
Figure\ 6/N.51.)
.RT
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.rs
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\fBFigure 1/N.51, p. 1\fR
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\fBFigure 2/N.51, p. 2\fR
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\fBFigure 3/N.51, p. 3\fR
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\fBFigure 4/N.51, p. 4\fR
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\fBFigure 5/N.51, p. 5\fR
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\fBFigure 6/N.51, p. 6\fR
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\fBRecommendation\ N.52\fR
.RT
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\fBMULTIPLE\ DESTINATION\ TELEVISION\ TRANSMISSIONS\ AND | fR \fBCOORDINATION\
CENTRES\fR
.EF '%    Fascicle\ IV.3\ \(em\ Rec.\ N.52''
.OF '''Fascicle\ IV.3\ \(em\ Rec.\ N.52    %'
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.PP
A multiple destination television transmission occurs when the
same signals are transmitted to more than one broadcasting organization.
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
If the branching point of the signals is at the origin of the
programme or in the national co\(hyordination centre or in the ITC of the
originating country, each undirectional path to a receiving broadcasting
organization is considered to be an individual television connection.
.PP
Otherwise, the term
\fIderived television transmission\fR is used. Such transmissions are characterized
by the use of branching points in the
national coordination centres and/or the ITCs of countries other than the
originating country. The branching points will be sub\(hycontrol stations. The
.PP
telecommunications Administrations concerned should agree on the choice of a
control station. Recommendation\ N.55 details the duties of the control and
sub\(hycontrol stations.
.bp
.PP
For such television transmissions, the broadcasting organizations will
normally designate an international coordination centre, \fIfor each region\fR
\fIconcerned\fR , to perform the following functions in its region:
.RT
.LP
    \(em
    coordinate the requests made by the broadcasting
organizations wishing to participate in the transmission concerned;
.LP
    \(em
    make all necessary enquiries as to the availability of
television circuits for use by broadcasting organizations;
.LP
    \(em
    draw up the plan of the network of television\(hy and
sound\(hyprogramme circuits required for the transmission in question;
.LP
    \(em
    ensure that the television transmission proceeds normally
over the international television connections;
.LP
    \(em
    locate, by means of enquiries to the national coordination
centres (or another international coordination centre), the faulty
connection(s) in the event of breakdown or complaints concerning the
transmission;
.LP
    \(em
    arrange via the national coordination centres (or another
international coordination centre) for any fault to be reported to the
receiving ITC and, where possible, the replacement of any faulty circuit
by the ITCs concerned.
.sp 2P
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\fBRecommendation\ N.54\fR
.RT
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\fBDEFINITION\ AND\ DURATION\ OF\ THE\ LINE\(hyUP\ PERIOD\fR
.EF '%    Fascicle\ IV.3\ \(em\ Rec.\ N.54''
.OF '''Fascicle\ IV.3\ \(em\ Rec.\ N.54    %'
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\fBAND\ THE\ PREPARATORY\ PERIOD\fR
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\fB1\fR     \fBDefinition\fR
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.RT
.PP
For each international television transmission a distinction is
made between:
.RT
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    \(em
    \fBline\(hyup period\fR
.LP
    The period during which the telecommunication Administrations
line up the international television link before handing it over
to the broadcasting organizations; and
.LP
    \(em
    \fBpreparatory period\fR
.LP
     The period during which the broadcasting organizations carry out their
own adjustments, tests,\ etc., before the television transmission itself
commences.
.LP
     The exact time at which the preparatory period begins (point\ \fIH\fR
on Figure\ 1/N.54) is determined by the broadcasting organizations.
.sp 2P
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\fB2\fR     \fBLine\(hyup period\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
It is provisionally recommended that, in principle, the duration of the
line\(hyup period should nominally be 30\ minutes, subdivided into two
periods, for the operations described below (see Figure\ 1/N.54).
.RT
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.rs
.sp 17P
.ad r
\fBfigure 1/N.54 p.\fR
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.ad b
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.PP
\fIH | (em30 to H | (em15:\fR \ Concurrent lining\(hyup of the national and
international circuit sections that will be used to constitute the
international television circuit. The international circuit sections may
or may not include a communications satellite. The tests to be made are
those given in Recommendation\ N.62. Tests between the earth stations of
a communications
satellite circuit section are not the responsibility of the CCITT but these
tests also should be completed by time\ \fIH | (em15\fR .
.PP
\fIH | (em15 to H:\fR \ Interconnection of the circuit sections to be used,
confirmation that the international television circuit is continuous between
the terminal ITCs and overall tests between the control ITC and the sub\(hycontrol
ITC. The tests to be made are those given in Recommendation\ N.62
.FS
See the
comment in Recommendation\ N.62 concerning the difficulties involved in
making overall tests on circuits that include a standards converter.
.FE
.
.PP
The above periods \fIH | (em30 to H | (em15\fR and \fIH | (em15 to H\fR
are indicated
for guidance only. Their duration is based on an estimate of the time necessary
to perform the tests in Recommendation\ N.62 with a reasonable allowance
for
adjustments. No allowance is included for the removal of fault conditions on
the circuit sections or on the complete circuit link.
.PP
According to the definitions given in Recommendation N.51 in this
particular case, the international television circuit is also an international
television link.
.FE
.PP
These periods also assume a configuration of the international
television circuit
consisting of one international circuit section
extended at each end by one national circuit section. In the case of television
transmissions involving more than two countries, either or both of the
nominal periods \fIH | (em30 to H | (em15\fR and \fIH | (em15 to H\fR may
have to be increased. On the
other hand, in particular cases, either or both of these nominal periods
may be reduced, by agreement between the Administrations concerned, provided
the
line\(hyup is properly carried out. This may be possible, for example,
when there are two successive international television transmissions on
the same route,
and the second involves extending the international television circuit
or link already lined\(hyup for the first.
.PP
During the last few minutes of the nominal period \fIH | (em15 to H\fR
, when the above tests have been completed, the control and sub\(hycontrol
ITCs
.FS
See   Recommendation N.55 for definition of control and sub\(hycontrol ITCs.
.FE
should put the link through to the broadcasting organization at
each end and should confirm that the complete connection is continuous. It
should be verified that the link
satisfactory for transmitting the
programme, and that the quality and level are acceptable.
.PP
By agreement between the telecommunication Administration and the
sending broadcasting organization, it might be desirable, during these
last few minutes before the end of the line\(hyup period, to transmit live
pictures. This would be of particular use when adjusting standards converters.
The
transmission of live pictures during the line\(hyup period does not, however,
alter the telecommunication Administrations' responsibility with regard
to the quality of transmission required. This responsibility begins only
at time\ \fIH\fR , when the line\(hyup period ends and the preparatory
(service) period begins, and when the link is handed over to the broadcasting
organizations.
.RT
.sp 2P
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\fB3\fR     \fBPreparatory period\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
No definite duration is recommended by the CCITT for the
preparatory period. This duration is determined by the broadcasting
organizations, but a typical duration is 15\ minutes. During this period, the
tests to be made are also left to the discretion of the broadcasting
organizations, but they must not be such as to depart from CCITT
recommendations in respect of signal level (see Recommendations\ N.60 and\
N.63). The broadcasting organizations may, on occasion, omit the preparatory
period
and begin the actual transmission at time\ \fIH\fR .
.RT
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.sp 13
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\fBRecommendation\ N.55\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.ce 1000
\fBORGANIZATION,\ RESPONSIBILITIES\ AND\ FUNCTIONS\ OF\ CONTROL\fR
.EF '%    Fascicle\ IV.3\ \(em\ Rec.\ N.55''
.OF '''Fascicle\ IV.3\ \(em\ Rec.\ N.55    %'
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\fBAND\ SUB\(hyCONTROL\ ITCs\ AND\ CONTROL\ AND\ SUB\(hyCONTROL\ STATIONS\fR
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\fBFOR\ INTERNATIONAL\ TELEVISION\ CONNECTIONS,\ LINKS,\ CIRCUITS\fR
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\fBAND\ CIRCUIT\ SECTIONS\fR
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\fB1\fR     \fBOrganization\fR
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.PP
1.1
The international television link is in all cases the sole
responsibility of the telecommunication Administrations involved.
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
1.2
The national television circuits at the ends of the link may be
the responsibility of either the telecommunication Administration or the
broadcasting organization or the two together, depending on local arrangements
in each particular country.
.PP
1.3
The ITC at the receiving end (country\ C in Figure\ 2/N.51) is
normally the control station for both the international television link
and the international television connection and is referred to as the control
ITC. The choice of the station which is to have this function is left to
the discretion of the Administration concerned.
.PP
1.4
The intermediate ITCs, where the international circuit appears at video
frequencies, are sub\(hycontrol stations for the international television
link and are referred to as intermediate sub\(hycontrol ITCs.
.PP
1.5
Circuit sections, including satellite sections, also have control and sub\(hycontrol
stations. From the standpoint of overall control arrangements for an international
television link, a station controlling a circuit section is referred to
herein as an intermediate sub\(hycontrol station.
.PP
1.6
The ITC at the sending end (country\ A in Figure\ 2/N.51) is
normally the sub\(hycontrol station for both the international television
link and the international television connection. It is also referred to
as the terminal sub\(hycontrol ITC. However, the choice of the station
which is to have this
function is left to the discretion of the Administration concerned.
.sp 2P
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\fB2\fR     \fBResponsibilities\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
2.1
The control ITC is responsible to the broadcasting
organization (receive) for the satisfactory performance of the overall
international television connection. When an international television
connection does not include a satellite section, the control ITC should
exert control through intermediate sub\(hycontrol ITCs, and stations, on
that portion of the international television connection extending from
the terminal sub\(hycontrol ITC to the broadcasting organization (receive).
When an international
television connection does include a satellite section, the control ITC
should exert control through intermediate sub\(hycontrol ITCs, and stations, on
that portion of the international television connection extending from the
transmitting earth station to the broadcasting organization (receive).
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
2.2
When an international television connection does not include a
satellite section, control of that portion of the international television
connection extending from the broadcasting organization (send) to the terminal
sub\(hycontrol ITC should be exerted through the terminal sub\(hycontrol
ITC. When an international television connection does include a satellite
section, control of that portion of the international television connection
extending from the broadcasting organization (send) to the transmitting
earth station should be
exerted through the terminal sub\(hycontrol ITC. In each case, the terminal
sub\(hycontrol ITC is, in turn, responsible for the satisfactory
performance of that portion of the connection over which the terminal
sub\(hycontrol ITC has control responsibility; the terminal sub\(hycontrol
ITC should coordinate the activities of any intermediate sub\(hycontrol
ITCs, and stations, both prior to and during the transmission, thus assisting
the control ITC and keeping that office informed of developments.
.PP
2.3
The receive earth station is the control station for the satellite circuit
section. Reference to the control station for the satellite
circuit section is intended to apply to the station, or portion of the
station, manned by personnel of the satellite operator.
.PP
2.4
Any intermediate sub\(hycontrol ITCs, and other intermediate
sub\(hycontrol stations, are responsible for the satisfactory performance
of their respective circuits and circuit sections. In the operation of
an international television connection, any sub\(hycontrol ITCs and stations
which are intermediate are responsible to either the terminal sub\(hycontrol
ITC or the control ITC,
depending upon their location in the overall connection.
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.sp 2P
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\fB3\fR     \fBFunctions\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
3.1
All stations which are designated as control and sub\(hycontrol
stations on an international television connection should perform the
following functions:
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
    \(em
    ensure that sections under each respective control are
conditioned for service and connected into the international television
connection at the appropriate time;
.LP
    \(em
    time the start and conclusion of the transmission in
accordance with \(sc\ 5 below;
.LP
    \(em
     keep complete and accurate records of all station activities pertaining
to the international television transmission. This should include
timing and recording service impairment observed or reported, and taking
corrective action under the direction of the control or terminal sub\(hycontrol
ITC;
.LP
    \(em
    prepare and forward prescribed reports.
.PP
3.2
Control and terminal sub\(hycontrol ITCs on an international
television connection should perform the following additional functions:
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
    \(em
     verify the scheduling of the television transmission and the availability
of information necessary to furnish it;
.LP
    \(em
    perform and coordinate, as required, prescribed
pre\(hytransmission line\(hyup tests;
.LP
    \(em
    check the satisfactory receipt, by the broadcasting
organization (receive), of the test programme originated by the
broadcasting organization (send);
.LP
    \(em
     ensure that the international television connection is handed over to
the broadcasting organizations at the scheduled time.
.PP
3.3
In order to perform the above functions satisfactorily it is
essential that adequate and direct communications be available between
terminal ITCs during the line\(hyup and service periods. It is preferable
that such
communications be provided by direct service circuits (as those specified in
Recommendation\ M.100\ [1]), the requirement for television being analogous to
the requirements for the service circuits of the telephone and telex networks.
In those instances where permanent direct service circuits are not provided
and the television service is of an infrequent nature, it will be the
responsibility of the control ITC to initiate action for the provision of an
adequate means of communications. Use of the public telephone network or
telex network should be encouraged in such instances.
.sp 9p
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\fB4\fR     \fBPre\(hytransmission procedures\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
4.1
At some time prior to the scheduled start of television
transmission, preferably the day before but not less than two hours prior to
the start of service, the control ITC should contact the terminal sub\(hycontrol
ITC and the appropriate intermediate sub\(hycontrol ITCs or stations, over
which it exercises control and confirm that they have the transmission
schedule
and sufficient information to furnish the service. Similarly, the terminal
sub\(hycontrol ITC should contact the intermediate sub\(hycontrol ITCs
or stations
over which it exercises control to verify their readiness.
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
4.2
The control and sub\(hycontrol ITCs should initiate circuit section line\(hyup
tests for which they are directly responsible. The tests should be
completed far enough in advance of the scheduled time at which the connection
is to be handed over to the broadcasting organization (point\ \fIH\fR in
Figure\ 1/N.54) to assure completion by that time of the operations given in
\(sc\ 4.3. During this same period the control station for any satellite
circuit
section should perform line\(hyup tests as prescribed by the responsible
authority. The tests recommended for terrestrial circuit sections and
ITC\(hyto\(hyITC links are those detailed in Recommendation\ N.62.
.PP
4.3
Immediately upon conclusion of the circuit section tests, the
control ITC, with the cooperation of the terminal sub\(hycontrol ITC, should
verify that the international television link is continuous between these
terminal ITCs and should then proceed to perform overall line\(hyup tests as
detailed in Recommendation\ N.62.
.PP
4.4
Upon completion of the overall tests, and if possible 2 or
3\ minutes prior to the scheduled start of the transmission from the
broadcasting organization (send), the control and sub\(hycontrol ITCs should
establish the connection to the broadcasting organizations and check the
test programme between them. Checking the test programme consists of verifying
the satisfactory receipt, from the standpoints of quality and level, by
the
broadcasting organization (receive) of test material originated by the
broadcasting organization (send). The sub\(hycontrol ITC should request this
transmission of test material from the broadcasting organization (send), as
necessary, and should verify that the material is of suitable quality and
level at its location. The control ITC should also check for suitable quality
and level at its location. After it is determined that the test programme
check is satisfactory, the connection should be handed over to the
broadcasting organizations.
.bp
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB5\fR     \fBTiming the international television transmission\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
5.1
The control ITC and terminal sub\(hycontrol ITC of the
international television connection should record the times of start and
conclusion of the transmission, in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
5.2
The starting time\(hyof\(hyday of the service may be the scheduled time
shown on the service order, or the time at which the broadcasting organizations
commence to use the service, whichever is earlier. If the connection is
not
ready for use on schedule, and is handed over to the broadcasting organizations
after the scheduled time of start shown on the service order, then the
start of service is the time\(hyof\(hyday at which the connection is handed
over to the
broadcasting organizations.
.PP
5.3
The concluding time of the service is the time at which the
connection is released by the broadcasting organization (receive) (end of
chargeable duration\ \(em sometimes called the \fIGood\(hynight time\fR ).
.PP
The conditions for the provision and lease of circuits for
television transmissions are given in Recommendation\ D.180\ [2].
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB6\fR     \fBMonitoring\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
6.1
The control ITC should monitor in connection with the
pre\(hytransmission check of test television programmes and continuously
thereafter until the conclusion of the transmission. Continuous monitoring
at other stations is not required, except as directed by their respective
Administrations, and as required to discharge their responsibilities with
regard to fault location.
.sp 9p
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB7\fR     \fBFault location and handling\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
7.1
The control and sub\(hycontrol ITCs and stations are responsible for recording
times\(hyof\(hyday and details of service impairments observed and/or reported
to them and for initiating corrective actions. However, except when
the impairment has rendered the programme unusable, no action which would
interrupt the transmission path should be taken except at the direction
of the control\ ITC.
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
7.2
Although composed of a variety of national and/or international circuits
and circuit sections, an overall international television
connection without a satellite section may be divided into two
segments:
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
    a)
    the terrestrial facilities between the broadcasting
organization (send) and the terminal sub\(hycontrol ITC;
.LP
    b)
    the terrestrial facilities between the terminal sub\(hycontrol
ITC and the broadcasting organization (receive).
.PP
When an overall international television connection includes a
satellite section the connection may be divided into three major
segments:
.LP
    i)
    the terrestrial facilities between the broadcasting
organization (send) and the transmitting earth station;
.LP
    ii)
    the satellite circuit section between earth stations;
.LP
    iii)
    the terrestrial facilities between the receiving earth
station and the broadcasting organization (receive).
.PP
7.3
Faults encountered during service will be observed by the
broadcasting organization (receive) and reported to the control ITC or
observed by the control ITC, or both.
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
7.4
Normal fault sectionalization for an overall connection without a satellite
section, should be as follows:
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
    \(em
     The control ITC shall immediately check the television signal at its
location to determine if the fault lies between the broadcasting
organization (receive) and the control ITC. If the signal is satisfactory at
the control ITC, further sectionalization is carried out by the control ITC,
directly or via sub\(hycontrol stations should they exist, between the
control ITC and the broadcasting organization (receive).
.LP
    \(em
     If the signal is unsatisfactory as it appears incoming to the control
ITC, the control ITC shall determine from the terminal sub\(hycontrol ITC
whether the signal is satisfactory as it arrives at the terminal sub\(hycontrol
ITC. If the signal incoming to the terminal sub\(hycontrol ITC is unsatisfactory,
the terminal sub\(hycontrol ITC shall further sectionalize the fault between
the broadcasting organization (send) and the terminal sub\(hycontrol ITC.
Such
sectionalization shall begin by checking the television signal at its source.
.LP
    \(em
    If the signal incoming to the terminal sub\(hycontrol ITC is
satisfactory, the control ITC should further sectionalize the fault via the
appropriate intermediate sub\(hycontrol ITCs, or stations, and take whatever
corrective action is indicated.
.bp
.PP
7.5
Normal fault sectionalization for an overall international
connection containing a satellite section, should be as follows:
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
    \(em
     The control ITC shall immediately check the television signal at its
location to determine if the fault lies between the broadcasting
organization (receive) and the control ITC. If the signal is satisfactory at
the control ITC, further sectionalization is carried out by the control ITC,
directly or via sub\(hycontrol stations should they exist, between the
control ITC and the broadcasting organization (receive).
.LP
    \(em
     If the signal is unsatisfactory as it appears incoming to the control
ITC, the control ITC shall determine from the terminal sub\(hycontrol ITC
whether the signal is satisfactory as it arrives at the terminal sub\(hycontrol
ITC. If the signal incoming to the terminal sub\(hycontrol ITC is unsatisfactory,
the terminal sub\(hycontrol ITC shall further sectionalize the fault between
the broadcasting organization (send) and the terminal sub\(hycontrol ITC.
Such
sectionalization shall begin by checking the television signal at its source.
.LP
    \(em
    If the signal incoming to the terminal sub\(hycontrol ITC is
satisfactory, the terminal sub\(hycontrol ITC should contact the transmitting
earth station to determine if the signal is unsatisfactory incoming to that
station; simultaneously, the control ITC should contact the receiving earth
station to determine if the signal is satisfactory incoming to the receiving
earth station.
.LP
    \(em
     If the fault is located between the terminal sub\(hycontrol ITC and the
transmitting earth station, the terminal sub\(hycontrol ITC shall contact
the appropriate intermediate sub\(hycontrol ITCs or stations, to further
sectionalize the fault and take whatever corrective action is indicated.
.LP
    \(em
     If the fault is located in the satellite circuit section, the control
ITC should request the receiving earth station (satellite section
control) to take corrective action.
.LP
    \(em
     If the fault is located between the receiving earth station and the control
ITC, the control ITC should contact the appropriate
intermediate sub\(hycontrol ITCs or stations, to further sectionalize the fault
and take whatever corrective action is indicated.
.PP
7.6
Intermediate sub\(hycontrol ITCs and stations should keep the
ITCs, to which they are subordinate in the provision of the television
service, informed of the status of the fault investigation. Similarly,
the control ITC should keep the broadcasting organization (receive) informed.
In so doing these stations and ITCs should exchange times\(hyof\(hyday
at which faults are encountered, and should attempt to reconcile any differences.
.sp 9p
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB8\fR     \fBRecord keeping and monitoring for charging purposes\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
8.1
The several telecommunication Administrations will prescribe
the reports required from their respective stations and the distribution
to be made of these reports. To a considerable extent, however, the subject
content of these reports will be essentially the same. The following paragraphs
will
suggest the records of television transmissions to be kept by the stations,
and to some extent the information from which the prescribed reports can
be
prepared.
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
8.2
The reports prepared by the control ITC normally will provide
the information from which bills rendered to the broadcasting organizations
will be prepared, including any credit allowances for any transmission
interruptions or other serious impairments experienced. Usually a carefully
kept and detailed log record in itself will constitute a satisfactory source
for this purpose.
.PP
8.3
The terminal sub\(hycontrol ITC and the intermediate sub\(hycontrol ITCs
and stations should also keep detailed log records of their activities
in
connection with each television transmission. Thus, whether or not these
stations are required by their Administrations to submit reports, any needed
information will be available to satisfy inquiries or investigations which
may arise subsequent to transmissions.
.PP
8.4
The following paragraphs suggest the nature and extent of the log record
detail. Times\(hyof\(hyday should be shown to the second, in UTC; the record
should be kept chronologically from the beginning of service preparations
to
the final exchange of times\(hyof\(hyday and comments. Abbreviations and
condensations should be used carefully and discreetly; initials or names
should identify the recorder.
.PP
8.5
Record exchanges and discussions with other stations and with
broadcasting organizations. These records should include initials, names or
other identification of the individuals contacted.
.PP
8.6
Record the results of pre\(hytransmission tests, including the test programme
check.
.bp
.PP
8.7
The technical staff of the designated ITC should come to an
agreement among themselves so that at the end of the television transmission
they have accurate knowledge of:
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
    a)
    the time of handing over the television link to the
broadcasting organization (beginning of chargeable duration);
.LP
    b)
    the time at which the television link is released by the
broadcasting organization (end of chargeable duration);
.LP
    c)
    where appropriate, the times and duration of every
interruption or incident which may have occurred (in order that
the operating services can determine whether a rebate is due and,
if so, its amount).
.PP
The times of the beginning and of the end of the chargeable
duration, as well as the time of occurrence and duration of any breakdowns
which may occur, are entered on a daily report. This daily report is sent on
the same day to the service responsible for coordinating all the details
necessary for the establishment of the international accounts.
.PP
8.8
In recording the times of programme start and conclusion,
indicate when agreement is reached with other stations or with broadcasting
organizations with respect to these times. Where discrepancies cannot be
reconciled, record the differing times with suitable identification of each.
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
8.9
For any period of impairment, record the time it began, its
duration, the time it was reported, and the nature and degree of the
impairment, and note whether in the opinion of the broadcasting organization
the programme was rendered unusable.
.PP
8.10
Record the quality assessment of the overall transmission given
by the broadcasting organization (receive), using the quality assessment
scale (see Recommendation\ N.64 for Impairment and Quality Scales).
.PP
8.11
The log record of each station at which the transmission was
monitored continuously should include the assessment of the overall
transmission by the attendant at that station using the quality assessment
scale.
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB9\fR     \fBResponsibilities of control and sub\(hycontrol stations for\fR
\fBmultiple destination transmissions\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
9.1
International multiple destination transmissions on
communications satellite systems differ in a number of respects from those
routed on terrestrial systems. A common transmitting path extends from the
terminal ITC sub\(hycontrol station through the transmitting earth station to a
satellite repeater and separate receiving paths extend from the satellite
repeater through the applicable receiving earth station to a number of
terminal ITC control stations (Figure\ 5/N.51). Operations on the common
path will affect transmission to all the receiving stations whereas operations
on any receiving path will only affect transmission to the terminal ITC
control station on the particular path concerned. To coordinate the setting\(hyup,
lining\(hyup and
maintenance of a multiple destination transmission on a communications
satellite system, it is recommended that a send reference station be designated
for each multiple destination circuit section, circuit and link.
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The responsibilities of a send reference station are given in
\(sc\ 9.2 below. The additional responsibilities and functions of control
stations for a multiple destination television transmission are contained
in \(sc\ 9.3
below.
.sp 1P
.LP
9.2
    \fISend reference stations\fR \v'3p'
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
    i)
    The send reference station for a multiple destination
television circuit section is the intermediate circuit sub\(hycontrol station,
at the transmitting earth station (R\ in Figure\ 4/N.51).
.LP
    ii)
    The send reference station for a multiple destination
television circuit and link is the terminal sub\(hycontrol station
for the circuit and link respectively (R`\ and\ R" in Figure\ 5/N.51).
.PP
In addition to the normal control and sub\(hycontrol station
responsibilities specified in this Recommendation, stations designated
as send reference stations are required to perform the following functions:
.LP
    a)
    coordinate the setting\(hyup, and lining\(hyup, of the multiple
destination circuit section, circuit or link;
.LP
    b)
    coordinate maintenance action on the multiple destination
circuit section, circuit or link when requested by the control
stations;
.LP
    c)
     keep records of measurements made during the initial line\(hyup of the
multiple destination circuit section, circuit or link and incidents
reported by the control stations during transmissions.
.bp
.sp 1P
.LP
9.3
    \fIAdditional responsibilities of control stations\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
In addition to the control station responsibilties in \(sc\(sc\ 1 to\ 8
above, the control stations of multiple destination circuit sections,
circuits or links, having a designated send reference station should perform
the following functions:
.RT
.LP
    a)
     report to the appropriate send reference station the results of line\(hyup
measurements made on the multiple destination circuit
section, circuit or link;
.LP
    b)
    report any incidents observed during transmissions to the
appropriate send reference station.
.LP
    c)
    cooperate with the appropriate send reference station in
locating fault conditions.
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB10\fR     \fBInternational television transmissions for\fR \fBtelevision
receive\(hyonly stations (TVROs)\fR \fBnot related to an ITC\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
For international television transmissions for TVROs not related to an
ITC (see Figure\ 6/N.51), a fault reporting centre (FRC) should perform
the following functions:
.RT
.LP
    \(em
    Deal with enquiries concerning service performance and fault
reports.
.LP
    \(em
    Deal with general enquiries from other TVROs/FRCs.
.LP
    \(em
    Make contact with the ISTC (see below) in the originating
country for fault reporting and general service liaison.
.PP
In an originating country the Administration concerned should
nominate an international satellite transmission centre (ISTC) for every
transmitted service. Where possible, all services transmitted by an
Administration shall be handled by the same ISTC.
.PP
The ISTC should perform the following functions:
.RT
.LP
    \(em
    To be a contact point for FRCs and for the programme
originators making enquiries concerned with service continuity.
.LP
    \(em
    To liaise with the transmitting earth station and any
intermediate sub\(hycontrol station for fault investigations and
technical coordination.
.LP
    \(em
    To monitor transmissions from programme originators'
premises and to have the capability to monitor the transmission
from the satellite.
.PP
In the case where programme material is received by TVROs in the country
of origination, the ISTC and the FRC should be co\(hylocated where
possible and the duties combined.
.sp 2P
.LP
    \fBReferences\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
[1]
    CCITT Recommendation \fIService circuits\fR , Vol.\ IV,
Rec.\ M.100.
.LP
[2]
    CCITT Recommendation \fIOccasional provision of circuits for\fR
\fIinternational sound\(hy and television\(hyprogramme transmissions\fR
, Vol.\ II,
Rec.\ D.180.
.LP
.rs
.sp 13P
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.LP
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