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Text File | 1991-12-12 | 124.2 KB | 4,545 lines |
- .rs
- .\" Troff code generated by TPS Convert from ITU Original Files
- .\" Not Copyright ( c) 1991
- .\"
- .\" Assumes tbl, eqn, MS macros, and lots of luck.
- .TA 1c 2c 3c 4c 5c 6c 7c 8c
- .ds CH
- .ds CF
- .EQ
- delim @@
- .EN
- .nr LL 40.5P
- .nr ll 40.5P
- .nr HM 3P
- .nr FM 6P
- .nr PO 4P
- .nr PD 9p
- .po 4P
-
- .rs
- \v | 5i'
- .IP
- \fB3.4\ \fR \fBCarrier systems on 1.2/4.4\ mm coaxial cable pairs\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.339\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fB12\ MHz\ VALVE\(hyTYPE\ SYSTEMS\ ON\ STANDARDIZED | fR \fB2.6/9.5\ mm\
- COAXIAL\ CABLE\ PAIRS\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.339''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.339 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- (For the text of this Recommendation, see Vol. III
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- of the \fIOrange Book\fR , Geneva, 1976)
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- The Recommendations in this sub\(hysection relate to systems set up on
- 1.2/4.4\ mm coaxial cable pairs in conformity with Recommendation\ G.622.
- These systems, which are all equipped with transistorized amplifiers, may
- be
- classified in two families, according to whether the distance between the
- repeaters is a multiple of 3\ km or 2\ km.
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- .PP
- The first family comprises 1.3 MHz systems having repeaters with 6\ km
- spacing and 6\ MHz systems.
- .PP
- The second family comprises 1.3 MHz systems having repeaters with 8\ km
- spacing, 4\ MHz systems, 12\ MHz systems and 18\ MHz systems.
- .PP
- The main characteristics of these systems and the Recommendations in which
- they are to be found are given in the Table below.
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 4
- .ce
- \fBH.T. [T1.339]\fR
- .TS
- box center ;
- lw(12p) | lw(36p) | lw(36p) | lw(36p) | lw(36p) | lw(36p) | lw(36p) .
- 1.3 MHz 6 km approx. 60 to 1300 kHz approx. 5 no G.341
- 6 MHz 3 km approx. 0.06 to 5.6 MHz approx. 20 or 21 no G.344
- 1.3 MHz 8 km approx. 60 to 1300 kHz approx. 5 no G.341
- 4 MHz 4 km approx. 0.06 to 4 MHz approx. 15 or 16 no G.343
- 12 MHz 2 km approx. 0.3 to 12.4 MHz approx. 45 yes G.345
- 18 MHz 2 km approx. 0.3 to 17.5 MHz approx. 60 yes G.346
- .TE
- \fBMONTAGE:\fR
- \ \ \ \ First family\ \ \ \ Second family
- .nr PS 9
- .RT
- .ad r
- \fBTABLE [T1.339], p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.341\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fB1.3\ MHz\ SYSTEMS\ ON\ STANDARDIZED\ 1.2/4.4\ mm | fR \fBCOAXIAL\ CABLE\
- PAIRS\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.341''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.341 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(amended at Geneva, 1964; further amended)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fBPreliminary note\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The present Recommendation describes two types of systems on
- coaxial cable pairs providing 300\ telephone channels in the approximate
- frequency band\ 0.06 to 1.3\ MHz. The length of the elementary cable section
- is about 6\ km for the first type of system and about 8\ km for the second.
- The
- first is to be preferred when it is planned to equip the cable with 6\ MHz
- repeaters later on, the second when it is planned to install systems belonging
- to the other family on the cable later on, i.e. the 4\ MHz system, 12\
- MHz system or 18\ MHz system.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB1\fR \fBLine frequencies\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The system will carry 300 telephony channels, transmitted to
- line:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- either between 60\ kHz and 1300 kHz as supergroups Nos. 1\(hy5 of the
- 4\ MHz system (Fig
- ure\ 1\ \fIa)\fR /G.341);
- .LP
- \(em
- or between 64 kHz and 1296 kHz as a mastergroup with erect
- channel sidebands (Figure\ 1\ \fIb)\fR /G.341).
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 24P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure\ 1/G.341, p.2\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB2\fR \fBPilots\fR \fBand additional measuring frequencies\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.1
- \fILine\(hyregulating pilots\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The CCITT recommends that 1364\ kHz be used for the main
- line\(hyregulating pilot on all regulated\(hyline sections crossing a frontier.
- The main line\(hyregulating pilot is used for automatic correction of cable
- attenuation with the temperature.
- .bp
- .PP
- In any regulated\(hyline section crossing a frontier, it is recommended
- that in both directions of transmission the Administration on the transmitting
- side permanently transmit an auxiliary line\(hyregulating pilot at 60\
- or 308\ kHz, as the Administration on the receiving side may choose, so
- as to provide for
- additional regulation, for example.
- .PP
- The frequency accuracy recommended for the pilots is
- \(+- | \ \(mu\ 10\uD\dlF261\u5\d.
- .PP
- The power level of these pilots should be adjusted at the output of
- the transmit amplifier to have a nominal value of \(em10\ dBm0. The harmonics
- of
- the 60 and 308\ kHz pilots should each have a level not higher than
- \(em70\ dBm0.
- .RT
- .PP
- The tolerances for this level are the same as in
- Recommendation\ G.332, \(sc\ 2.1.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ Some systems in use employ a pilot at \(em1.2\ Nm0.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.2
- \fIFrequency\(hycomparison pilots\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- .PP
- For national frequency comparison, it is recommended that a 60\ or 308\
- kHz pilot be used. Should international frequency comparison appear
- desirable, the Administrations concerned will reach agreement on which
- of these two frequencies they will use.
- .PP
- The power level of a frequency\(hycomparison pilot should be adjusted at
- the output of the transmit amplifier, to a nominal value of \(em10\ dBm0.
- The
- harmonics of the frequency\(hycomparison pilots should each have a level not
- higher than \(em70\ dBm0.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.3
- \fIAdditional measuring frequencies\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Frequencies that can be used as additional measuring frequencies
- are as follows:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- supergroups\ Nos.\ 1 to\ 5 frequency allocation: (60), (308),
- 556, 808, 1056, 1304\ kHz;
- .LP
- \(em
- mastergroup frequency allocation: (60), (308), 804, 1052,
- 1304\ kHz.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ One of the two frequencies in brackets will be used
- for the auxiliary line\(hyregulating pilot.
- .PP
- The power level of these additional measuring frequencies should be
- adjusted, at the output of the transmit amplifier, to have a nominal value
- of \(em10\ dBm0. The harmonics of the additional measuring frequencies
- below 650\ kHz should each have a level at this point not higher than \(em70\
- dBm0.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ Some systems in use employ additional pilots at \(em1.2\
- Nm0.
- .PP
- The additional measuring frequencies should not be permanently
- transmitted. They will be transmitted only for as long as is necessary for
- actual measurement purposes.
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB3\fR \fBHypothetical reference circuit\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The CCITT has defined two hypothetical reference circuits, one for supergroup
- arrangement and the other for mastergroup arrangement. Both are
- 2500\ km long and are divided into nine homogeneous sections of 280\ km
- each.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.1
- \fIHypothetical reference circuit used in supergroup\fR
- \fIarrangement\fR
- .FS
- This hypothetical reference circuit is also used for 4\ MHz
- and 6\ MHz systems transmitting supergroups on 1.2/4.4\ mm coaxial pairs
- and for systems providing two supergroups on symmetric pairs.
- .FE
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- This hypothetical reference circuit (see Figure\ 2/G.341) has, for each
- direction of transmission, a total of:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- three pairs of channel modulators, each pair including
- translation from the audio\(hyfrequency band to the basic group and
- vice versa;
- .LP
- \(em
- six pairs of group modulators, each pair including
- translation from the basic group to the basic supergroup and vice
- versa;
- .LP
- \(em
- nine pairs of supergroup modulators, each pair including
- translation from the basic supergroup to the frequency band
- transmitted on the coaxial cable and vice versa.
- .bp
- .PP
- It will be seen that there is a total of 18 modulations and
- 18\ demodulations for each direction of transmission, assuming that each
- modulation or demodulation is carried out in a single stage.
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 10P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 2/G.341, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.2
- \fIHypothetical reference circuit used in mastergroup arrangement\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- This hypothetical reference circuit (see Figure\ 3/G.341) has, for each
- direction of transmission, a total of:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- three pairs of channel modulators, each pair including
- translation from the audio\(hyfrequency band to the basic group and
- vice versa;
- .LP
- \(em
- three pairs of group modulators, each pair including
- translation from the basic group to the basic supergroup and vice
- versa;
- .LP
- \(em
- six pairs of supergroup modulators, each pair including
- translation from the basic supergroup to the frequency band of
- the basic mastergroup and vice versa;
- .LP
- \(em
- nine pairs of mastergroup modulators, each pair including
- translation from the basic mastergroup to the frequency band
- transmitted on the coaxial cable and vice versa.
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 12P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 3/G.341, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB4\fR \fBCircuit noise\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The general target noise values for cable systems (see
- Recommendation\ G.222) apply also to systems on 1.2/4.4\ mm coaxial pairs,
- with the conditions given in Recommendation\ G.223.
- .PP
- In practice, it is sufficient to check by calculation that, for every telephone
- channel as defined by the relevant hypothetical reference circuit,
- the mean psophometric power at the end of the channel, referred to a zero
- relative level point, does not exceed 10 | 00\ pW0p during any period of one
- hour.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB5\fR \fBMatching of the coaxial pair impedance and the repeater
- impedances\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The sum\ \fIN\fR of three terms defined in Recommendation\ G.332, \(sc\ 5
- must be at least equal to:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- 54\ dB for a 6 km elementary cable section;
- .LP
- \(em
- 52\ dB for an 8 km elementary cable section.
- .LP
- .PP
- These figures have been calculated so as to get a ripple in the
- attenuation/frequency characteristic not exceeding\ 0.8\ dB at the end of a
- homogeneous section 280\ km long. It has been assumed that the reflected
- currents add in phase in all the elementary cable sections of this homogeneous
- section (the spacing of the buried repeaters, on a small coaxial pair,
- generally being very regular). In addition, it has been assumed that it is
- highly improbable that a telephone channel will be on more than one homogeneous
- section of the hypothetical reference circuit in the lower part of the
- band of line frequencies. At higher frequencies, \fIN\fR \ should be well
- above the limit.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB6\fR \fBRelative levels and interconnection\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.1
- \fIRelative levels and cabling loss for any repeater section\fR \v'3p'
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- 6.1.1
- The loss on any 6 km elementary cable section should be 35\ dB at
- 1300\ kHz. The relative power level at the input of the cable section (output
- of the repeater equipment) should be \(em13\ dBr at 1300\ kHz. Each Administration
- may so select the pre\(hyemphasis characteristic that the level at this
- point and at frequency 60\ kHz lies in the range \(em18 to \(em28\ dBr.
- .LP
- .PP
- 6.1.2
- The nominal loss on any 8\ km elementary cable section should be 49\ dB
- at 1300\ kHz. The relative levels at the input of any cable section are
- not strictly standardized, values of \(em3.5\ dBr and\ \(em4.3\ dBr at
- the top channel are being used in connection with pre\(hyemphasis values
- of 9\ dB and\ 10\ dB
- respectively.
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.2
- \fIFrontier section\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- For interconnection between two systems using different
- pre\(hyemphasis characteristics, unless there are special arrangements
- between the Administrations concerned, the following recommendation will
- be applied:
- .RT
- .PP
- 6.2.1
- In a 6\ km elementary cable section crossing a frontier, the level at the
- end of the cable section (input of the repeater equipment) should
- be equal to \(em48\ dBr at 1300\ kHz.
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- As it may be necessary to insert equipment at the frontier
- crossing to eliminate the monitoring or fault\(hylocating frequencies used
- in each country or to terminate the remote power supply section, it is
- possible that
- the sending relative power level at 1300\ kHz may be less than \(em13\
- dBr. It is
- then necessary that the frontier section should be less than 6\ km long.
- If the mdifference between the pre\(hyemphasis characteristics used in
- both countries
- .LP
- is too great to be compensated for in this way, one of the Administrations
- Administrations concerned, chosen by mutual agreement, will have to make
- up for this difference at the attended receiving station on its territory
- which lies closest to the frontier.
- .PP
- 6.2.2
- For interconnection between two different systems of this type
- with 8\(hykm elementary cable sections, the relative level at the frequency
- 1300\ kHz should be \(em4.0\ dBr at the input of the frontier cable section.
- According to Recommendation\ G.352 one of the Administrations concerned,
- chosen by mutual agreement, will have to make up for the slight differences
- in
- relative level and pre\(hyemphasis at the attended repeater station which lies
- closest to the frontier.
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.3
- \fIRelative levels in a terminal station; interconnection with\fR
- \fIother systems\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Recommendation\ G.213 explains the general principles to be
- adopted to facilitate interconnection of different systems in terminal
- stations.
- .bp
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB7\fR \fBPower\(hyfeeding and alarm systems\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 7.1
- \fIPower\(hyfeeding across a frontier\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- In the absence of a special agreement between the Administrations concerned
- with a power\(hyfeeding section crossing a frontier, it is recommended
- that each Administration power\(hyfeed only those repeater stations in
- its own
- country. Many Administrations use looped power\(hyfeeding on the two sides of a
- power\(hyfeeding station, half of each of the sections between this station and
- the adjacent power stations being so fed; they can close the loop at their
- frontier stations. Agreements will be necessary if, for example, the frontier
- is very far from the mid\(hypoint between the two nearest feeding stations,
- or if the Administrations concerned use looped power\(hyfeeding on the
- entire section
- between two feeding stations.
- .PP
- If the repeater stations in a country are fed from another country,
- special precautions will be required to protect the staff working on the
- cables.
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 7.2
- \fIRemote power\(hyfeeding systems\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The CCITT is studying these systems from the following
- viewpoints:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- precautions to be taken to protect staff against normal
- voltages and remote power\(hyfeed currents, or the use of
- voltages and currents which are innocuous to persons working
- in repeater stations or on lines;
- .LP
- \(em
- protection of staff and equipment against induced voltages
- and currents;
- .LP
- \(em
- trouble in remote power\(hyfeeding operation caused by induced
- voltages and currents.
- .LP
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 7.3
- \fISupervision and alarms in a frontier section\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- This should be governed by agreement between the Administrations
- concerned. In particular, it is necessary at the points of interconnection
- between two systems that if frequencies are used for monitoring or for
- locating faults they be attenuated to a level of \(em50\ dBm0 on the receiving
- sides to
- prevent any disturbance to similar frequencies used in the system farther
- down the line.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ Frequencies sent only over a system already withdrawn
- from service because of a fault may be selected by each Administration
- on the national level.
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.343\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fB4\ MHz\ SYSTEMS\ ON\ STANDARDIZED\ 1.2/4.4\ mm | fR \fBCOAXIAL\ CABLE\
- PAIRS\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.343''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.343 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(Geneva, 1964; further amended)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fBPreliminary note\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The present Recommendation describes a system designed to carry a maximum
- of 960\ carrier telephone channels on a 1.2/4.4 mm coaxial pair (see
- Recommendation\ G.622).
- .PP
- A system of this kind is produced by halving the length of the
- repeater section of a 1.3\ MHz system (as described in Recommendation\
- G.341) if this length is 8\ km, corresponding to a nominal repeater spacing
- of 4\ km for a 4\ MHz system.
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB1\fR \fBLine frequencies\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The CCITT recommends the two plans in Figure\ 1/G.343. Plan\ 1 shows the
- supergroup allocations and Plan\ 2 the mastergroup allocations.
- .PP
- It may be desirable to make provision for the through\(hyconnection of
- entire mastergroups or a supermastergroup to this system. This can be effected
- in accordance with the frequency arrangement of Plan\ 2 in Figure\ 1/G.343.
- .PP
- Plan\ 2 uses the three lowest mastergroups in the 12\ MHz system on a
- 2.6/9.5\ mm coaxial pair. It permits, in particular, direct interconnection
- with a 12\ MHz coaxial system using the Plan\ 1A frequency allocation shown
- in
- Figure\ 1/G.332 and with a radio\(hyrelay link of 900 or 1800 channels operated
- according to Recommendation\ G.423 (Figures\ 4/G.423 and\ 8/G.423).
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB2\fR \fBPilots\fR \fBand additional measuring frequencies\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.1
- \fILine\(hyregulating pilots\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The frequencies recommended for the various cases indicated in
- \(sc\ 1\ above and shown in Figure\ 1/G.343 are as follows:
- .PP
- \fIPlan\ 1\fR \ \(em\ The CCITT recommends the use of the following
- frequencies:
- .RT
- .LP
- i)
- 60\ kHz or 308\ kHz for the lower line\(hyregulating pilot;
- .LP
- ii)
- 4092\ kHz or 4287\ kHz for the upper line\(hyregulating
- pilot.
- .PP
- However, each Administration, when so requested by another
- Administration, should permanently send a line\(hyregulating pilot at
- 4287\ kHz.
- .PP
- \fIPlan\ 2\fR \ \(em\ The line\(hyregulating pilots recommended in
- Recommendation\ G.332 for the 12\ MHz system in the same frequency band.
- .PP
- In every instance, the recommended stability is \(+- | \ \(mu\ 10\uD\dlF261\u5\d,
- the power level recommended is \(em10\ dBm0, while the tolerances at this
- level are the same as in Recommendation\ G.332, \(sc\ 2.1. The harmonics
- of the 60 and 308\ kHz
- pilot should each have a level not higher than \(em70\ dBm0.
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 23P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 1/G.343, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.2
- \fIFrequency comparison pilots\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- \fIPlan\ 1\fR \ \(em\ For a national routine frequency check as described
- in Recommendation\ G.225, a frequency of either 60\ kHz or 308\ kHz may
- be used for the frequency\(hycomparison pilot.
- .PP
- The power level of a frequency\(hycomparison pilot should be adjusted at
- the output of the transmit amplifier, to a nominal value of \(em10\ dBm0.
- The
- harmonics of the frequency\(hycomparison pilots should each have a level not
- higher than \(em70\ dBm0.
- .PP
- The frequency 1800\ kHz is provisionally reserved for international
- frequency comparisons, as required. However, if the Administrations concerned
- so desire, this frequency 1800\ kHz may be used for the frequency\(hycomparison
- pilot.
- .bp
- .PP
- Administrations concerned with an international carrier system on
- coaxial cable may agree to use (if they consider it desirable) one of the
- lower line\(hyregulating pilots (either 60 or 308\ kHz) for level control
- as well as for frequency checking.
- .PP
- In any case, it is desirable that one of the following two solutions should
- always be applied, so as to allow the line\(hyregulating pilots to be used
- at the same time for frequency checking:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- provide, in each regulated\(hyline section, a master oscillator
- which is regularly compared, directly or indirectly, with a
- national frequency standard;
- .LP
- \(em
- if there is no master oscillator in a regulated\(hyline section,
- then beyond the junction between the two regulated\(hyline sections
- considered, reintroduce the lower line\(hyregulating pilot coming
- from the previous section, after its level has been
- stabilized.
- .LP
- .PP
- Generally speaking, it is possible for one pilot to have two or
- more functions if the Administrations concerned so decide.
- .PP
- \fIPlan\ 2\fR \ \(em\ The same recommendation as for the 12\(hyMHz system
- (Recommendation\ G.332, \(sc\ 2.2).
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.3
- \fIAdditional measuring frequencies\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- \fIPlan\ 1\fR \ \(em\ Frequencies that may be used are the following:
- .RT
- .ce 1000
- 60, 308, 556, 808, 1056, 1304, 1552, 1800, 2048,
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- 2296, 2544, 2792, 3040, 3288, 3536 and 3784\ kHz.
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- The recommended accuracy for the frequency of these signals is
- \(+- | 0\ Hz. The power level of these additional measuring frequencies
- should be
- adjusted at the output of the transmit amplifier to have a nominal value of
- \(em10\ dBm0.
- .PP
- The harmonics of the aditional measuring frequencies below 2.1\ MHz
- should each have a level at this point not higher than \(em70\ dBm0.
- .PP
- \fIPlan\ 2\fR \ \(em\ The additional measuring frequencies recommended for the
- 12\(hyMHz system in the same frequency band should be used
- (Recommendation\ G.332).
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB3\fR \fBHypothetical reference circuits\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The hypothetical reference circuit depends on the line frequency
- arrangement.
- .PP
- With the supergroup arrangement, the first hypothetical reference
- circuit for the 1.3\ MHz system, described in Recommendation\ G.341, \(sc\
- 3.1, is to be used.
- .PP
- With the mastergroup arrangement, the circuit to be used is:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- either the second hypothetical reference circuit for the
- 1.3\ MHz system, described in Recommendation\ G.341, \(sc\ 3.2,
- .LP
- \(em
- or the first hypothetical reference circuit for the 12\ MHz
- system, described in Recommendation\ G.332, \(sc\ 3.1.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB4\fR \fBNoise\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- Recommendation G.341, \(sc\ 4 applies.
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB5\fR \fBMatching of the coaxial\(hypair impedance\fR \fBand repeater
- impedances\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- For an elementary cable section above 4 km in length the sum\ \fIN\fR of
- the three terms defined in Recommendation\ G.332, \(sc\ 5) must be at least
- equal to the following:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- 50 dB at 60 kHz,
- .LP
- \(em
- 57 dB above 300 kHz,
- .LP
- with linear variation from 50 dB to 57 dB in the 60\(hy300 kHz band, in
- the case of a linear frequency scale.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ These values are based on the assumption that the
- attenuation/frequency characteristic does not show any ripple exceeding
- \(+- | \ dNp (about \(+- | \ dB) at the end of a homogeneous section 280\
- km long. A relaxed
- condition was applied at 60\ kHz, as it may be difficult at low frequencies
- to obtain a reflection coefficient for the repeater input and output impedances
- which is sufficiently small in relation to the impedance of the cable.
- .bp
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB6\fR \fBRelative levels and interconnection\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.1
- \fIRelative level at amplifier output\fR \v'4p'
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- at 4028\ kHz:\ \(em9 | \ dBr, or
- .LP
- \(em
- at 4287\ kHz:\ \(em8.5\ dBr.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.2
- \fIPre\(hyemphasis characteristic\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- This is defined by the formula:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .ce 1000
- \fIA\fR = 10 log
- \d10
- \u\ 1 +
- \fIa\fR \ \ (dB)
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIA\fR = 10 log
- \d10
- \u\ 1 +
- 1
- +
- $$1o\fIb\fR $$3u
- @ left ( { fIf\fR } over { fIf~\dr\u\fR } \(em { fIf~\dr\u\fR } over { fIf\fR } right ) @
- $$2x2
- $$3e
- \ \ (dB)
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- in which the constants are so selected as to give between\ 9 and\ 11\ dB of
- pre\(hyemphasis.
- .PP
- Both of the sets of values below meet this requirement:
- .ce 1000
- 1)\ \fIa\fR \ =\ 10 | \ \ \ \fIb\fR \ =\ 3 | \ \ \ \fIf\fR\d\fIr\fR\u\
- =\ 4.7\ MHz
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- 2)\ \fIa\fR \ =\ 11.25\ \ \fIb\fR \ =\ 1.56\ \ \fIf\fR\d\fIr\fR\u\ =\ 4.4\ MHz
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.3
- \fIInterconnection in a frontier section of two systems in which the\fR
- \fIelementary cable sections are of the same nominal length\fR (this is
- true of
- two 4\ MHz systems, and also of two 6\ MHz systems)
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- As the relative line levels and the pre\(hyemphasis characteristic are
- already covered by recommendations, the interconnection of two systems
- in a
- frontier section will not give rise to any great difficulty in this case.
- The Administration on the receiving side can receive the other Administration's
- line levels provided minor adjustments are made in the first main repeater
- station (for details, see Recommendation\ G.352).
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.4
- \fIInterconnection of a 4\ MHz and a 6\ MHz system in a frontier\fR
- \fIsection\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- .PP
- In the absence of a special agreement between Administrations, the method
- described in Recommendation\ G.352 should be applied in this
- case.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.5
- \fIInterconnection at a main station\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- See Recommendation\ G.213.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB7\fR \fBPower\(hyfeeding and alarm systems\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- Recommendation\ G.341, \(sc\ 7) also applies to systems conforming to
- the present Recommendation.
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.344\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fB6\ MHz\ SYSTEMS\ ON\ STANDARDIZED\ 1.2/4.4\ mm | fR \fBCOAXIAL\ CABLE\
- PAIRS\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.344''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.344 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(Geneva, 1964; further amended)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fBPreliminary note\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The present Recommendation describes a 6\ MHz system which may be
- used for transmitting a maximum of 1,260\ telephone channels.
- .PP
- A system of this kind can be produced by halving the length of the
- elementary cable section of a 1.3\ MHz system (as described in
- Recommendation\ G.341) if this length is 6\ km, corresponding to a nominal
- repeater spacing of 3\ km for the 6\ MHz system.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB1\fR \fBLine frequencies\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The CCITT recommends the three frequency allocation plans in
- Figure\ 1/G.344, each plan forming a whole within the line\(hyfrequency band.
- .PP
- Plans\ 1 and\ 2 show the supergroup allocations and Plan\ 3 the
- mastergroup allocations.
- .PP
- In Plan\ 1, the supergroups are assembled by means of carriers produced
- from a single frequency at 124\ kHz. There are two possible methods of
- assembling the supergroups in the band\ 4404 to 5636\ kHz. The first is to use
- carriers at 4092, 4340, 4588, 4836 and 5084\ kHz and to keep the upper
- modulation band (the first two frequencies being the carriers corresponding
- to supergroups\ 15 and\ 16). The second method is to translate the assembly
- of
- supergroups\ 4 to\ 8, which are those of the basic mastergroup, using a
- carrier frequency of 6448\ kHz obtained by multiplying by 4 the carrier
- frequency of
- 1612\ kHz corresponding to supergroup\ 5.
- .PP
- In Plan\ 2, the five supergroups reversed in band 4332\ to 5564\ kHz
- correspond to mastergroup\ 4 of the 12\ MHz line allocation, but they also
- represent a plan conveniently obtained with supergroup and group
- carrier frequencies.
- .PP
- Plan\ 3 consists of mastergroups 1\(hy4 of the 12\ MHz system (see \(sc\ 1
- of Recommendation\ G.332).
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 29P
- .ad r
- \fBFIGURE 1/G.344, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB2\fR \fBPilots\fR \fBand additional measuring frequencies\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.1
- \fILine\(hyregulating pilots\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The frequencies recommended are 308\ kHz on the one hand, and
- 4287\ kHz or 6200\ kHz on the other.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The pilot at 4287\ kHz cannot be used with television
- transmissions.
- .bp
- .PP
- In every instance, the recommended stability is \(+- | \ \(mu\ 10\uD\dlF261\u5\d,
- the power level recommended is \(em10\ dBm0, while the tolerances at this level
- are the same as in Recommendation\ G.332, \(sc\ 2.1. The harmonics of the
- 308\ kHz
- pilot should each have a level not higher than \(em70\ dBm0.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.2
- \fIFrequency comparison pilots\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- \fIPlans\ 1 and\ 2\fR \ \(em\ The same recommendation as for the 4\ MHz
- system (Recommendation\ G.343, \(sc\ 2.2).
- .PP
- \fIPlan\ 3\fR \ \(em\ The same recommendations as for the 12\ MHz system
- (Recommendation\ G.332, \(sc\ 2.2).
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.3
- \fIAdditional measuring frequencies\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- \fIPlans\ 1 and\ 2\fR \ \(em\ All the additional measuring frequencies given
- in Recommendation\ G.343 (supergroups) should be used. In addition, in the
- frequency band above 4287\ kHz, the following additional measuring frequencies
- are recommended:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- Plan\ 1: 5680\ kHz,
- .LP
- \(em
- Plan\ 2: 5608\ kHz.
- .LP
- .PP
- However, the harmonics of the additional measuring frequencies
- below 2.8\ MHz should comply with the relevant conditions indicated in
- Recommendation\ G.343.
- .PP
- \fIPlan\ 3\fR \ \(em\ The additional measuring frequencies recommended for
- the 12\ MHz system in the same frequency band (Recommendation\ G.332) should
- be used.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB3\fR \fBHypothetical reference circuits\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- Same Recommendations as for the 4 MHz system (see \(sc\ 3 of
- Recommendation\ G.343).
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB4\fR \fBNoise\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- Recommendation\ G.341, \(sc\ 4 applies.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB5\fR \fBMatching of the coaxial\(hypair impedance and repeater\fR
- \fBimpedances\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- For an elementary cable section about 3\ km in length the sum\ \fIN\fR
- of the three terms defined in Recommendation\ G.332, \(sc\ 5) must be at
- least equal
- to 60\ dB at all frequencies above\ 300\ kHz.
- .PP
- A figure of 50\ dB is recommended at 60\ kHz. Between\ 60 and 300\ kHz
- the acceptable limit varies progressively.
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB6\fR \fBRelative levels and interconnection\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.1
- \fIRelative levels at repeater output at 4287\ MHz:\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Approximately \(em17 dBr.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.2
- \fIPre\(hyemphasis characteristics\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- It has not been possible to reach agreement for recommending a
- pre\(hyemphasis characteristic applicable to all cases. The pre\(hyemphasis
- used in practice varies between 7 and 14\ dB. Some Administrations use a
- pre\(hyemphasis characteristic corresponding to the formula:
- \v'6p'
- .RT
- .ce 1000
- \fIA\fR = 10 log
- \d10
- \u\ 1 +
- \fIa\fR \ \ (dB)
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fIA\fR = 10 log
- \d10
- \u\ 1 +
- 1
- +
- $$1o\fIb\fR $$3u
- @ left ( { fIf\fR } over { fIf~\dr\u\fR } \(em { fIf~\dr\u\fR } over { fIf\fR } right ) @
- $$2x2
- $$3e
- \ \ (dB)
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- .PP
- For the constants, \fIa\fR , \fIb\fR and \fIf\fR\d\fIr\fR\u, the following
- figures may be indicated:
- .ce 1000
- 1)\ \fIa\fR \ =\ 10\ \ \fIb\fR \ =\ 2.20\ \ \fIf\fR\d\fIr\fR\u\ =\ 5.75\ MHz
- .ce 0
- .LP
- 2)\ \fIa\fR \ =\ 24\ \ \fIb\fR \ =\ 8.50\ \ \fIf\fR\d\fIr\fR\u\ =\ 6.40\ MHz
- .bp
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB7\fR \fBInterconnection\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- Interconnection should be in conformity with
- Recommendation\ G.352.
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB8\fR \fBPower\(hyfeeding and alarm systems\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- Recommendation G.341 also applies to systems conforming to the
- present Recommendation.
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.345\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fB12\ MHz\ SYSTEMS\ ON\ STANDARDIZED\ 1.2/4.4\ mm | fR \fBCOAXIAL\ CABLE\
- PAIRS\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.345''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.345 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(Mar del Plata,\ 1968; further amended)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- The provisions of this Recommendation are those appearing in Recommendation\
- G.332 for systems on 2.6/9.5\ mm coaxial pair, with the exception of the
- following provision:
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB5\fR \fBMatching of the coaxial\(hypair impedance and repeater impedances\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- For an elementary cable section about 2\ km in length, the
- recommended value of \fIN\fR is 63\ dB throughout the transmitted frequency
- band,
- \fIN\fR being defined as in Recommendation\ G.332, \(sc\ 5.
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.346\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fB18\ MHz\ SYSTEMS\ ON\ STANDARDIZED\ 1.2/4.4\ mm\fR |
- \fBCOAXIAL\ CABLE\ PAIRS\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.346''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.346 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(Geneva,\ 1980)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- The provisions of this Recommendation are those appearing in Recommendation\
- G.334 for 18\ MHz systems on 2.6/9.5\ mm coaxial pair, with the
- exception of the following provision:
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB5\fR \fBMatching of repeater and line impedances\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- For an elementary cable section about 2\ km in length, the
- recommended value of \fIN\fR is 63\ dB throughout the transmitted frequency
- band,
- \fIN\fR being defined as in Recommendation\ G.332, \(sc\ 5.
- .RT
- .LP
- .IP
- \fB3.5\ \ Additional\ Recommendations\ on\ cable\ systems\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB
- \fBRecommendation\ G.352\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .ce 1000
- \fBINTERCONNECTION\ OF\ COAXIAL\ CARRIER\ SYSTEMS\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.352''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.352 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBOF\ DIFFERENT\ DESIGNS\fR
- .FS
- This
- Recommendation applies to 1.3\ MHz, 4\ MHz, 6\ MHz, 12\ MHz, 18\ MHz and
- 60\ MHz
- systems.
- .FE
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(amended at Mar del Plata, 1968 and Geneva,\ 1980)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .PP
- In every case of interconnection of coaxial carrier systems of
- different types at frontiers, some special arrangements are required to
- enable the systems to interwork satisfactorily.
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The following points require special attention:
- .bp
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB1\fR \fBPilots\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- Each line\(hyregulating pilot should be transmitted on the two systems
- to be interconnected, at the same absolute power level (referred to a point
- of zero relative level). If the two systems do not use the same frequencies
- for
- the pilots, each of the stations situated at the ends of the regulated\(hyline
- section crossing the frontier should be equipped to send all the pilots
- needed by both systems.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB2\fR \fBTransmission conditions\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- For interconnecting systems using different pre\(hyemphasis values and
- output levels at national boundaries, Administrations can agree to equalize
- the level differences by shortening the frontier cable section and adding
- suitable passive equalizer networks as indicated in Annex\ A.
- .PP
- There may be cases in which even shortening the cable section to zero is
- not sufficient to equalize completely the level differences. It is
- recommended in these cases that the residual small level differences be
- finally corrected in the next main repeater station.
- .PP
- In some cases it may be feasible to maintain the normal repeater
- spacing in the frontier cable section and to accept some level differences
- at some intermediate repeaters near the frontier, ancillary gain and correcting
- networks being provided in the nearest main station (see Annex\ B).
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB3\fR \fBPower feeding\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- In the absence of a special agreement between the Administrations concerned
- in a power\(hyfeeding section crossing a frontier, it is recommended
- that each Administration power\(hyfeed only the repeater stations on its own
- territory.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB4\fR \fBSupervision and alarms\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- In each particular case, these points should be agreed by
- Administrations concerned.
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB5\fR \fBConditions for the\fR
- \fBrepeater section\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The CCITT has standardized the dimensions of the coaxial pairs to be used
- in the international European telephone network (see
- Recommendations\ G.622 and G.623). Nevertheless, this standardization allows
- certain variations, so that the coaxial pairs manufactured by different
- contractors in different countries may not have exactly the same
- characteristics. To ensure uniformity throughout the frontier repeater
- section, it is strongly recommended that, by agreement between the two
- Administrations concerned the manufacture of the whole section should be
- entrusted to the same firm. If the same contractor does not supply the
- whole section, the two
- Administrations concerned must \fIvery carefully\fR coordinate their detailed
- specifications and their methods of laying and jointing, to ensure that the
- conditions recommended by the CCITT for the complete elementary cable section
- are met.
- .PP
- As regards matching of the impedance of this repeater section to the impedances
- of the two adjacent amplifiers, in the general case of a coaxial
- cable section between two adjacent repeaters and used for telephony only,
- the CCITT has defined only the permissible limits for the sum\ \fIN\fR
- of the three
- terms defined in Recommendation\ G.332, \(sc\ 5.
- .PP
- It is recommended that the Administrations concerned with a coaxial
- cable section crossing a frontier, agree on the values for each of these
- three terms permissible to meet the above condition\ \(em\ i.e.\ agree
- on the use of as
- good a match as possible. It is also very desirable that, throughout a
- coaxial system the Administrations concerned should agree always to use
- the same
- methods, particularly in impedance matching, so as to simplify system
- maintenance.
- .RT
- .ce 1000
- ANNEX\ A
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- (to Recommendation\ G.352)
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .PP
- The interconnection of systems using different pre\(hyemphasis values and
- output levels, at additional boundaries, can be achieved by the method
- shown in Figure\ A\(hy1/G.352. Repeater locations are designated\ I to\ IV, the
- different systems used in the two countries are indicated by repeater types\
- A and\ B; the dotted lines\ w, x, y and\ z show the possible locations
- of the actual frontier. The correcting networks shown between repeater
- points\ II
- and\ III are
- designed in conjunction with
- .bp
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- the cable length between\ II and\ III to
- compensate
- for the differences in level and pre\(hyemphasis of systems\ A and\ B. The
- correcting networks may be mounted in the repeater boxes at\ II or at\
- III or may be mounted one in each box. Alternatively, they could be mounted
- in a separate box between\ II and\ III. The distance between\ II and\ III
- will normally be less than the repeater spacing of system\ A or system\
- B and could in the limit be
- zero, with the repeater boxes\ II and\ III adjacent to one another, the
- frontier would then be at\ w or\ z.
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 13P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure A\(hy1/G.352, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- Interconnection of two systems can be established by this method, using
- only passive interconnecting networks, if the following condition is met:
- the repeater input level at any frequency of one system is lower than the
- output level of the other system at the same frequency, by a small amount
- (say 1\ dB) to allow for the loss of the interconnecting circuit.
- .PP
- The repeaters of type\ A could be fed with power and supervised from
- the nearest power\(hyfeeding station in country\ A and similarly for type\ B
- repeaters. If the frontier were located at\ x or\ y, neither of the power\(hyfeeding
- and supervisory systems need cross the boundary.
- .PP
- With this method all repeaters could be of standard types and the
- output and pilot levels could be normal. Special correcting networks would
- be required.
- .RT
- .LP
- .ce 1000
- ANNEX\ B
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- (to Recommendation\ G.352)
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .PP
- An alternative method to that given in Annex\ A is shown in
- Figure\ B\(hy1/G.352, in which the ordinary length of repeater spacing with the
- nominal loss\ \fIa\fR is maintained in the frontier cable section. The nominal
- relative sending level of system\ I is \fIn\fR\dI\uand that of system\ II is
- \fIn\fR\dI\\dI\u. The difference of the relative levels is defined as the
- differential pre\(hyemphasis:
- \v'6p'
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- ?63
- \s6pre
- .PS 10
- \ =\ \fIn\fR\dI\u\ \(em\ \fIn\fR\dI\\dI\u
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- It shall be assumed that ?63\dp\\dr\\de\uis positive over the whole
- transmission band and that at the highest transmitted frequency, the sending
- levels of the two systems are almost equal. For the adaptation of the relative
- levels between system\ I and system\ II it is necessary to introduce an
- additional passive correction network ?63
- \s6pre
- .PS 10
- in the direction I\(raII and an additional active correction network
- \(em?63
- \s6pre
- .PS 10
- in the direction II\(raI.
- .RT
- .PP
- For reasons associated with the size of the repeater housing and power
- supply, it may be desirable to avoid additional amplification in the
- frontier section, which usually has underground repeaters with a remote
- power supply. There is no great drawback in using the pre\(hyemphasis of
- the foreign
- incoming system up to the following attended repeater station and to
- .bp
- .PP
- accommodate only in this station the requisite gain for transformation
- of the pre\(hyemphasis. In the attended repeater station, there will be
- no special
- difficulty in getting the necessary space and current for the additional
- equipment. The requisite gain in the direction II\(raI (for
- .PP
- \(em?63
- \s6pre
- .PS 10
- )
- and in the direction I\(raII (because of a possible basic loss in the
- ?63\dp\\dr\\de\unetwork) is supplied by additional amplifiers
- which are usually already provided for in attended stations,
- to compensate for the basic attenuation of precision equalizers.
- .RT
- .PP
- As indicated in Figure\ B\(hy1/G.352 it may be well to use differential
- pre\(hyemphasis for both directions in the same repeater station, for example
- on that side of the frontier where there is the system using the smallest
- pre\(hyemphasis (higher sending relative level). If we assume as is shown in
- Figure\ B\(hy1/G.352 that this is system\ I, the few underground repeaters of
- system\ I between the frontier and the attended repeater station will (in
- lower channels) be operated with the lower level of system\ II and will
- affect the
- overall noise performance of the whole system less critically than if the
- situation were reversed, such that system\ II were operated at a higher
- level.
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 18P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure B\(hy1/G.352, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.356\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fB(120\ +\ 120)\ CHANNEL\ SYSTEMS\ ON\ A\ SINGLE | fR \fBCOAXIAL\ PAIR\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.356''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.356 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- (For the text of this Recommendation, see Volume III
- of the \fIYellow Book\fR , Geneva, 1981)
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .IP
- \fB3.6\ \ Other\ carrier\ systems\ on\ open\(hywire\ lines\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- Even though the systems described in the present subsection are
- modern, particularly because the audio\(hyfrequency band effectively transmitted
- for each telephone channel is from 300 to 3400\ Hz, the general Recommendations
- of Section\ 2 cannot be applied to them entirely, having regard to certain
- peculiarities of their makeup. For this reason the following special
- arrangements have been made.
- .bp
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.361\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .ce 1000
- \fBSYSTEMS\ PROVIDING\ THREE\ CARRIER\ TELEPHONE\ CIRCUITS\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.361''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.361 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBON\ A\ PAIR\ OF\ OPEN\(hyWIRE\ LINES\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fB1\fR \fBStandardized system\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The particular system described below provides three good\(hyquality telephone
- circuits in the frequency band above the existing audio circuit. This system
- can be arranged below the frequency band shown in Scheme\ I of
- Figure\ 1/G.311 for a 12\(hycircuit system.
- .PP
- The arrangement of line frequencies in this system has been so
- specified that when such a system crosses a frontier (perhaps in a completely
- uninhabited area) it is not necessary to use modulators and
- demodulators.
- .PP
- Besides the audio circuit, it is possible with this arrangement of
- line frequencies to provide either one carrier telephone circuit together
- .PP
- and one two\(hyway sound\(hyprogramme circuit at 6.4\ kHz or a two\(hyway
- sound\(hyprogramme circuit at 10\ kHz (see Recommendations\ J.22\ [1],
- J.23\ [2], J.32\ [3] and
- J.33\ [4]).
- .PP
- This system can also include a certain number of telegraph channels
- without change to the transmitted frequency band of the carrier circuits.
- The bandwidth of the audio circuit, however, is in this case reduced.
- .PP
- The specification below has been designed for the above particular
- case.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.1
- \fIFrequency band transmitted\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The carrier frequency spacing should be 4\ kHz.
- .PP
- The lower band transmitted to line for one direction of transmission should
- be between 4 and 16\ kHz, and the upper band used for the other direction
- of transmission should be either 18 to 30\ kHz or 19 to 31\ kHz, so as
- to allow the use of staggered carrier frequencies if it is later decided
- to use a second similar system on the same pole route (see \(sc\ 1.10 below
- and
- Figure\ 1/G.361).
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 19P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 1/G.361, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.2
- \fIRelative power level\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The relative power level at the output of the terminal equipments and intermediate
- repeaters, on each channel and for the frequency of this
- channel which corresponds to the audio\(hyfrequency 800\ Hz should not
- be greater than +17\ dBr.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.3
- \fIPilots\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The pilots are normally 16.110\ kHz for the lower line\(hyfrequency
- band and 31.110\ kHz for the upper band. The relative frequency accuracy
- recommended for them is \(+- | .5\ \(mu\ 10\uD\dlF261\u5\d. This recommendation
- applies to all the four frequency spectra shown in Figure\ 1/G.361. The
- power level of the line pilots should be \(em15\ dBm0.
- .PP
- The upper pilot of 31.110\ kHz is suitable for most Administrations.
- Normally it may be expected to give a rather better regulation performance
- than a pilot of lower frequency.
- .PP
- In other cases it may be unsuitable for the following
- reasons:
- .RT
- .LP
- 1)
- The regulation may be affected when the open\(hywire pair is
- already equipped with a number of filters designed to separate
- 12\(hycircuit systems from old\(hytype 3\(hycircuit systems.
- .LP
- 2)
- When a single modulation stage is used for the low\(hyfrequency
- telephone channels of the standardized system, it is convenient
- for interband telegraph channels (see \(sc\ 2 below) to be
- located above, rather than below, the frequency band occupied
- by the telephone channels in the high\(hyfrequency direction of
- transmission.
- .PP
- The CCITT accordingly recommends that an alternative pilot
- frequency of 17.800\ kHz be used, when it is agreed between the Administrations
- concerned that the normal pilot frequency of 31.110\ kHz is unsuitable
- either
- for the reasons given above or to meet other circumstances peculiar to the
- route.
- .LP
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.4
- \fIVariation (with frequency) of the overall loss at the output\fR
- \fIof the transmit terminal equipment\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- See Recommendation\ G.232, \(sc\ 1.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.5
- \fINon\(hylinearity distortion of all the terminal equipments\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- See Recommendation\ G.232, \(sc\ 7.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.6
- \fICrosstalk in terminal equipments\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- See Recommendation\ G.232, \(sc\ 9.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.7
- \fIImpedance (as seen from the switchboard\(hyjack)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- See Recommendation\ G.232, \(sc\ 11.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.8
- \fIStability of carrier generators\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- So that the effect of the modulations and demodulations never gives rise
- to a difference greater than 2\ Hz between the audio\(hyfrequency input
- and
- the audio\(hyfrequency output at the far end (where there is no intermediate
- demodulation and modulation), the stability of the carrier frequency generators
- should be such that the frequency is always correct to within
- \(+- | .5\ \(mu\ 10\uD\dlF261\u5\d.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.9
- \fICarrier leak sent to line\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The power level of the carrier leak should not be greater
- than:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em17\ dBm0 for one channel and for each direction of transmission;
- .LP
- \(em14.5\ dBm0 for all channels of the system taken together and for
- each direction of transmission.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.10
- \fISeveral systems working on the same route\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The CCITT recommends the four arrangements of frequencies shown in the
- diagrams of Figure\ 1/G.361. No order of preference has been decided and
- in each particular case the Administrations concerned will choose the most
- appropriate scheme(s).
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ Also, by agreement between Administrations concerned, the
- lower frequency band transmitted to line, Schemes\ 2 and\ 4, may be
- inverted.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB2\fR \fBSystems using\fR
- \fBcommon repeaters for telephony and interband\fR \fBtelegraphy\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- For international traffic, it is necessary to provide for an
- open\(hywire system which uses common line repeaters for telephone and
- interband telegraph channels.
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.1
- \fILine\(hyfrequency arrangement for telephony\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The arrangement of line frequencies as far as the telephone
- channels are concerned would be as shown in \(sc\ 1 above.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.2
- \fILine\(hyfrequency arrangements for telegraphy\fR \v'3p'
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- 2.2.1
- It is recommended that the system should provide four
- telegraph channels, the nominal frequencies to be used being as follows:
- .LP
- a)
- \fILow\(hyfrequency direction of transmission\fR
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- 3.22,\ 3.34,\ 3.46\ and\ 3.58\ kHz
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- b)
- \fIHigh\(hyfrequency direction of transmission\fR
- .LP
- i)
- telephone channels occupying the frequency
- band\ 18\(hy30\ kHz:
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- 30.42,\ 30.54,\ 30,66\ and\ 30.78\ kHz
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- ii)
- telephone channels occupying the frequency
- band\ 19\(hy31\ kHz:
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- 18.22,\ 18.34,\ 18.46\ and\ 18.58\ kHz
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- .PP
- 2.2.2
- When inband signalling (as distinct from outband signalling at
- the edge of the 4\(hykHz band) is employed, it becomes possible to provide two
- additional telegraph channels having the following nominal frequencies:
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- a)
- \fILow\(hyfrequency direction of transmission\fR
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- 3.70\ and\ 3.82\ kHz
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- b)
- \fIHigh\(hyfrequency direction of transmission\fR
- .LP
- i)
- telephone channels occupying the frequency
- band\ 18\(hy30\ kHz:
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- 30.18\ and\ 30.30\ kHz
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- ii)
- telephone channels occupying the frequency
- band\ 19\(hy31\ kHz:
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- 18.70 and 18.82 kHz
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- 2.2.3
- Where, as a result of agreement between the Administrations
- concerned the system has an upper pilot of 17.800\ kHz (see \(sc\ 1.3 above),
- the
- following frequencies may be used as alternatives to those specified in
- \(sc\(sc\ 2.2.1, b)\ ii) and 2.2.2, b)\ ii). This alternative arrangement
- permits, in
- certain types of systems, a more economical modulation process:
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 1000
- 31.42,\ 31.54,\ 31.66\ and\ 31.78\ kHz instead of
- 18.22,\ 18.34,\ 18.46\ and\ 18.58\ kHz
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- also 31.18\ and\ 31.30\ kHz instead of 18.70\ and\ 18.82\ kHz
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.3
- \fIPower transmitted to line\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The CCITT has not thought it desirable to standardize absolutely
- the power transmitted to the line as this may be dependent upon the conditions
- on the open\(hywire route. Neither was it thought necessary to differentiate
- between amplitude\(hy and frequency\(hymodulated telegraph channels. Under
- favourable conditions a typical value for the power on each telegraph channel
- would be
- \(em20\ dBm0.
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB3\fR \fBOther systems\fR (formerly Part\ C)
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- In some cases it is necessary to operate across a frontier on an
- open\(hywire pair, without using demodulators and modulators at the frontier,
- using a system providing three good\(hyquality telephone circuits (effective
- frequency bandwidth of each circuit\ \(em\ 300 to 3400\ Hz), and having
- below about 6\ kHz a frequency band which can be used for other purposes.
- In such cases the arrangement of line frequencies should be the subject
- of bilateral agreement
- between the Administrations concerned. The clauses in \(sc\(sc\ 1.2, 1.4,
- 1.5, 1.6,
- 1.7, 1.8 and\ 1.9 above are applicable to all such systems.
- .bp
- .PP
- The carrier frequency spacing could be 4\ kHz, as in all other
- recommendations of the CCITT for modern carrier systems. This solution would
- permit the use on each telephone channel of outband signalling recognized by
- the CCITT (Recommendation\ Q.21\ [5]). As a variant, a system could be
- used having a carrier frequency spacing of less than 4\ kHz, but still
- providing an effectively transmitted bandwidth of 300\(hy3400\ Hz in each
- telephone channel. Such a system would facilitate the provision, if required,
- of up to
- six telegraph channels using the same line repeaters as the telephone
- channels.
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fIEstablishment of a model questionnaire concerning preliminary\fR
- \fIinformation which should be obtained relating to existing\fR \fIopen\(hywire
- lines by Administrations wishing to set up multichannel\fR
- \fIcarrier telephone systems\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- The\ CCITT
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fIunanimously recommends\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- that the following questionnaire should be used:
- .PP
- (1)
- Which communication channels should be set up on carrier systems?
- .PP
- (2)
- Which lines are available for carrier working?
- .LP
- a)
- length of these lines,
- .LP
- \fI
- b)
- gauge, nature of wire, distance between wires,
- .LP
- c)
- existing cable sections (location, type and length of
- these cables),
- .LP
- d)
- existing transpositions and crossings,
- .LP
- e)
- amongst available lines, are there two or more identical
- circuits which could be interchangeable, to which reserve circuits could be
- allocated?
- .LP
- .PP
- (3)
- What are suitable points for installation of the
- repeaters? Where are audio\(hyfrequency repeaters already located on the
- lines to be equipped for carrier working?
- .PP
- (4)
- What are the locations of radio\(hytransmitting stations
- liable
- to interfere with the carrier channels? What power and frequency are used by
- these transmitters?
- .PP
- (5)
- Are the new carrier circuits to be connected to other
- lines permanently or temporarily?
- .PP
- Certain lines and offices having been selected as a result of the answers
- to the above questions, Administrations should obtain the following
- information:
- .PP
- What are the results of impedance and attenuation measurements made on
- each of the proposed line sections throughout the frequency band to be
- used?
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBReferences\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- [1]
- CCITT Recommendation \fIPerformance characteristics of 10\(hykHz type\fR
- \fIsound\(hyprogramme circuits\fR , Vol.\ III, Rec.\ J.22.
- .LP
- [2]
- CCITT Recommendation \fIPerformance characteristics of narrow\(hybandwidth\fR
- \fIsound\(hyprogramme circuits\fR , Vol.\ III, Rec.\ J.23.
- .LP
- [3]
- CCITT Recommendation \fICharacteristics of equipment and lines used for\fR
- \fIsetting up 10\(hykHz type sound\(hyprogramme circuits\fR , Vol.\ III,
- Rec.\ J.32.
- .LP
- [4]
- CCITT Recommendation \fICharacteristics of equipment and lines used for\fR
- \fIsetting up 6.4\(hykHz type sound\(hyprogramme circuits\fR , Vol.\ III,
- Rec.\ J.33.
- .LP
- [5]
- CCITT Recommendation \fISystems recommended for out\(hyband signalling\fR ,
- Vol.\ VI, Rec.\ Q.21.
- .bp
- .LP
- .IP
- \fB3.7\ \ \fR \fBInternational\ telephone\ carrier\ systems\ using\ submarine
- cable\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.371\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBFDM\ CARRIER\ SYSTEMS\ FOR\ SUBMARINE\ CABLE\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.371''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.371 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(Geneva, 1964; further amended)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fB1\fR \fBInterconnection with\fR
- \fBoverland systems\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- 1.1
- \fIDefinition of\fR
- \fBsubmarine system/overland system\fR
- \fBinterconnection point\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- There is a basic difference between overland and submarine systems with
- regard to interconnection conditions. In the overland systems we are
- concerned with the connection, at a point close to a frontier, of two systems
- operated by different Administrations and designed by different manufacturers,
- sometimes according to different principles, although they respect the
- same
- CCITT Recommendations. In submarine systems there is usually one system,
- purchased, installed and operated jointly, and built by one manufacturer; in
- such systems terminal equipments include special equipment which are studied
- in relation to line equipment (remote feeding, equalization, location of
- faults,\ etc.) and which cannot be dissociated therefrom. It is this system
- as a whole which is interconnected with the overland networks of the two
- countries it connects; instead of one frontier point, there are two. This
- being so, the interconnection points are defined as the output(s) \fIS\fR
- and the input(s) \fIS`\fR of the special equipments which ensure the passage
- between the frequency
- .PP
- allocation used in the submarine cable system and a line\(hytransmitted
- frequency allocation for an overland system (or part of such an allocation
- plan), so as to enable group, supergroup, or mastergroup translating equipment
- (depending on the capacity of the system) which conforms to CCITT Recommendations
- to be used on the other side of these interconnection points (see
- Figure\ 1/G.371).
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 12P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 1/G.371, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- Because the CCITT does not recommend, in the case of a submarine cable
- system, the arrangement of line\(hytransmitted frequencies, it is advisable
- for the capacity of a system to be defined in terms of the number of groups,
- supergroups,\ etc., provided; it being understood that each such group,
- supergroup,\ etc., can be made available, if necessary, as a group,
- supergroup,\ etc. link for the transmission of wide spectrum signals.
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.2
- \fIRecommendations concerning the positioning of pilots and\fR
- \fIsupervisory signals, etc.\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- .PP
- To avoid disturbing the operation of overland systems to which the submarine
- cable systems may be interconnected as indicated above, or limiting the
- alternative ways in which the system may be used, the CCITT recommends
- that submarine cable systems should not use any pilot inside the band of
- any group, supergroup,\ etc., transferred to the submarine system across
- the interface with the overland network and forming part of the defined
- system capacity.
- Furthermore, the repeater monitoring (supervisory) signals and remote
- signalling frequencies should be located outside each such band and preferably
- outside the limits of the band occupied by the telephone channels transmitted
- in either direction.
- .bp
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ For testing on a system taken out of service, the above
- restriction on the frequencies of repeater monitoring signals need not
- apply.
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.3
- \fIImpedance and relative power levels\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- If the signal transmitted at an interconnection point is
- constituted by a single CCITT multiplexing unit (i.e. a group, supergroup,
- etc.) in its basic frequency position, the point\ \fIS\fR can be regarded as
- corresponding to the receive side and the point\ \fIS`\fR to the transmit
- side of a group, supergroup, etc. distribution frame. The impedance and
- relative power
- level should be in accordance with Recommendation\ G.233.
- .PP
- Alternatively, the signal may consist of a number of groups,
- supergroups, etc. assembled in the frequency positions occupied on the
- line of an overland system. The points\ \fIS\fR and \fIS`\fR then correspond
- to the \fIT\fR
- (output), and \fIT`\fR (input) of a line link as defined in Recommendation\
- G.213. The impedance and relative power level should be in accordance with
- Table\ 1/G.213.
- .PP
- When considering the loading conditions on overland transmission
- systems, due attention should be paid to the different conventional load
- values mentioned in \(sc\ 3 below.
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 1.4
- \fILimits for residues of signals outside the transmitted bands\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- In each of the two cases of interconnection considered in \(sc\ 1.3
- above, all unwanted signals from the submarine system should be suppressed
- according to CCITT Recommendations, particularly Recommendations\ G.242 and
- G.243. For this purpose, any necessary filtering additional to that in the
- regular equipment on the landline side of the interconnection point\ \fIS\fR
- , should be provided in the special equipment of the submarine system.
- .PP
- It is necessary, as regards the additional filtering in the special
- equipment, to take account of the particular line frequency plan used in the
- submarine system, the frequency positions and power levels of regulating,
- monitoring and supervisory pilots and of speech signals passed over service
- channels used for the operation of the submarine system. If these are different
- from the normal system arrangements to which the suppression requirements
- specified in Recommendations\ G.242, and G.243 were related, then the values
- of the suppression provided in the special equipment of the submarine system
- need to be adjusted accordingly.
- .PP
- The suppression conditions which apply at \fIS`\fR for signals originating
- in the overland system are those of Recommendation\ G.242 (through connection
- of groups, supergroups, etc.). Any supplementary suppression necessary
- for the
- protection of control signals,\ etc., in the submarine system, should be
- provided in the special equipment of the submarine system.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB2\fR \fBFrequency plans\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- It is recommended that circuits be assembled in the basic group,
- supergroup, mastergroup, etc. specified by the CCITT (Recommendation\ G.211).
- .PP
- To obtain a capacity of more than eight groups, but which can reach eight
- supergroups, it is recommended to limit the choice to systems providing two,
- five or eight supergroups. Because of the need in broadband submarine cable
- systems to maximize the economic use of the baseband, the CCITT does not
- recommend any specific values for larger capacity systems. In no case does
- the CCITT consider it necessary to standardize the line frequency band,
- which in
- each case is subject to agreement between the two Administrations
- concerned.
- .PP
- It is recommended that at the input and output of the special terminal
- equipment, at the interconnection points defined in \(sc\ 1 above, the
- groups and possibly the supergroups are assembled in one of the frequency
- allocations (or part of such an allocation plan) already recommended by
- the CCITT for
- interconnection between radio\(hyrelay links and systems on metallic lines;
- these allocations are given in Table\ 1/G.423. If the capacity does not
- correspond to one of those mentioned in this table, the capacity immediately
- above should, of course, be taken.
- .PP
- It should be noted that these arrangements include the possibilities of
- the frequency allocation being a single group, supergroup or
- mastergroup,\ etc., in its basic frequency position.
- .bp
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB3\fR \fBGeneral transmission conditions\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The systems should satisfy all Recommendations in Sections\ 1 and\ 2 of
- the Series\ G Recommendations including: noise, crosstalk, attenuation
- distortion, error on the reconstituted frequency, variation of loss with
- time. However, for noise calculations it is necessary to specify a conventional
- load other than that of Recommendation\ G.223 which applies to carrier
- systems on
- land cables or radio links. For planning purposes a conventional load value
- of \(em13\ dBm0
- .FS
- Assumes VF telegraphy and data systems operate at an aggregate
- power level of \(em13\ dBm0 per audio channel.
- .FE
- per audio channel should be
- used. This value may be relaxed should the planned operating requirements
- indicate that a lower power level may exist. Conversely a higher value
- might be considered if the systems considerations require this.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB4\fR \fBCables\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- See Subsection\ 6.3 of the Series\ G Recommendations.
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 45
- .bp
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBMONTAGE:\fR PAGE 172 = PAGE BLANCHE
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \v'3P'
- SECTION\ 4
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBGENERAL\ CHARACTERISTICS\fR
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- \fBOF\
- \fBINTERNATIONAL\ CARRIER\ TELEPHONE\ SYSTEMS\fR
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- \fBON\ RADIO\(hyRELAY\ OR\ SATELLITE\ LINKS\ AND\ INTERCONNECTION\fR
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- \fBWITH\ METALLIC\ LINES\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBCOORDINATION\ OF\ RADIOTELEPHONY\ AND\ LINE\ TELEPHONY\fR .sp 2
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .IP
- \fB4.1\ General recommendations\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- .sp 1
- \fBRecommendation\ G.411\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .ce 1000
- \fBUSE\ OF\
- \fBRADIO\(hyRELAY\ SYSTEMS\ FOR\ INTERNATIONAL\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.411''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.411 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBTELEPHONE\ CIRCUITS\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- The\ CCITT
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fIunanimously recommends\fR
- .FS
- This Recommendation is the same as an extract from CCIR Recommendation\
- 335\ [1].
- .FE
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- that, between fixed points, telephone communications should be
- effected wherever possible by means of metallic conductors or radio\(hyrelay
- links using frequencies above 30\ MHz to make the allocation of
- radio
- frequencies less difficult and, where this can be realized,
- the objective should be to attain the transmission performance recommended
- by the CCITT for international telephone circuits on metallic conductors.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBReference\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- [1]
- CCIR Recommendation \fIUse of radio links in international telephone\fR
- \fIcircuits\fR , Vol.\ III, Rec.\ 335, Dubrovnik,\ 1986.
- .LP
- .sp 4
- .bp
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.412\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .ce 1000
- \fBTERMINAL\ EQUIPMENTS\ OF\ RADIO\(hyRELAY\ SYSTEMS\ FORMING\ PART\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.412''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.412 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBOF\ A\ GENERAL\ TELECOMMUNICATION\ NETWORK\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- The\ CCITT,
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fIconsidering\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- that in Europe, and also in other parts of the world, there is a vast international
- telecommunication network which (as well as national
- .LP
- networks) has been established in conformity with the Recommendations of the
- CCITT, particularly as far as the frequency spectrum of the telephone channels
- in the frequency band up to 4\ MHz is concerned, and also as regards the
- essential technical characteristics of the terminal equipments of all the
- carrier systems;
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fIconsidering, further,\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- that the increasing introduction of demand working and
- semiautomatic telephone service will lead, in the near future, to an
- appreciable increase in the number of long\(hydistance national and international
- circuits,
- .PP
- and that consequently, during the next few years, it will be necessary to
- install multichannel telephone systems on radio links and to integrate these
- links with the general telecommunication network;
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fIand considering finally\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- that interconnection of the systems should be made easy and that the task
- of the telephone Administrations which will have to use and maintain these
- systems should not be unnecessarily complicated;
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fIunanimously recommends\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- that, when technically possible and economically desirable,
- .LP
- .PP
- (1)
- systems on radio\(hyrelay links should be arranged in such a way that at
- points of interconnection with the general telephone
- network, the telephone circuits appear assembled in accordance
- with the rules already recommended by the CCITT for cable
- systems (this rule is covered by Recommendations\ G.421 and
- G.423);
- .PP
- (2)
- in all cases channel\(hymodulating equipment should meet the basic specification
- clauses given in Recommendation\ G.232.
- .LP
- .IP
- \fB4.2\ \fR \fBInterconnection of radio\(hyrelay links with carrier systems\fR
- \fBon metallic lines\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.421\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBMETHODS\ OF\ INTERCONNECTION\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.421''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.421 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- In studying the interconnection of radio\(hyrelay systems, either with
- one another or with systems on metallic lines, distinction should be made
- between the following cases:
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB1\fR \fBInterconnection at audio\(hyfrequencies\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- .PP
- \fINote from the Secretariat\fR \ \(em\ This text relates to FDM radio\(hyrelay
- systems which were the subject of Recommenda
- tions\ G.432 and\ G.443 (now
- both deleted). As far as PCM radio\(hyrelay systems are concerned see CCIR
- Report\ 378\ [1].
- .FE
- This is the normal method, at the present stage of technical
- development, whenever a radio\(hyrelay system using time\(hydivision multiplex
- is
- involved
- . Operational requirements may be such that it is also necessary in the
- case of frequency\(hydivision multiplex and of systems on metallic
- lines.
- .bp
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB2\fR \fBInterconnection by through\(hygroup connection\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- With present technical development only radio\(hyrelay links having
- frequency\(hydivision multiplex can provide telephone channels assembled in
- groups, supergroups, mastergroups, and in some cases, supermastergroups
- or in 15\(hysupergroup assemblies
- .
- .PP
- Interconnection between a radio\(hyrelay system using frequency\(hydivision
- multiplex and a system on metallic lines can be carried out by
- through\(hyconnection of groups, supergroups,\ etc. This is possible because,
- according to the provisions of Recommendation\ G.423, the baseband of such a
- radio\(hyrelay system corresponds to that of a certain number of groups,
- supergroups or mastergroups transmitted to line in coaxial cable systems.
- These groups can be obtained from the relevant basic frequency band by
- means of
- translating equipment already standardized for cable systems in accordance
- with CCITT Recommendations.
- .PP
- Through\(hyconnection should then be carried out in accordance with
- Recommendation\ G.242, via the basic frequency range for groups (12\ to
- 60\ kHz or 60\ to 108\ kHz), for supergroups (312\(hy552\ kHz),\ etc. (see
- Recommendation\ G.211 and Figure\ 1/G.211, in particular).
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB3\fR \fBInterconnection in the baseband\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The baseband of frequency\(hydivision multiplex radio\(hyrelay links is
- the same as the frequency band of carrier systems on metallic lines, and
- interconnection in this band is possible in the conditions specified in
- Recommendation\ G.423.
- .PP
- Direct through\(hyconnection may also be made in this baseband, between
- metallic\(hyline systems and radio\(hyrelay links, in accordance with the
- general
- provisions of Recommendation\ G.242,\ \(sc\ 7.
- .PP
- For time\(hydivision multiplex radio\(hyrelay links, the baseband had been
- defined by the CCIR as \*Qthe series of modulated pulses before it is applied
- to the carrier frequency\*U. Interconnection in the baseband of time\(hydivision
- radio\(hyrelay links with metallic\(hyline systems has not yet been studied.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB4\fR \fBInterconnection at intermediate frequencies\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB5\fR \fBInterconnection at radio frequencies\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- \(sc\(sc\ 4 and\ 5 concern cases arising only in the interconnection of
- two radio\(hyrelay systems and are the concern of the CCIR.
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBReference\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- [1]
- CCIR Report \fICharacteristics of digital radio\(hyrelay systems\fR ,
- Vol.\ IX, Report\ 378, Dubrovnik,\ 1986.
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.422\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBINTERCONNECTION\ AT\ AUDIO\(hyFREQUENCIES\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.422''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.422 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- CCIR Recommendation\ 268\ [1] states that, as far as is practicable, radio\(hyrelay
- systems for telephony providing circuits which may form part of an international
- connection should be such that these circuits conform with the
- relevant CCIR Recommendations for modern types of telephone circuit in the
- following respects:
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- 1)
- the transmission characteristics of the circuits between
- audio\(hyfrequency terminals (the relevant Recommendations are
- contained in Section\ 1 of this Part);
- .LP
- 2)
- the characteristics of the multiplex terminal equipment,
- where applicable (see Recommendations\ G.232 and G.412);
- .LP
- 3)
- the method of signalling over international circuits, the
- relevant Recommendations are contained in Volume\ VI;
- see also the following Note:
- .LP
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ Since the CCITT Recommendations mentioned in 2) above
- envisage the use of well\(hydefined audio signalling frequencies sent over the
- speech path, no signal repetition problems should arise.
- .bp
- .PP
- \fR When different signalling methods are used on a cable system and a
- radio\(hyrelay system, equipment will be necessary at the interconnection
- point to convert the two types of signalling to a common type, preferably
- d.c.
- signalling.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBReference\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- [1]
- CCIR Recommendation \fIInterconnection at audio frequencies of\fR
- \fIradio\(hyrelay systems for telephony\fR , Vol.\ IX, Rec.\ 268,
- Dubrovnik,\ 1982.
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.423\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .ce 1000
- \fBINTERCONNECTION\ AT\ THE\ BASEBAND\ FREQUENCIES\ OF\ FREQUENCY\(hyDIVISION\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.423''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.423 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBMULTIPLEX\ RADIO\(hyRELAY\ SYSTEMS\fR
- .FS
- Brought up to date by the Secretariat after the Plenary Assembly of Mar
- del Plata,
- 1968.
- .FE
- \u,\d
- .FS
- Similarly to the corresponding CCIR Recommendations, this Recommendation
- applies to line\(hyof\(hysight and near line\(hyof\(hysight radio\(hyrelay
- systems and also to tropospheric scatter systems of the capacities
- concerned.
- .FE
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(amended at Geneva, 1964)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fB1\fR \fBGeneral principles\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The CCIR issued Recommendations\ 380\ [1] and 381\ [2] so that, as
- far as possible, radio\(hyrelay links using frequency\(hydivision multiplex
- should
- have characteristics which allow direct interconnection at baseband frequencies
- .PP
- with systems of the same capacity on metallic lines having the same line
- frequencies.
- .PP
- Direct interconnection is advantageous, for example, in the following cases:
- .RT
- .LP
- 1)
- at a junction between a system on metallic lines and a
- radio\(hyrelay system of the same capacity, when it is not required
- to extract groups of telephone channels;
- .LP
- 2)
- at a junction point between a radio\(hyrelay system and a short
- cable extension (see \(sc\ 3 below). A cable extension is regarded
- as \*Qshort\*U if it does not require its own line\(hyregulating
- system.
- .PP
- The pre\(hyemphasis characteristics at the output of cable system
- repeaters have not been fully standardized by the CCITT. Moreover, line
- transmission in a repeater section of a system has various special features
- due, for example, to the presence of various pilots and to the power feeding
- of the repeaters. Further, points\ \fIR\fR and\ \fIT\fR defined in Recommendation\
- G.213 may be very near to each other, or they may be linked by several
- kilometres of
- cable.
- .PP
- For these reasons, it is unnecessary to provide a direct
- interconnection of a telephony radio\(hyrelay link with either a symmetric
- cable pair or coaxial cable for a telephone system, such that the input
- and output
- levels of the relay link correspond exactly to the normal levels at the
- input and output of a repeater in the cable system. It is preferable to
- make the
- interconnection at a point in the telephone equipment where the level is
- independent of the frequency. Consequently, interconnection with multiplex
- telephone equipment in the baseband of a radio\(hyrelay link (which in
- accordance with CCIR Recommendation\ 381\ [2] is always considered to be
- at one end of the line\(hyregulating section on a radio\(hyrelay link)
- should always be effected in a main repeater station
- .FS
- Described in \(sc\ 3.18 of Recommendation\ G.211.
- .FE
- .
- Interconnection with another system whether cable or radio\(hyrelay link
- will be effected in this station between points\ \fIT\fR and\ \fIT\fR `
- defined in
- Recommendation\ G.213.
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB2\fR \fBBaseband frequency limits, impedance and relative power levels\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- CCIR Recommendation\ 380\ [1] includes a table which shows
- preferred values given by the CCIR for the following:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- baseband frequency limits;
- .LP
- \(em
- nominal baseband impedance;
- .LP
- \(em
- input and output relative power levels at the radio
- equipment (\fIR\fR ` and \fIR\fR );
- .LP
- together with an annex on definitions which corresponds to CCITT
- Recommendation\ G.213.
- .bp
- .LP
- .PP
- Table\ 1/G.423 shows the frequency arrangements, corresponding to the baseband
- frequency limits in CCIR Recommendation\ 380\ [1], recommended by
- the CCITT for radio\(hyrelay systems that may be interconnected with metallic
- lines. These frequency arrangements are produced by CCITT standardized
- frequency\(hytranslating equipments for cable systems.
- .PP
- Figures\ 1/G.423 to 10/G.423 show diagrams of the frequency arrangement
- for the radio\(hyrelay baseband, recommended for purposes of interconnection
- with coaxial cable systems.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ All the diagrams in Figures\ 1/G.423 to 10/G.423 show the
- line pilots, the mastergroup pilots, the supermastergroup pilots, the
- 15\(hysupergroup assembly pilots and the additional measuring frequencies which
- \fImay\fR be in the band transmitted (see\ \(sc\ 3).
- .PP
- \fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ The meaning of the symbols used in these Figures
- is given at the beginning of this fascicle.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 3\fR \ \(em\ Some of the diagrams in the figures of other
- Recommendations also apply to radio\(hyrelay links (see Table\ 1/G.423).
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB3\fR \fBRegulated\(hyline sections\fR \fB\ \(em\ line\(hyregulating
- and other
- pilots\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- In CCIR Recommendation\ 381\ [2], the following pilots are
- recommended for the regulation of radio\(hyrelay links:
- .RT
- .LP
- 1)
- a continuity pilot outside the \*Qtotal bandwidth\*U shown in
- Table\ 1/G.423;
- .LP
- 2)
- a line\(hyregulating pilot with a frequency of 308\ kHz (or
- 60\ kHz, depending on the radio\(hylink capacity), and a level
- of\ \(em10\ dBm0;
- .LP
- 3)
- when required, an upper line\(hyregulating pilot of frequency
- and level in accordance with CCITT Recommendations for the
- relevant cable systems.
- .LP
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 3.1
- \fIPilot\(hyblocking at an interconnection point\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The CCITT makes the following general recommendations to the CCIR: in all
- cases, the level of the continuity pilot of a radio\(hyrelay system should
- be reduced so that it is not greater than \(em50\ dBm0 at an interconnection
- point with a system on a metallic line.
- .PP
- This interconnection point normally occurs at the limits of two
- regulated\(hyline sections, one of them being on a metallic line and the
- other on a radio\(hyrelay system. This being so, at the interconnection
- point the following conditions should be observed:
- .RT
- .LP
- 1)
- the level of any line\(hyregulating pilot on the metallic line
- should be reduced so that it is not greater than \(em50\ dBm0,
- unless otherwise agreed by the Administrations concerned;
- .LP
- 2)
- the absolute power level of any regulating pilot of the
- radio\(hyrelay link should be reduced so that it is below
- \(em50\ dBm0
- .FS
- In the case of low\(hycapacity systems (up to
- .LP
- 120\ channels) a line\(hyregulating pilot of 60\ kHz with a level of \(em10\
- dBm0 may
- be used; in this case the suppression level should conform with the
- provisions of the CCITT (Recommendation\ G.243 and Recommendation\ G.322,
- \(sc\ 1.4). The level of the line\(hyregulating pilot established by the
- CCITT for
- lines differs according to whether it concerns coaxial cables or symmetric
- pairs (\(em10\ dBm0 for coaxial cables and \(em15\ dBm0 for symmetric pair
- systems).
- .FE
- ;
- .LP
- 3)
- any other pilot or additional measuring frequency of the
- metallic line system that is within the \*Qtotal bandwidth\*U
- defined in Table\ 1/G.423 will be freely transmitted over the
- radio\(hyrelay system.
- .PP
- A radio\(hyrelay system may be extended by short cable sections that form
- part of the same regulated\(hyline section; there may then be overall
- transmission of the pilot on that regulated\(hyline section.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB4\fR \fBLimits for residues of signals outside the baseband\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The CCITT makes the following recommendations to the CCIR for
- residues of signals outside the baseband frequency limits:
- .RT
- .LP
- .PP
- 4.1
- In the absence of any special agreement between
- Administrations, the level of any pilot or supervisory signal transmitted
- outside the baseband of a radio\(hyrelay system at a frequency not specified by
- the CCIR should be reduced, within the radio equipment, to \(em50\ dBm0 at
- point\ \fIR\fR .
- .bp
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Similarly, in the absence of special agreements between
- Administrations, the levels of all pilots or supervisory signals sent over
- the cable system outside the baseband of the radio\(hyrelay link should be
- reduced, within the equipment of the cable system, to \(em50\ dBm0 at point\
- \fIT\fR .
- .PP
- 4.2
- If a radio\(hyrelay system service channel, adjacent to a
- telephone channel in the baseband, uses the levels, frequency allocation and
- signalling levels corresponding to those which would be recommended by the
- CCITT for an ordinary telephone channel in the same position in the frequency
- spectrum, the channel filters are sufficient to avoid the risk of crosstalk
- interference.
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- .PP
- 4.3
- If the condition referred to in \(sc\ 4.2 above is not met, an
- additional filter may be necessary and must be provided in the radio
- equipment.
- .PP
- 4.4
- The frequencies mentioned in \(sc\(sc\ 4.1 and 4.2 above must be
- sufficiently distant from the baseband to ensure that the filters (or other
- appropriate devices) required to eliminate them do not cause attenuation
- distortion in the passband to exceed the recommended values.
- .LP
- .PP
- 4.5
- To avoid overloading the cable system, the level of any signal
- transmitted beyond point\ \fIR\fR outside the baseband must be kept down to
- \(em20\ dBm0. Moreover, the level of the total power of the residues of such
- signals (including noise and intermodulation products) must be kept down to
- \(em17\ dBm0.
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB5\fR \fBOther requirements intended to ensure satisfactory transmission\fR
- \fBperformance\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 5.1
- \fIReturn loss\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- This characteristic is of great importance for carrier cable
- systems, which comprise a number of fairly regularly spaced repeaters. It is
- felt that, in the case of radio\(hyrelay systems, the cable sections linking
- the radio equipment to the multiplex equipment are generally fairly short
- and of
- unequal lengths, so that there is little fear of systematic undulation
- of the attenuation/frequency characteristic.
- .PP
- That being so, it is recommended that at interconnection points\ \fIT\fR
- and \fIT\fR ` the return loss, in relation to the nominal impedance, should
- be at
- least 20\ dB throughout the frequency band occupied by the telephone channels.
- The main purpose of this recommendation is to facilitate measurements and
- maintenance and to ensure some protection against the random reflections
- which occur at various points between the equipment and the cable sections;
- it takes into account the value of 24\ dB for the return loss at\ \fIR\fR
- and\ \fIR\fR `
- recommended by the CCIR\ [4].
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ The attention of the CCIR is drawn to the fact that,
- if the cables joining the radio equipment to the multiplex equipment in
- the
- intermediate stations are long enough (for example\ 1 to 2\ km) and not
- equipped with amplifiers, systematic reflection effects may occur. These
- special cases must be studied in accordance with the principles established
- by the CCITT (see Recommendation\ G.214); they do not seem to justify a
- general
- recommendation.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 5.2
- \fIAttenuation/frequency distortion\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- According to the Recommendation cited in\ [5], the levels measured at the
- frontier on a high\(hyfrequency cable line section must not deviate at
- any frequency by more than \(+- | \ dB from the nominal values, whatever
- the
- pre\(hyemphasis characteristic used. At point\ \fIT\fR , for a cable system,
- one can
- expect to find variations of the same order in relation to a flat
- characteristic.
- .PP
- No value is fixed for the radio\(hyrelay links in the Recommendation
- cited in\ [6]. The CCIR has recommended\ [7] the same tolerance of \(+- | \
- dB at the points\ \fIR\fR and\ \fIR\fR `.
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 5.3
- \fIVariation of loss with time\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The CCITT is studying the results that can be obtained on cable
- line\(hyregulating sections, taking into account Recommendations\ M.530\
- [8] and
- G.333. When this study is complete, it will be possible to point out to the
- CCIR that a similar recommendation would be desirable for radio\(hyrelay
- links.
- .bp
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 47P
- .ad r
- \fBTable 1/G.423 T1.423, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 9P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 1/G.423, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 9P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 2/G.423, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 9P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 3/G.423, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 10P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 4/G.423, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 12P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 5/G.423, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 9P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 6/G.423, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 12P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 7/G.423, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 10P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 8/G.423, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 13P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 9/G.423, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 13P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 10/G.423, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBReferences\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- [1]
- CCIR Recommendation \fIInterconnection at baseband frequencies of\fR
- \fIradio\(hyrelay systems for telephony using frequency\(hydivision\fR
- \fImultiplex\fR , Vol.\ IX, Rec.\ 380, Dubrovnik,\ 1986.
- .LP
- [2]
- CCIR Recommendation \fIConditions relating to line regulating and other\fR
- \fIpilots and to limits for the residues of signals outside the\fR
- \fIbaseband in the interconnection of radio\(hyrelay and line systems\fR
- \fIfor telephony\fR , Vol.\ IX, Rec.\ 381, Dubrovnik,\ 1986.
- .LP
- [3]
- CCITT Recommendation \fIValve\(hytype systems offering 12\ telephone
- carrier\fR \fIcircuits on a symmetric cable pair [(12\fR + \fI12) systems]\fR
- , Orange\ Book,
- Vol.\ III\(hy1, Rec.\ G.327, Figure\ 1/G.327, ITU, Geneva,\ 1977.
- .LP
- [4]
- CCIR Recommendation \fIInterconnection at baseband frequencies of\fR
- \fIradio\(hyrelay systems for telephony using frequency\(hydivision\fR
- \fImultiplex\fR , Vol.\ IX, Rec.\ 380, \(sc\ 3, Dubrovnik,\ 1986.
- .LP
- [5]
- CCITT Recommendation \fIBringing a new international carrier system into\fR
- \fIservice\fR , Vol.\ IV, Fascicle\ IV.1, Rec.\ M.450, \(sc\(sc\ 2.2 and\
- 2.3.
- .LP
- [6]
- \fIIbid.\fR , \(sc\ 2.1.
- .LP
- [7]
- CCIR Recommendation \fIInterconnection at baseband frequencies of\fR
- \fIradio\(hyrelay systems for telephony using frequency\(hydivision\fR
- \fImultiplex\fR , Vol.\ IX, Rec.\ 380, Note\ 7, Dubrovnik,\ 1986.
- .LP
- [8]
- CCITT Recommendation \fIReadjustment to the nominal value of an\fR
- \fIinternational group, supergroup, etc., link\fR , Vol.\ IV, Rec.\ M.530.
- .bp
- .LP
- .IP
- \fB4.3\ \fR \fBHypothetical reference circuits\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.431\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .ce 1000
- \fBHYPOTHETICAL\ REFERENCE\ CIRCUITS\ FOR\ FREQUENCY\(hyDIVISION\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.431''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.431 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBMULTIPLEX\ RADIO\(hyRELAY\ SYSTEMS\fR
- .FS
- This
- Recommendation applies only to line\(hyof\(hysight or near line\(hyof\(hysight
- radio\(hyrelay systems.
- .FE
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(modified at Geneva, 1964)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fB1\fR \fBHypothetical reference circuit for radio\(hyrelay systems
- providing\fR \fB12 to 60 telephone channels\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The hypothetical reference circuit defined in CCIR
- Recommendation\ 391\ [1], for frequency\(hydivision multiplex radio\(hyrelay
- systems
- with a capacity of 12\ to 60\ telephone channels per radio channel, has
- a length of 2500\ km.
- .PP
- This circuit has for each direction of transmission:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- three pairs of channel modulators,
- .LP
- \(em
- six pairs of group modulators,
- .LP
- \(em
- six pairs of supergroup modulators,
- .LP
- it being understood that a \*Qpair of modulators\*U comprises a modulator and a
- demodulator (see Figure\ 1/G.431).
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 14P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 1/G.431, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- This circuit also has six sets of radio modulators and
- demodulators, for each direction of transmission, so that they divide the
- circuit into six homogeneous sections of equal length (see
- Recommendation\ G.322).
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB2\fR \fBHypothetical reference circuit for radio\(hyrelay systems
- providing\fR \fBmore than 60 telephone channels\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The hypothetical reference circuit defined in CCIR
- Recommendation\ 392\ [2], for frequency\(hydivision multiplex radio\(hyrelay
- systems
- with a capacity of more than 60\ telephone channels per radio channel, has a
- length of 2500\ km.
- .PP
- This circuit has for each direction of transmission:
- .RT
- .LP
- \(em
- three pairs of channel modulators,
- .LP
- \(em
- six pairs of group modulators,
- .LP
- \(em
- nine pairs of supergroup modulators,
- .LP
- it being understood that a \*Qpair of modulators\*U comprises a modulator and a
- demodulator (see Figure\ 2/G.431).
- .bp
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 13P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 2/G.431, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- This circuit also has nine sets of radio modulators and
- demodulators for each direction of transmission so that they divide the
- circuit into nine homogeneous sections of equal length (see
- Recommendation\ G.322).
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB
- \fBReferences\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- [1]
- CCIR Recommendation \fIHypothetical reference circuit for radio\(hyrelay\fR
- \fIsystems for telephony using frequency\(hydivision multiplex with a\fR
- \fIcapacity of 12 to 60 telephone channels\fR , Vol.\ IX, Rec.\ 391,
- Dubrovnik,\ 1986.
- .LP
- [2]
- CCIR Recommendation \fIHypothetical reference circuit for radio\(hyrelay\fR
- \fIsystems for telephony using frequency\(hydivision multiplex with a\fR
- \fIcapacity of more than 60 telephone channels\fR , Vol.\ IX, Rec.\ 392,
- Dubrovnik,\ 1986.
- \v'1P'
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.433\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .ce 1000
- \fBHYPOTHETICAL\ REFERENCE\ CIRCUIT\ FOR\ TRANS\(hyHORIZON\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.433''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.433 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBRADIO\(hyRELAY\ SYSTEMS\ FOR\ TELEPHONY\ USING\ FREQUENCY\(hyDIVISION\
- MULTIPLEX\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(Geneva, 1964)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- (See CCIR Recommendation\ 396, Volume\ IX,
- Dubrovnik,\ 1986.)
- \v'1P'
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.434\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .ce 1000
- \fBHYPOTHETICAL\ REFERENCE\ CIRCUIT\ FOR\ SYSTEMS\ USING\ ANALOGUE\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.434''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.434 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBTRANSMISSION\ IN\ THE\ FIXED\(hySATELLITE\ SERVICE\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(Geneva, 1964)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- (See CCIR Recommendation\ 352, Volume\ IV,
- Dubrovnik,\ 1986.)
- .bp
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .IP
- \fB4.4\ \fR \fBCircuit noise\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.441\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .ce 1000
- \fBPERMISSIBLE\ CIRCUIT\ NOISE\ ON\ FREQUENCY\(hyDIVISION\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.441''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.441 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBMULTIPLEX\ RADIO\(hyRELAY\ SYSTEMS\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fB1\fR \fBDesign objectives for noise on hypothetical reference circuits\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- In CCIR Recommendation 393
- .FS
- This Recommendation relates
- only to \*Qline\(hyof\(hysight\*U radio\(hyrelay systems. Trans\(hyhorizon
- radio\(hyrelay systems are dealt with in Recommendation\ 397\ [2].
- .FE
- [1] it is recommended:
- .RT
- .PP
- \*Q\fB1\fR
- that the noise power at a point of zero relative level in any telephone
- channel on a 2500\(hykm hypothetical reference circuit for
- frequency\(hydivision multiplex radio\(hyrelay systems should not exceed
- the values given below, which have been chosen to take account of fading:
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- .PP
- The level of uniform\(hyspectrum noise power in a 3.1\(hykHz band must
- be reduced by 2.5\ dB to obtain the psophometrically weighted noise power.
- .FE
- For carrier transmission systems with one minute mean noise power
- distributions which are not well defined, the inclusion of another one
- minute mean noise clause would be desirable to ensure equivalent performance
- for all systems. This clause would specify that:
- The mean psophometric noise power over one minute shall not exceed
- 20 | 00\ pW0p for more than\ 3% of any month.
- This clause has not been specifically included because CCIR has
- determined that for radio\(hyrelay links the application of clauses\ 1.2.1
- and\ 1.2.2 are sufficient to ensure, with high probability, that the additional
- clause will also be satisfied.
- .FE
- 1.1
- 7500\ pW0p, psophometrically weighted,
- one\(hyminute mean
- power,
- for more than 20% of any month;
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- 1.2
- 47 | 00\ pW0p, psophometrically weighted,
- one\(hyminute
- mean power,
- for more than 0.1% of any month;
- .PP
- 1.3
- 1 | 00 | 00\ pW0, unweighted (with an integrating time of\ 5\ ms),
- for more than 0.01% of any month.\*U
- .LP
- .PP
- Adding these values to the 2500\ pW0p of psophometric power allowed for
- multiplexing equipment (Recommendation\ G.222, \(sc\ 3) gives the recommended
- objectives shown in Recommendation\ G.222, \(sc\ 1.1 for the telephone
- transmission and signalling aspect. CCIR Recommendation\ 393\ [1] gives
- the conditions for
- applying these objectives to radio\(hyrelay systems; these conditions are in
- general the same as those given in Recommendation\ G.222, \(sc\ 2 and in
- Recommendation\ G.223.
- .PP
- The CCIR has not yet recommended any noise objectives in connection
- with voice\(hyfrequency telegraph transmission. CCITT Recommendation\ G.442
- covers this aspect.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB2\fR \fBNoise on real circuits\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- (See CCIR Recommendation\ G.395\ [3].)
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBReferences\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- [1]
- CCIR Recommendation \fIAllowable noise power in the hypothetical\fR
- \fIreference circuit for radio\(hyrelay systems for telephony using\fR
- \fIfrequency division multiplex\fR , Vol.\ IX, Rec.\ 393,
- Dubrovnik,\ 1986.
- .LP
- [2]
- CCIR Recommendation \fIAllowable noise power in the hypothetical\fR
- \fIreference circuit of transhorizon radio\(hyrelay systems for telephony\fR
- \fIusing frequency division multiplex\fR , Vol.\ IX, Rec.\ 397,
- Dubrovnik,\ 1986.
- .LP
- [3]
- CCIR Recommendation \fINoise in the radio portion of circuits to be\fR
- \fIestablished over real radio\(hyrelay links for FDM telephony\fR , Vol.\ IX,
- Rec.\ 395, Dubrovnik,\ 1986.
- .bp
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.442\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .ce 1000
- \fBRADIO\(hyRELAY\ SYSTEM\ DESIGN\ OBJECTIVES\ FOR\ NOISE\ AT\ THE\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.442''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.442 %'
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- \fBFAR\ END\ OF\ A\ HYPOTHETICAL\ REFERENCE\ CIRCUIT\ WITH\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBREFERENCE\ TO\ TELEGRAPHY\ TRANSMISSION\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(modified at Geneva, 1964)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- As is shown in Recommendation\ G.222, if the intention is to use on radio
- links, amplitude\(hymodulated voice\(hyfrequency telegraph equipment for
- 50\ bauds conforming to Series\ R Recommendations, then in order to obtain
- telegraph connections with the quality indicated in Recommendation\ F.10\ [1],
- the design of these radio links should include the objectives recommended
- for telephone transmission and signalling and, in addition, should include
- the
- objectives set out below:
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- .PP
- On any telephone channel constituted in accordance with the
- hypothetical reference circuit for the type of radio link considered, the
- unweighted noise power, measured or calculated with a time\(hyconstant
- (integrating time) of 5\ ms and referred to a zero relative level point,
- should not exceed 10\u6\d\ pW0 during more than\ 10\uD\dlF261\u5\d (i.e.\
- 0.001%) of
- any month, nor more than 0.1% of any hour.
- .PP
- Provided that short bursts of high\(hylevel noise due to causes other
- than propagation have been reduced to negligible proportions, and assuming
- that the fine structure of the noise is the same as white noise, it is
- assumed that, in designing line\(hyof\(hysight radio links, the objective
- during any month is in
- practice equivalent to the following objective:
- .PP
- The unweighted noise power on a telephone channel at a zero relative point,
- calculated from measurements made with an integrating time of 1\ second,
- should not exceed 2\ \(mu\ 10\u5\d\ pW0 for more than\ 10\uD\dlF261\u4\d
- (i.e.\ for more
- than\ 0.01%) of any month.
- .PP
- With regard to the objective to be met during any hour, it may happen that
- on certain radio links unforeseen exceptional propagation conditions may
- result in this objective not being met during certain most unfavourable
- hours. These hours, called \*Qhours of interrupted telegraph traffic\*U,
- will be those
- during which a noise level of 10\u6\d\ pW0 is exceeded for more than 36\
- seconds.
- .PP
- Every effort should be made to reduce the number of such hours to a
- very small fraction of the total time. Since it follows from the recommended
- objective for telephone signalling that the 5\ ms unweighted noise power
- should not exceed 10\u6\d\ pW0 during more than 10\uD\dlF261\u4\d (i.e.\
- 0.01%) of any month,
- there should never be more than seven \*Qhours of interrupted telegraph
- traffic\*U during a month.
- .PP
- It may then be expected that the telegraph service will be
- satisfactory. Nevertheless, to achieve this object, it may be necessary in
- certain cases to select the channels allocated to amplitude\(hymodulated
- voice\(hyfrequency telegraphy for 50\ bauds from among those which are
- the least
- sensitive to propagation noise.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ Use of a measuring instrument having a 5\(hyms time
- constant (integrating time) is recommended so as to detect, in particular,
- the presence of short high\(hylevel noise bursts, such as those caused
- by power supplies and by the equipment. Administrations should take all
- possible practical steps to
- eliminate such noise.
- .PP
- It is expected that on the majority of line\(hyof\(hysight radio links
- (if not on all) it will be possible to reduce short noise bursts to negligible
- proportions, and that for the majority of radio links, any remaining short
- high\(hylevel noise bursts will be due to propagation. Noise surges having
- a mean power in excess of about 10\u5\d\ pW0 will then last from 1 to 10\
- seconds
- .PP
- and will have an approximately constant level during this period. Under
- these conditions, for propagation measurements and preliminary design measurements
- for radio links, instruments having a time constant (integrating time) of
- 1\ second could be used.
- .PP
- \fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ The fraction\ 10\uD\dlF261\u5\d of a month, for a
- 2500\(hykm circuit, leads to impracticably small fractions of the time
- for shorter circuits (for
- example, 10\uD\dlF261\u6\d for a 250\(hykm circuit). It is for this reason
- that the
- practical objective refers to a greater fraction of the time (10\uD\dlF261\u4\d
- for
- 2500\ km), together with a reduced power (2\ \(mu\ 10\u5\d\ pW0), the latter
- measured with a time constant (integrating time) of 1\ second.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBReference\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- [1]
- CCITT Recommendation \fICharacter error rate objective for telegraph\fR
- \fIcommunication using 5\(hyunit start\(hystop equipment\fR , Vol.\ II,
- Rec.\ F.10.
- .bp
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.444\fR
- .FS
- Recommendation\ G.443 has been deleted, as
- has CCIR Recommendation\ 394.
- .FE
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .ce 1000
- \fBALLOWABLE\ NOISE\ POWER\ IN\ THE\ HYPOTHETICAL\ REFERENCE\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.444''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.444 %'
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- \fBCIRCUIT\ OF\ TRANS\(hyHORIZON\ RADIO\(hyRELAY\ SYSTEMS\ FOR\ TELEPHONY\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBUSING\ FREQUENCY\(hyDIVISION\ MULTIPLEX\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(Geneva, 1964)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- (See CCIR Recommendation\ 397, Volume\ IX, Dubrovnik,\ 1986.)
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.445\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .ce 1000
- \fBALLOWABLE\ NOISE\ POWER\ IN\ THE\ HYPOTHETICAL\ REFERENCE\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.445''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.445 %'
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- \fBCIRCUIT\ FOR\ FREQUENCY\(hyDIVISION | fR \fBMULTIPLEX\ TELEPHONY\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBIN\ THE\ FIXED\(hySATELLITE\ SERVICE\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(Geneva, 1964)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- (See CCIR Recommendation\ 353, Volume\ IV, Dubrovnik,\ 1986.)
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- .IP
- \fB4.5\ Radiotelephone circuits\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.451\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBUSE\ OF\ RADIO\ LINKS\ IN\ INTERNATIONAL\ TELEPHONE\ CIRCUITS\fR
- .FS
- CCIR Recomendation\ 335\ [1].
- .FE
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.451''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.451 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- The\ CCITT,
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fIconsidering\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- (a)
- that, at the present time, radiotelephone systems
- connecting the various countries often employ carrier\(hyfrequencies below
- about 30\ MHz
- .FS
- Further reference to 30\ MHz in this Recommendation means \*Qabout
- 30\ MHz\*U.
- .FE
- ;
- .PP
- (b)
- that the use of such a radio link, in a long\(hydistance
- telephone circuit, implies certain special conditions, which introduce
- particular difficulties not encountered when purely metallic connections are
- used;
- .PP
- (c)
- that such a radiotelephone circuit differs from a metallic circuit in the
- following ways:
- .LP
- 1)
- such a radiotelephone circuit is subject to attenuation
- variation with the special difficulty of fading;
- .LP
- 2)
- such a radiotelephone circuit suffers from noise caused by
- atmospherics, the intensity of which may reach, or even exceed,
- a value comparable with that of the signal which it is desired
- to receive;
- .LP
- 3)
- special precautions are necessary in the setting up and
- maintenance of such a radiotelephone circuit, to avoid
- disturbance of the radio receiver by any radio transmitter and
- especially by its own radio transmitter;
- .bp
- .LP
- 4)
- to maintain the radiotelephone link in the best condition
- from the point of view of transmission performance, it is
- necessary to take special measures to ensure that the radio
- transmitter always operates, as far as possible, under
- conditions of full loading, whatever may be the nature and the
- attenuation of the telephone system connected to the
- radiotelephone circuit;
- .LP
- 5)
- it is necessary to take measures to avoid or correct
- conditions of abnormal oscillation or cross\(hytalk;
- .LP
- 6)
- although the recommended frequency band, to be effectively
- transmitted by international landline circuits, has been
- determined by a study of the requirements of the human ear, this
- band (for a radiotelephone circuit operating at a frequency
- below 30\ MHz) may be limited by the necessity of obtaining the
- maximum number of telephone channels in this part of the
- radio\(hyfrequency spectrum and so that each telephone channel does
- not occupy a radio\(hyfrequency band larger than necessary;
- .LP
- 7)
- in general, such a radiotelephone circuit is a long\(hydistance
- international circuit giving telephone service between two
- extended networks, and this fact is of great importance from two
- points of view:
- .LP
- i)
- on the one hand, international conversations, in
- general, are of great importance to the subscribers and,
- on the other hand, they are made in languages which are
- not always their mother tongue, so that high quality
- reception is particularly important;
- .LP
- ii)
- the public should not be deprived of a very useful
- service under the pretext that it does not always satisfy
- the degree of excellence desirable for long\(hydistance
- communication,
- .LP
- \fIunanimously recommends\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB1\fR \fBCircuits above 30 MHz\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- that between fixed points, telephone communications should be
- effected wherever possible by means of metallic conductors, or radio links
- using frequencies above 30\ MHz to make the allocation of radio frequencies
- less difficult; where this can be realized, the objective should be to
- attain the
- transmission performance recommended by the CCITT for international telephone
- circuits on metallic conductors;
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB2\fR \fBCircuits below 30 MHz\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- 2.1
- that since it becomes necessary to economize in the use of the frequency
- spectrum, when considering international circuits which consist
- mainly of single long\(hydistance radio links operating at frequencies less
- than 30\ MHz, it is desirable to use single\(hysideband transmission to
- the maximum extent possible, to employ a speech band less than the 300\
- to 3400\ Hz
- recommended by the CCITT for landline circuits and, preferably, to reduce
- the upper frequency of the speech band to 3000\ Hz or less, but not below
- 2600\ Hz, except in special circumstances;
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- 2.2
- that, although it will be necessary to tolerate large
- variations in noise level on such a radiotelephone circuit, every possible
- effort should be made to obtain minimum disturbance to the circuit from
- noise and fading by the use of such techniques as full transmitter modulation,
- directional antennas and single\(hysideband operation;
- .PP
- 2.3
- that, during the time that such a radiotelephone circuit is
- connected to an extension circuit equipped with echo suppressors
- (voice\(hyoperated switching device), the intensity of disturbing currents
- should not be sufficient to operate the echo suppressor frequently;
- .LP
- .PP
- 2.4
- that such a radiotelephone circuit should be provided with
- an echo suppressor to avoid singing or echo disturbance on the complete
- circuit, or, preferably, with terminals using the principles of constant
- overall transmission loss, as set forth in CCIR Recommendation\ 455\ [2];
- .PP
- 2.5
- that such a radiotelephone circuit should be equipped with
- automatic gain control to compensate automatically, as far as possible,
- for the phenomenon of fading;
- .bp
- .PP
- 2.6
- that the terminal equipment of such a radiotelephone circuit
- should be such that it may be connected, in the same way as any other circuit,
- with any other type of circuit;
- .PP
- 2.7
- that, where privacy equipment is used, this equipment
- should not appreciably affect the quality of telephone transmission;
- .PP
- 2.8
- that, when suitable automatic devices are not provided, the
- circuit controls should be adjusted, as often as necessary, by an operator
- to ensure optimum adjustment of transmitter loading, received volume and
- the
- operating conditions of the echo suppressor.
- .LP
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ Although the requirements contained in \(sc\ 2
- are much less severe than those imposed on international landline circuits,
- the objective remains to attain the same standards of telephone transmission
- in all cases. In view of this, it is desirable that the telephone systems
- connected to a radiotelephone circuit should conform to CCITT Recommendations
- covering the general conditions to be met by international circuits used
- for landline
- telephony, especially in respect of equivalent, distortion, noise, echoes
- and transient phenomena.
- .LP
- Bearing in mind the recommendations contained in \(sc\(sc\ 1 and 2, it is
- desirable that in each particular case, Administrations
- concerned should first reach agreement on how far the standards
- usually employed for international landline circuits may be attained in the
- case considered. If the technique of \(sc\ 1 can be used,
- the objective should be to obtain, as far as possible, the characteristics
- recommended by the CCITT for international landline circuits. Otherwise the
- Administrations concerned should study the best
- solution from the point of view of both technique and economy.
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBReferences\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- [1]
- CCIR Recommendation \fIUse of radio links in international telephone\fR
- \fIcircuits\fR , Vol.\ III, Rec.\ 335, Dubrovnik,\ 1986.
- .LP
- [2]
- CCIR Recommendation \fIImproved transmission system for HF radiotelephone\fR
- \fIcircuits\fR , Vol.\ III, Rec.\ 455, Dubrovnik,\ 1986.
- \v'6p'
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.453\fR
- .FS
- Recommendation\ G.452 has been deleted.
- .FE
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBIMPROVED\ \fR \fBTRANSMISSION\ SYSTEM\ FOR\ HF\ RADIO\(hyTELEPHONE\
- CIRCUITS\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.453''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.453 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- (See CCIR Recommendation\ 455 and Report\ 354 entitled \*UImproved
- transmission systems for use over HF\ radiotelephone circuits\*U; Volume\ III,
- Dubrovnik,\ 1986.)
- \v'6p'
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- .IP
- \fB4.6\ Devices associated with radiotelephone circuits\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.464\fR
- .FS
- Recommendations\ G.461, G.642 and\ G.463 have
- been deleted.
- .FE
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .ce 1000
- \fBPRINCIPLES\ OF\ THE\ \fR \fBDEVICES\ USED\ TO\ ACHIEVE\ PRIVACY\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.464''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.464 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBIN\ RADIOTELEPHONE\ CONVERSATIONS\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- (See CCIR Recommendation\ 336, Volume\ III,
- Dubrovnik,\ 1986.)
- .bp
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- .IP
- \fB4.7\ Links with mobile stations\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.471\fR
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .ce 1000
- \fBCONDITIONS\ NECESSARY\ FOR\ \fR \fBINTERCONNECTION | fR \fBOF\ MOBILE\
- RADIOTELEPHONE\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.471''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.471 %'
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBSTATIONS\ AND\ INTERNATIONAL\ TELEPHONE\ LINES\fR
- .FS
- \fINote by\fR
- \fIthe Secretariat\fR \ \(em\ The XVth CCIR Plenary Assembly (Geneva, 1982)
- has deleted Recommendation\ 77\(hy3.
- .FE
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .PP
- (See CCIR Recommendation\ 77\(hy3, Volume\ VIII, ITU,
- Geneva,\ 1978.)
- \v'6p'
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBRecommendation\ G.473\fR
- .FS
- Recommendation\ G.472 has been deleted.
- .FE
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .ce 1000
- \fBINTERCONNECTION\ OF\ A\ MARITIME\ MOBILE\ SATELLITE\ SYSTEM\ WITH\fR
- .EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.473''
- .OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.473 %'
- .ce 0
- .ce 1000
- \fBTHE\ INTERNATIONAL\ AUTOMATIC\ SWITCHED\ TELEPHONE\ SERVICE;\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fBTRANSMISSION\ ASPECTS\fR
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .ce 1000
- \fI(Geneva,\ 1980)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .ce 0
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fB1\fR \fBPurpose\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- In an international connection which includes a maritime mobile
- station, the maritime satellite system may be regarded from a transmission
- viewpoint as analogous to a national network, and the ship terminals as
- somewhat analogous to subscriber terminals within that network.
- .PP
- When a mobile station in a maritime satellite service is connected to a
- subscriber in the international automatic switched telephone network, the
- connection should, as far as possible, provide to each
- party a transmission quality which is not inferior to that recommended
- for an international
- connection between two terrestrial telephone subscribers
- (e.g.\ Rec.\ G.111\ [1]).
- .PP
- The purpose of this Recommendation is to specify various transmission characteristics
- of the maritime satellite system which will ensure compliance with the
- above objective.
- .PP
- Should the recommended characteristics not be obtained, the
- transmission quality offered may not be in keeping with the importance,
- value and cost of the service.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB2\fR \fBDefinitions\fR (See Figure 1/G.473)
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- The following terms are necessary when describing the transmission performance
- of the maritime mobile satellite system. (Space\(hydivision switching of
- analogue signals is assumed at the maritime centre and at the maritime
- terminal. However, digital switching and transmission could in due time
- replace their analogue counterparts. This replacement would logically be
- reflected in the text of this document where the word analogue is presently
- being
- used.)
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.1
- \fBmaritime mobile satellite system (maritime system)\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- \fIF:\ syst\*`eme mobile maritime \*`a satellites (syst\*`eme\fR
- \fImaritime)\fR
- .LP
- \fIS:\ sistema m\*'ovil mar\*'itimo por sat\*'elite (sistema\fR
- \fImar\*'itimo)\fR
- .PP
- All of a temporary connection between a telephone at a \fImaritime\fR \fIterminal\fR
- , and the 4\(hywire virtual analogue switching points of an
- international
- switching centre. It comprises a \fImaritime terrestrial circuit\fR , a
- \fImaritime\fR \fIsatellite circuit\fR and a \fImaritime local system\fR
- .
- .bp
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.2
- \fBmaritime terrestrial circuit\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- \fIF:\ circuit terrestre due syst\*`eme maritime\fR
- .LP
- \fIS:\ circuito mar\*'itimo terrenal\fR
- .PP
- A 4\(hywire circuit in a wholly\(hyterrestrial transmission medium,
- between a 4\(hywire switch at an international exchange and an analogue
- 4\(hywire
- interface at a \fImaritime centre\fR . In some situations it may traverse
- a national boundary so that for the purpose of this Recommendation it is
- not regarded as a national circuit.
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.3
- \fBmaritime satellite circuit\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- \fIF:\ circuit maritime par satellite\fR
- .LP
- \fIS:\ circuito mar\*'itimo por sat\*'elite\fR
- .PP
- A 4\(hywire circuit between an analogue interface at a maritime
- centre, via a satellite repeater to a 4\(hywire or 2\(hywire analogue interface
- (which may be a switching device) at a \fImaritime terminal\fR .
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.4
- \fBmaritime local system\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- \fIF:\ syst\*`eme local maritime\fR
- .LP
- \fIS:\ sistema mar\*'itimo local\fR
- .PP
- All equipment between the 4\(hywire or 2\(hywire interface (which may be
- a switching device) at a maritime terminal, and a 2\(hywire or a 4\(hywire
- telephone within the boundary of that terminal. It may include a 4\(hywire
- or 2\(hywire
- switching device using analogue switching.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.5
- \fBmaritime centre\fR (shore station)
- .FS
- This term used for the
- purpose of this Recommendation is defined as \fIcoast\(hyearth\(hystation\fR
- in the Radio Regulations (Article\ 1, No.\ 71)\ [18]).
- .FE
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- \fIF:\ centre maritime\fR | station terrienne c\* | ti\*`ere)
- .LP
- \fIS:\ centro mar\*'itimo\fR | estaci\*'on terrena costera)
- .PP
- A satellite earth station which
- provides a 4\(hywire analogue interface for connection to a maritime terrestrial
- circuit.
- .PP
- \fINote\fR \ \(em\ For some nontransmission functions, a maritime centre
- may be classified as a CT. For the purpose of this Recommendation, a maritime
- centre is not regarded as a CT, but is an intermediate point in a maritime
- system.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 2.6
- \fBmaritime terminal\fR
- .FS
- This term used for the purpose of this
- Recommendation
- is defined as \fIship\(hyearth\(hystation\fR in the Radio Regulations (Article\
- 1,
- No.\ 73)\ [19]).
- .FE
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .LP
- \fIF:\ terminal maritime\fR
- .LP
- \fIS:\ terminal mar\*'itimo\fR
- .PP
- A terminal station (in a maritime mobile
- satellite system) which provides a 4\(hywire analogue interface for connection
- to a maritime local system.
- .bp
- .RT
- .LP
- \fR
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 39P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 1/G.473, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB3\fR \fBConnections to the terrestrial network\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- Figure\ 2/G.473 shows how a telephone connection may be established between
- a maritime terminal\ MT1 or\ MT2 and a terrestrial subscriber on
- local exchange\ LE1 in Country No.\ 1 or a subscriber on local exchange LE2
- in Country No.\ 2.
- .PP
- A connection from MT1 to LE2 for example, might be routed
- via\ MC1, the international chain, and the national chain of Country No.\ 2,
- or via MC2 and the national chain of Country No.\ 2. Other possible
- connections involving\ MT1, MT2, LE1 and\ LE2 may be inferred from
- the figure.
- .PP
- The essential point to note is that a connection involving an MT and
- an LE can incur a limiting international chain; therefore the transmission
- performance of the maritime system must be no worse than the limiting
- performance of a national system, if the transmission quality of connections
- between a maritime terminal and a terrestrial subscriber is not to be inferior
- to that recommended between two terrestrial subscribers in an international
- connection.
- .bp
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 47P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 2/G.473, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB4\fR \fBThe \fR \fBmaritime satellite system\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- \fB
- 4.1
- \fICorrected reference equivalents\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- Since the reference equivalents of any individual maritime system ought
- to be under the full control of the designer, without undue economic
- penalty, the long\(hyterm objectives of Recommendation\ G.121\ [2] should
- apply.
- .PP
- Therefore the planning values of the corrected reference equivalents of
- a maritime system should lie within the following ranges:
- .RT
- .LP
- Sending: 11.5 to 13 dB.
- .LP
- Receiving: 2.5 to \ 4.0 dB.
- .PP
- These values are referred to the virtual analogue switching points of the
- international circuits to which the maritime system can be directly
- connected. (See Figures\ 1/G.473 and\ 2/G.473, for a graphical description
- of the extent of the maritime system. See also Figure\ 3/G.473.)
- .LP
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 4.2
- \fILoss of path a\(hyb\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The loss between the points\ a and\ b (Figure\ 1/G.473) shall be not less
- than 12\ dB over the bandwidth\ 0 to\ 4\ kHz for all three types of maritime
- local system, and for all circuit\(hystates during the setting\(hyup, occupation,
- and clearing down of the maritime system. Any echo\(hycontrol device should
- be
- rendered inoperative when checking compliance with this clause. This
- requirement also serves to control listener\(hyecho effects on full\(hyduplex
- data
- transmission when echo suppressors are disabled.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB5\fR \fBThe \fR \fBmaritime local system\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 5.1
- \fICorrected reference equivalents\fR \v'3p'
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- 5.1.1
- The reference equivalents of the maritime local system
- depend on the type of switching at the maritime terminal and the type of
- telephone. They are referred to the switch, and should lie within the
- ranges given in Table\ 1/G.473.
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 13P
- .ad r
- \fBTable 1/G.473 T1.473, p.
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- 5.1.2
- In Type\ B and Type\ C local systems, the sidetone
- reference equivalent of the shipboard installation should exceed 17\ dB
- when the 4\(hywire paths are properly terminated and no go\(hyto\(hyreturn
- path is present.
- Achievement of this objective may require particular attention to the
- impedances involved, e.g.\ the balance network in the telephone instrument.
- .PP
- The same objective also stands for a Type\ A local system, but is likely
- to be more readily achieved.
- .bp
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 5.2
- \fIGo\(hyto\(hyreturn cross talk\fR | Type A local system only)
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- When an echo suppressor is not fitted in a Type\ A installation, the linear
- go\(hyto\(hyreturn crosstalk ratio, measured at any frequency in the range\
- 300 to 3400\ Hz from the shipboard 4\(hywire switchpoints towards an off\(hyhook
- telephone, should exceed 55\ dB. The measurement includes the effects of
- electrical crosstalk attenuation (e.g\ between cable pairs) and the acoustic
- path between the earpiece and mouthpiece of the telephone handset.
- .PP
- When an echo suppressor is fitted in a Type\ A installation, the
- go\(hyto\(hyreturn crosstalk ratio of the local system may be less than the
- requirement of Recommendation\ G.131\ [3] (43\ dB), depending on the requirements
- of nontelephony services.
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB6\fR \fBThe \fR \fBmaritime satellite circuit and the maritime terrestrial\fR
- \fBcircuit\fR (Figure 1/G.473)
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.1
- \fIScope\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The requirements of \(sc\ 6 apply to the overall 4\(hywire path
- between the international virtual analogue switching points with the
- switchpoints at the maritime terminal. It is for the agencies jointly concerned
- in the connection of the maritime satellite system to the international
- telephone network to assign the allowable impairments to the circuit sections
- involved.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.2
- \fITransmission loss\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The planning values of transmission loss in each direction are
- given in Table\ 2/G.473.
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 15P
- .ad r
- \fBTable 2/G.473 T2.473, p.
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .PP
- If any signal\(hydependent services (e.g.\ compandors) are included
- in the maritime satellite circuit, the 800\(hyHz test tone used for measuring
- the loss should be set at the unaffected level (see\ [4]) of those devices.
- (This
- level is normally 0\ dBm0, but other levels may be encountered in some
- designs of equipment.)
- .PP
- See Figure\ 3/G.473 for a graphical description of these losses and the
- associated relative levels.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.3
- \fIEffectively\(hytransmitted bandwidth\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The preferred nominal frequency band is\ 300 to 3400\ Hz, so as to
- ensure satisfactory speech quality on international connections. However,
- it is recognized that economic and/or technical considerations may favour
- a reduced nominal bandwidth; if so, the latter should be not less than\
- 300 to
- 3000\ Hz.
- .bp
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 47P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 3/G.473, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.4
- \fIAttenuation distortion\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The loss, relative to the loss at 800\ Hz, should lie within the
- limits given in Table\ 3/G.473 when the nominal bandwidth is\ 300 to 3400\ Hz.
- When the nominal bandwidth is\ 300 to\ 3000\ Hz, the bracketed values supersede
- the corresponding upper limits, but the remaining values still apply.
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 12P
- .ad r
- \fBTable 3/G.473 T3.473, p.
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.5
- \fICrosstalk\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The requirements of the Recommendation cited in\ [5] apply.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.6
- \fINoise\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- As the circuit may contain speech\(hydependent devices
- (e.g.\ compandors) the customary specification of idle\(hycircuit noise is
- inadequate. Therefore, the near\(hyterm objective is given by the solid
- lines in Figure\ 4/G.473, which relate subjectively equivalent speech signal\(hyto\(hynoise
- ratio (dB)\ [6] to mean speech power level (dBm0, time average while active).
- .PP
- The long\(hyterm objective is given by the dashed lines shown in
- Figure\ 4/G.473, expressing the performance likewise in terms of equivalent
- signal\(hyto\(hynoise ratio. It is recognized that it might be difficult,
- with the
- maritime mobile satellite facilities of today, to comply with the long\(hyterm
- objective. When practicable, however, it is expected that the system in the
- future will comply with this objective.
- .RT
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.7
- \fIEcho control\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- The echo loss a\(hyt\(hyb shall conform to the Recommendations cited in
- [7] and\ [8] i.e.\ not less than 56\ dB. An echo control device is always
- required at the terrestrial end.
- .PP
- When a 2\(hywire telephone is used at the maritime terminal, an echo
- control device is also required at the maritime terminal.
- .PP
- When a 4\(hywire telephone is used at the maritime terminal, the echo
- loss may be sufficient without the use of an echo control device. If it
- is not sufficient, an echo control device is recommended at the maritime
- terminal.
- .PP
- The echo control device should comply with the appropriate clauses of Rec.\
- G.161\ [9], G.164\ [10] and\ G.165\ [11].
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 1P
- .LP
- 6.8
- \fIGroup\(hydelay distortion\fR
- .sp 9p
- .RT
- .PP
- No recommendation is made concerning group\(hydelay distortion when
- the maritime system is used in the automatic switched international telephone
- service\ [6].
- .PP
- When a maritime system is connected at a terminal international centre
- to an international line (Recommendation\ M.1010\ [12]) to form part of
- a
- special\(hyquality international leased circuit, the group\(hydelay distortion
- of the overall circuit must comply with the requirements of the Recommendation
- cited in\ [13].
- .bp
- .RT
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 34P
- .ad r
- \fBFigure 4/G.473, p.\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .ad b
- .RT
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fB7\fR \fBApplication of this Recommendation\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .PP
- Supplement No.\ 23 provides explanatory notes for the information of designers
- of maritime satellite systems, and illustrates various practical
- realizations of systems which will comply with this Recommendation.
- .RT
- .LP
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBReferences\fR
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- [1]
- CCITT Recommendation \fICorrected reference equivalents (CREs) in an\fR
- \fIinternational connection\fR , Red Book, Vol.\ III, Rec.\ G.111.
- .LP
- [2]
- CCITT Recommendation \fICorrected reference equivalents (CREs) of\fR
- \fInational systems\fR , Red Book, Vol.\ III, Rec.\ G.121.
- .LP
- [3]
- CCITT Recommendation \fIStability and echo\fR , Vol.\ III, Rec.\ G.131.
- .LP
- [4]
- CCITT Recommendation \fICharacteristics of compandors for telephony\fR ,
- Vol.\ III, Rec.\ G.162, \(sc\ 1.
- .LP
- [5]
- CCITT Recommendation \fIGeneral performance objectives applicable to
- all\fR \fImodern international circuits and national extension circuits\fR
- ,
- Vol.\ III, Rec.\ G.151, \(sc\(sc\ 4.1 and\ 4.2.3.
- .LP
- [6]
- CCITT manual \fITransmission planning of switching telephone networks\fR ,
- Chapter\ III, Annex\ 4, ITU, Geneva,\ 1976.
- .bp
- .LP
- [7]
- CCITT Recommendation \fIEcho\(hysuppressors suitable for circuits having\fR
- \fIeither short or long propagation times\fR , Orange\ Book, Vol.\ III\(hy1,
- Rec.\ G.161, B, ITU, Geneva,\ 1977.
- .LP
- [8]
- CCITT Recommendation \fIInfluence of national networks on stability and\fR
- \fIecho losses in national systems\fR , Vol.\ III, Rec.\ G.122, \(sc\ 1.
- .LP
- [9]
- CCITT Recommendation \fIEcho\(hysuppressors suitable for circuits having\fR
- \fIeither short or long propagation times\fR , Orange\ Book, Vol.\ III\(hy1,
- Rec.\ G.161, ITU, Geneva,\ 1977.
- .LP
- [10]
- CCITT Recommendation \fIEcho suppressors\fR , Vol.\ III, Rec.\ G.164.
- .LP
- [11]
- CCITT Recommendation \fIEcho cancellers\fR , Vol.\ III, Rec.\ G.165.
- .LP
- [12]
- CCITT Recommendation \fIConstitution and nomenclature of international\fR
- \fIleased circuits\fR , Vol.\ IV, Rec.\ M.1010.
- .LP
- [13]
- CCITT Recommendation \fICharacteristics of special quality international\fR
- \fIleased circuits\fR , Vol.\ IV, Rec.\ M.1020, \(sc\ 2.3.
- .LP
- [14]
- CCITT Recommendation \fICorrected reference equivalents (CREs) in an\fR
- \fIinternational connection\fR , Red Book, Vol.\ III, Rec.\ G.111, \(sc\ 1.1.
- .LP
- [15]
- CCITT Recommendation \fIThe international routing plan\fR , Vol.\ VI,
- Rec.\ Q.13.
- .LP
- [16]
- CCITT Recommendation \fIThe transmission plan\fR , Vol.\ III, Rec.\ G.101.
- .LP
- [17]
- CCITT Recommendation \fITransmission losses, relative levels and\fR
- \fIattenuation distortion\fR , Orange\ Book, Vol.\ III\(hy1, Rec.\ G.141,
- \(sc\ A.a),
- ITU, Geneva,\ 1977.
- .LP
- [18]
- \fIRadio Regulations\fR , Article\ 1, No.\ 71, ITU, Geneva,\ 1980.
- .LP
- [19]
- \fIIbid.\fR , No.\ 73.
- .LP
- .rs
- .sp 32P
- .ad r
- blanc\fR
- .ad b
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
- .sp 2P
- .LP
- \fBMONTAGE:\fR PAGE 200 = PAGE BLANCHE
- .sp 1P
- .RT
- .LP
- .bp
-