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- '\" $Header: /user6/ouster/tcl/man/RCS/exec.n,v 1.5 93/07/08 10:09:16 ouster Exp $ SPRITE (Berkeley)
- '\"
- .so man.macros
- .HS exec tcl 7.0
- .BS
- '\" Note: do not modify the .SH NAME line immediately below!
- .SH NAME
- exec \- Invoke subprocess(es)
- .SH SYNOPSIS
- \fBexec \fR?\fIswitches\fR? \fIarg \fR?\fIarg ...\fR?
- .BE
-
- .SH DESCRIPTION
- .PP
- This command treats its arguments as the specification
- of one or more subprocesses to execute.
- The arguments take the form of a standard shell pipeline
- where each \fIarg\fR becomes one word of a command, and
- each distinct command becomes a subprocess.
- .PP
- If the initial arguments to \fBexec\fR start with \fB\-\fR then
- .VS
- they are treated as command-line switches and are not part
- of the pipeline specification. The following switches are
- currently supported:
- .TP 13
- \fB\-keepnewline
- Retains a trailing newline in the pipeline's output.
- Normally a trailing newline will be deleted.
- .TP 13
- \fB\-\|\-\fR
- Marks the end of switches. The argument following this one will
- be treated as the first \fIarg\fR even if it starts with a \fB\-.
- .VE
- .PP
- If an \fIarg\fR (or pair of \fIarg\fR's) has one of the forms
- described below then it is used by \fBexec\fR to control the
- flow of input and output among the subprocess(es).
- Such arguments will not be passed to the subprocess(es). In forms
- .VS
- such as ``< \fIfileName\fR'' \fIfileName\fR may either be in a
- separate argument from ``<'' or in the same argument with no
- intervening space (i.e. ``<\fIfileName\fR'').
- .VE
- .TP 15
- |\fR
- Separates distinct commands in the pipeline. The standard output
- of the preceding command will be piped into the standard input
- of the next command.
- .TP 15
- |&\fR
- Separates distinct commands in the pipeline. Both standard output
- and standard error of the preceding command will be piped into
- the standard input of the next command.
- This form of redirection overrides forms such as >2 and >&.
- .TP 15
- <\0\fIfileName\fR
- The file named by \fIfileName\fR is opened and used as the standard
- input for the first command in the pipeline.
- .TP 15
- <@\0\fIfileId\fR
- .VS
- \fIFileId\fR must be the identifier for an open file, such as the return
- value from a previous call to \fBopen\fR.
- It is used as the standard input for the first command in the pipeline.
- \fIFileId\fR must have been opened for reading.
- .VE
- .TP 15
- <<\0\fIvalue\fR
- \fIValue\fR is passed to the first command as its standard input.
- .TP 15
- >\0\fIfileName\fR
- Standard output from the last command is redirected to the file named
- \fIfileName\fR, overwriting its previous contents.
- .TP 15
- >2\0\fIfileName\fR
- .VS
- Standard error from all commands in the pipeline is redirected to the
- file named \fIfileName\fR, overwriting its previous contents.
- .TP 15
- >&\0\fIfileName\fR
- Both standard output from the last command and standard error from all
- commands are redirected to the file named \fIfileName\fR, overwriting
- its previous contents.
- .VE
- .TP 15
- >>\0\fIfileName\fR
- Standard output from the last command is
- redirected to the file named \fIfileName\fR, appending to it rather
- than overwriting it.
- .TP 15
- >>2\0\fIfileName\fR
- .VS
- Standard error from all commands in the pipeline is
- redirected to the file named \fIfileName\fR, appending to it rather
- than overwriting it.
- .TP 15
- >>&\0\fIfileName\fR
- Both standard output from the last command and standard error from
- all commands are redirected to the file named \fIfileName\fR,
- appending to it rather than overwriting it.
- .TP 15
- >@\0\fIfileId\fR
- \fIFileId\fR must be the identifier for an open file, such as the return
- value from a previous call to \fBopen\fR.
- Standard output from the last command is redirected to \fIfileId\fR's
- file, which must have been opened for writing.
- .TP 15
- >2@\0\fIfileId\fR
- \fIFileId\fR must be the identifier for an open file, such as the return
- value from a previous call to \fBopen\fR.
- Standard error from all commands in the pipeline is
- redirected to \fIfileId\fR's file.
- The file must have been opened for writing.
- .TP 15
- >&@\0\fIfileId\fR
- \fIFileId\fR must be the identifier for an open file, such as the return
- value from a previous call to \fBopen\fR.
- Both standard output from the last command and standard error from
- all commands are redirected to \fIfileId\fR's file.
- The file must have been opened for writing.
- .VE
- .PP
- If standard output has not been redirected then the \fBexec\fR
- command returns the standard output from the last command
- in the pipeline.
- If any of the commands in the pipeline exit abnormally or
- are killed or suspended, then \fBexec\fR will return an error
- and the error message will include the pipeline's output followed by
- error messages describing the abnormal terminations; the
- \fBerrorCode\fR variable will contain additional information
- about the last abnormal termination encountered.
- If any of the commands writes to its standard error file and that
- standard error isn't redirected,
- then \fBexec\fR will return an error; the error message
- will include the pipeline's standard output, followed by messages
- about abnormal terminations (if any), followed by the standard error
- output.
- .PP
- If the last character of the result or error message
- is a newline then that character is normally deleted
- from the result or error message.
- This is consistent with other Tcl return values, which don't
- normally end with newlines.
- .VS
- However, if \fB\-keepnewline\fR is specified then the trailing
- newline is retained.
- .VE
- .PP
- If standard input isn't redirected with ``<'' or ``<<''
- or ``<@'' then the standard input for the first command in the
- pipeline is taken from the application's current standard input.
- .PP
- If the last \fIarg\fR is ``&'' then the pipeline will be
- executed in background.
- .VS
- In this case the \fBexec\fR command will return a list whose
- elements are the process identifiers for all of the subprocesses
- in the pipeline.
- .VE
- The standard output from the last command in the pipeline will
- go to the application's standard output if it hasn't been
- redirected, and error output from all of
- the commands in the pipeline will go to the application's
- standard error file unless redirected.
- .PP
- The first word in each command is taken as the command name;
- tilde-substitution is performed on it, and if the result contains
- no slashes then the directories
- in the PATH environment variable are searched for
- an executable by the given name.
- If the name contains a slash then it must refer to an executable
- reachable from the current directory.
- No ``glob'' expansion or other shell-like substitutions
- are performed on the arguments to commands.
-
- .SH KEYWORDS
- execute, pipeline, redirection, subprocess
-