Il CD di internet/CD.iso/SOURCE/D/PERL/PERL-4.036/PERL-4/perl-4.036/Info/perl.info-7

GNU Info File | 1994-07-08 | 57.0 KB | 988 lines

This is Info file perl.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.55 from the input
file perltexi.

   This file documents perl, Practical Extraction and Report Language,
and was originally based on Larry Wall's unix-style man page for perl.

   GNU Texinfo version adapted by Jeff Kellem
<[e-mail]>.

   Copyright (C) 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 Larry Wall Texinfo
version Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1993 Jeff Kellem

   Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.

   Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also
that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License" and "Conditions
for Using Perl" are included exactly as in the original, and provided
that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms
of a permission notice identical to this one.

   Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
versions, except that the section entitled "GNU General Public License"
and this permission notice may be included in translations approved by
the Free Software Foundation instead of in the original English.


File: perl.info,  Node: Concept Index,  Prev: Function Index,  Up: Top

Concept Index
*************

* Menu:

* accept function:                      Networking Functions.
* alarm function:                       System Interaction.
* bind function:                        Networking Functions.
* binmode function:                     Input/Output.
* chdir function:                       Directory Reading Functions.
* chgrp function (part of chown):       File Operations.
* chmod example:                        File Operations.
* chop example:                         String Functions.
* chop function:                        String Functions.
* chown example:                        File Operations.
* chown function:                       File Operations.
* chroot function:                      System Interaction.
* closedir function:                    Directory Reading Functions.
* close function:                       Input/Output.
* close function example:               Input/Output.
* connect function:                     Networking Functions.
* continue statement:                   Compound Statements.
* cos function:                         Math Functions.
* crypt function:                       String Functions.
* dbmclose function:                    DBM Functions.
* dbmopen function:                     DBM Functions.
* defined function:                     Variable Functions.
* defined function examples:            Variable Functions.
* delete function:                      Array and List Functions.
* delete function example:              Array and List Functions.
* die function:                         System Interaction.
* die function example:                 System Interaction.
* do BLOCK:                             Flow Control Functions.
* do EXPR:                              Perl Library Functions.
* do EXPR example:                      Perl Library Functions.
* do SUBROUTINE:                        Subroutine Functions.
* dump function example:                Miscellaneous Functions.
* dump, creating a core file:           Miscellaneous Functions.
* each function example:                DBM Functions.
* each function example:                Array and List Functions.
* each function, Associative arrays:    Array and List Functions.
* else statement:                       Compound Statements.
* elsif statement:                      Compound Statements.
* eof function:                         Input/Output.
* eof function example:                 Input/Output.
* eval function:                        Miscellaneous Functions.
* exec function:                        System Interaction.
* exec function example:                System Interaction.
* exit function:                        System Interaction.
* exit function example:                System Interaction.
* exp trigonometric function:           Math Functions.
* fcntl function:                       File Operations.
* fileno function:                      File Operations.
* flock function:                       File Operations.
* foreach statement:                    Compound Statements.
* fork function:                        System Interaction.
* for statement:                        Compound Statements.
* getc function:                        Input/Output.
* getlogin example:                     System Interaction.
* getlogin function:                    System Interaction.
* getpeername function:                 Networking Functions.
* getpeername function example:         Networking Functions.
* getpgrp function:                     System Interaction.
* getppid function:                     System Interaction.
* getpriority function:                 System Interaction.
* getsockname function:                 Networking Functions.
* getsockopt function:                  Networking Functions.
* gmtime function:                      Time Functions.
* gmtime function example:              Time Functions.
* goto LABEL:                           Flow Control Functions.
* goto function:                        Flow Control Functions.
* grep function:                        Array and List Functions.
* grep function example:                Array and List Functions.
* hex function:                         Math Functions.
* if modifier:                          Simple Statements.
* if statement:                         Compound Statements.
* index function:                       String Functions.
* int function:                         Math Functions.
* ioctl function example:               System Interaction.
* ioctl system call:                    System Interaction.
* join function:                        Array and List Functions.
* join function example:                Array and List Functions.
* join function example:                Array and List Functions.
* keys function example:                Array and List Functions.
* keys function, Associative arrays:    Array and List Functions.
* kill function:                        System Interaction.
* kill function example:                System Interaction.
* last function:                        Flow Control Functions.
* last function example:                Flow Control Functions.
* length function:                      String Functions.
* link function:                        File Operations.
* listen function:                      Networking Functions.
* localtime function:                   Time Functions.
* localtime function example:           Time Functions.
* local function:                       Subroutine Functions.
* local function example:               Subroutine Functions.
* log function (base e):                Math Functions.
* lstat function:                       File Operations.
* mkdir function:                       Directory Reading Functions.
* next function:                        Flow Control Functions.
* next function example:                Flow Control Functions.
* oct function example:                 Math Functions.
* opendir function:                     Directory Reading Functions.
* open function:                        Input/Output.
* open function examples:               Input/Output.
* open function examples:               Input/Output.
* ord function:                         Miscellaneous Functions.
* pack function:                        Structure Conversion.
* pack function examples:               Structure Conversion.
* pipe function:                        Input/Output.
* pipe system call:                     Input/Output.
* pop function:                         Array and List Functions.
* printf function:                      Input/Output.
* print function:                       Input/Output.
* push function:                        Array and List Functions.
* qq operator example:                  Miscellaneous Functions.
* q operator example:                   Miscellaneous Functions.
* rand function:                        Miscellaneous Functions.
* readdir function:                     Directory Reading Functions.
* readlink function:                    File Operations.
* read function:                        Input/Output.
* recv function:                        Networking Functions.
* redo function:                        Flow Control Functions.
* redo function example:                Flow Control Functions.
* rename function:                      File Operations.
* rename system call:                   File Operations.
* require function:                     Perl Library Functions.
* require operator implementation:      Perl Library Functions.
* reset function:                       Variable Functions.
* reset function example:               Variable Functions.
* return function:                      Subroutine Functions.
* reverse function:                     Array and List Functions.
* rewinddir function:                   Directory Reading Functions.
* rindex function:                      String Functions.
* rmdir function:                       Directory Reading Functions.
* s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/ examples:      Search and Replace Functions.
* s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/ function:      Search and Replace Functions.
* seekdir function:                     Directory Reading Functions.
* seek function:                        Input/Output.
* select(FILEHANDLE) function:          Input/Output.
* select(FILEHANDLE) function example:  Input/Output.
* select(FILEHANDLE) function example:  Input/Output.
* select system call:                   Input/Output.
* select system call example:           Input/Output.
* send function:                        Networking Functions.
* setpgrp function:                     System Interaction.
* setpriority function:                 System Interaction.
* setsockopt function:                  Networking Functions.
* shift function:                       Array and List Functions.
* shutdown function:                    Networking Functions.
* sin function:                         Math Functions.
* sleep function:                       System Interaction.
* socketpair function:                  Networking Functions.
* socket function:                      Networking Functions.
* sort function:                        Array and List Functions.
* sort function example:                Array and List Functions.
* splice function:                      Array and List Functions.
* splice function example:              Array and List Functions.
* splice function example:              Array and List Functions.
* split function:                       Array and List Functions.
* split function example:               Array and List Functions.
* split function example:               Array and List Functions.
* sprintf function:                     Miscellaneous Functions.
* sqrt function:                        Math Functions.
* srand function:                       Miscellaneous Functions.
* stat function:                        File Operations.
* stat function and underscore example: File Operations.
* stat function example:                File Operations.
* study function:                       Search and Replace Functions.
* study function example:               Search and Replace Functions.
* substr function:                      String Functions.
* symlink function:                     File Operations.
* symlink function example:             File Operations.
* syscall function:                     System Interaction.
* syscall function example:             System Interaction.
* system function:                      System Interaction.
* telldir function:                     Directory Reading Functions.
* tell function:                        Input/Output.
* times function:                       System Interaction.
* times function example:               System Interaction.
* time function:                        Time Functions.
* tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/:       Search and Replace Functions.
* tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/ example: Search and Replace Functions.
* umask function:                       System Interaction.
* undef function:                       Variable Functions.
* undef function examples:              Variable Functions.
* unless modifier:                      Simple Statements.
* unless statement:                     Compound Statements.
* unlink function:                      File Operations.
* unlink function examples:             File Operations.
* unpack function:                      Structure Conversion.
* unpack function example:              System Interaction.
* unpack function example:              Structure Conversion.
* unshift function:                     Array and List Functions.
* utime function:                       File Operations.
* values function:                      Array and List Functions.
* vec function:                         Miscellaneous Functions.
* wait function:                        System Interaction.
* wantarray function:                   Subroutine Functions.
* wantarray function example:           Subroutine Functions.
* warn function:                        System Interaction.
* while modifier:                       Simple Statements.
* while statement:                      Compound Statements.
* write function:                       Input/Output.
* y/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/:        Search and Replace Functions.
* y/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/ example: Search and Replace Functions.
* dumpvar.pl file:                      Packages.
* $& predefined variable example:       Predefined Names.
* $' predefined variable example:       Predefined Names.
* $+ predefined variable example:       Predefined Names.
* $< predefined variable example:       Predefined Names.
* $> predefined variable example:       Predefined Names.
* $] predefined variable example:       Predefined Names.
* $_ examples:                          Predefined Names.
* $` predefined variable example:       Predefined Names.
* <<, here-is syntax:                   Data Types.
* @SIG predefined variable example:     Predefined Names.
* ARGVOUT filehandle:                   Options.
* printenv program example:             Array and List Functions.
* undump, creating a core file:         Miscellaneous Functions.
* a2p (awk to perl translator):         a2p.
* a2p bugs:                             a2p Bugs.
* a2p Considerations:                   a2p Considerations.
* a2p options:                          a2p Options.
* a2p problems:                         a2p Bugs.
* Access, Changing File:                File Operations.
* Addenda and Errata:                   Errata.
* Aliases in the debugger:              Debugging.
* Arguments:                            Options.
* Array and List Functions:             Array and List Functions.
* Array context:                        Subroutine Functions.
* Array Functions:                      Array and List Functions.
* Array literals:                       Data Types.
* Arrays, pop function:                 Array and List Functions.
* Arrays, push function:                Array and List Functions.
* Arrays, reverse function:             Array and List Functions.
* Arrays, shift function:               Array and List Functions.
* Arrays, unshift function:             Array and List Functions.
* Arrays, popping the last value:       Array and List Functions.
* Arrays, prepending:                   Array and List Functions.
* Arrays, pushing a value onto:         Array and List Functions.
* Arrays, shifting first value off:     Array and List Functions.
* Ascii character value:                Miscellaneous Functions.
* Associative array literals:           Data Types.
* Associative Arrays, delete function:  Array and List Functions.
* Associative arrays, each function:    Array and List Functions.
* Associative arrays, keys function:    Array and List Functions.
* Associative Arrays, values function:  Array and List Functions.
* Associative arrays, finding keys:     Array and List Functions.
* Associative arrays, key and value:    Array and List Functions.
* Associative Arrays, values of:        Array and List Functions.
* Associativity of operators:           Precedence.
* Authors:                              Credits.
* Awk to Perl translator:               a2p.
* Awk Traps:                            Awk Traps.
* Binary Mode:                          Input/Output.
* Binding to a socket:                  Networking Functions.
* bitfields and vectors:                Miscellaneous Functions.
* Bitmasks and select system call:      Input/Output.
* Branching:                            Flow Control Functions.
* break statement in C:                 Flow Control Functions.
* BSD mailbox appender example:         File Operations.
* Bug report format example:            Formats.
* Bugs:                                 Bugs.
* C header files:                       h2ph.
* C Traps:                              C Traps.
* caller function:                      Subroutine Functions.
* Calling system calls:                 System Interaction.
* Case statement:                       Compound Statements.
* Change root system call:              System Interaction.
* Change Working Directory (cwd):       Directory Reading Functions.
* Changing access times of a file(s):   File Operations.
* Changing Directories:                 Directory Reading Functions.
* Changing File Modes:                  File Operations.
* Changing File Ownership:              File Operations.
* Changing File Permissions:            File Operations.
* Changing modification times of a file(s): File Operations.
* Character input:                      Input/Output.
* Checking if symlink function exists:  File Operations.
* Checking if function exists example:  File Operations.
* Child processes, creating:            System Interaction.
* Child processes, waiting for:         System Interaction.
* Chopping:                             String Functions.
* Clearing variables:                   Variable Functions.
* Client example, Interprocess Communication: Interprocess Communication.
* Client example, IPC:                  Interprocess Communication.
* Closing a directory:                  Directory Reading Functions.
* Closing a file:                       Input/Output.
* Closing a filehandle:                 Input/Output.
* Closing a filehandle example:         Input/Output.
* Closing a pipe:                       Input/Output.
* Command Line Arguments:               Options.
* Command Line Options:                 Options.
* Command Summary (syntax only):        Command Summary.
* Command Syntax:                       Commands.
* Commands:                             Commands.
* Comparing two array values example:   Array and List Functions.
* Compound Statements:                  Compound Statements.
* Conditions for Using Perl:            Conditions.
* Connecting to a socket:               Networking Functions.
* Considerations for using a2p:         a2p Considerations.
* Considerations for using s2p:         s2p Considerations.
* Constructing bitmasks for select:     Input/Output.
* Context of subroutine:                Subroutine Functions.
* Context, forcing scalar:              Variable Functions.
* continue statement in C:              Flow Control Functions.
* Conversion of char to its ascii value: Miscellaneous Functions.
* Converting awk scripts into perl:     a2p.
* Converting C header files to Perl header files: h2ph.
* Converting packed Internet host address example: System Interaction.
* Converting packed IP address example: System Interaction.
* Converting sed scripts into perl:     s2p.
* Converting to Greenwich time:         Time Functions.
* Converting values into binary structure: Structure Conversion.
* Core dump:                            Miscellaneous Functions.
* Cosine, trigonometric function:       Math Functions.
* Creating a core file:                 Miscellaneous Functions.
* Creating a link to a file:            File Operations.
* Creating a pair of sockets:           Networking Functions.
* Creating a socket:                    Networking Functions.
* Creating multiple processes:          System Interaction.
* Creating symbolic links:              File Operations.
* Credits:                              Credits.
* Current context of subroutine:        Subroutine Functions.
* Current file position, finding:       Input/Output.
* Current login name, from utmp:        System Interaction.
* Current position of directory:        Directory Reading Functions.
* Current priority, Finding:            System Interaction.
* Current subroutine context:           Subroutine Functions.
* cwd (Change Working Directory):       Directory Reading Functions.
* Data Objects:                         Data Types.
* Data Types:                           Data Types.
* Database Functions:                   DBM Functions.
* Database library (dbm), dbmclose:     DBM Functions.
* Database library (dbm), dbmopen:      DBM Functions.
* dbm example:                          DBM Functions.
* dbm functions:                        DBM Functions.
* dbm library, dbmclose function:       DBM Functions.
* dbm library, dbmopen function:        DBM Functions.
* Debugger aliases:                     Debugging.
* Debugging:                            Debugging.
* Declaration of formats:               Formats.
* Declaring local variable examples:    Subroutine Functions.
* Declaring local variables:            Subroutine Functions.
* Default file permissions:             System Interaction.
* Deleting a file(s):                   File Operations.
* Deleting values of associative arrays: Array and List Functions.
* Deletion (via chop):                  String Functions.
* Description of Perl:                  Preface.
* Diagnostics:                          Diagnostics.
* Directory Functions:                  Directory Reading Functions.
* Directory functions, chdir:           Directory Reading Functions.
* Directory functions, mkdir:           Directory Reading Functions.
* Directory functions, opendir:         Directory Reading Functions.
* Directory functions, readdir:         Directory Reading Functions.
* Directory functions, rewinddir:       Directory Reading Functions.
* Directory functions, rmdir:           Directory Reading Functions.
* Directory functions, seekdir:         Directory Reading Functions.
* Directory functions, telldir:         Directory Reading Functions.
* Directory functions, next directory:  Directory Reading Functions.
* Directory functions, positioning pointer: Directory Reading Functions.
* Directory functions, removing a dir:  Directory Reading Functions.
* Directory Operations:                 Directory Reading Functions.
* Directory Reading Functions:          Directory Reading Functions.
* Directory, closing a:                 Directory Reading Functions.
* dumpvar package:                      Packages.
* dup-ing STDOUT/STDERR example:        Input/Output.
* Emulating ord with unpack:            Structure Conversion.
* Emulating substr with unpack example: Structure Conversion.
* End Of File (EOF):                    Input/Output.
* Environment:                          Environment.
* EOF (End Of File):                    Input/Output.
* Errata and Addenda:                   Errata.
* Example of die function:              System Interaction.
* Example of dump function:             Miscellaneous Functions.
* Example of each function:             DBM Functions.
* Example of each function:             Array and List Functions.
* Example of eof function:              Input/Output.
* Example of exec function:             System Interaction.
* Example of execing a program in a script: System Interaction.
* Example of exit function:             System Interaction.
* Example of flock function:            File Operations.
* Example of getlogin function:         System Interaction.
* Example of join function:             Array and List Functions.
* Example of keys function:             Array and List Functions.
* Example of kill function:             System Interaction.
* Example of last function:             Flow Control Functions.
* Example of localtime function:        Time Functions.
* Example of reset function:            Variable Functions.
* Example of select system call:        Input/Output.
* Example of study function:            Search and Replace Functions.
* Example of symlink function:          File Operations.
* Example of syscall function:          System Interaction.
* Example of $& predefined variable:    Predefined Names.
* Example of $' predefined variable:    Predefined Names.
* Example of $+ predefined variable:    Predefined Names.
* Example of $< predefined variable:    Predefined Names.
* Example of $> predefined variable:    Predefined Names.
* Example of $] predefined variable:    Predefined Names.
* Example of $_:                        Predefined Names.
* Example of $` predefined variable:    Predefined Names.
* Example of @SIG predefined variable:  Predefined Names.
* Example of a BSD mailbox appender:    File Operations.
* Example of a bug report format:       Formats.
* Example of a client, Interprocess Communication: Interprocess Communication.
* Example of a format for the /etc/passwd file: Formats.
* Example of a max subroutine:          Subroutines.
* Example of a package, dumpvar:        Packages.
* Example of a report of the /etc/passwd file: Formats.
* Example of a server, Interprocess Communication: Interprocess Communication.
* Example of a signal handler:          Predefined Names.
* Example of a touch command:           File Operations.
* Example of an IPC client:             Interprocess Communication.
* Example of an IPC server:             Interprocess Communication.
* Example of checksum in unpack:        Structure Conversion.
* Example of debugger aliases:          Debugging.
* Example of executing a program in a perl script: System Interaction.
* Example of printing ENVironment:      Array and List Functions.
* Example of swapping real/effective uid: Predefined Names.
* Example similar to printenv program:  Array and List Functions.
* Example, chmod function:              File Operations.
* Example, chop function:               String Functions.
* Example, chown function:              File Operations.
* Example, close function:              Input/Output.
* Example, delete function:             Array and List Functions.
* Example, do EXPR:                     Perl Library Functions.
* Example, gmtime function:             Time Functions.
* Example, grep function:               Array and List Functions.
* Example, ioctl function:              System Interaction.
* Example, join function:               Array and List Functions.
* Example, local function:              Subroutine Functions.
* Example, next function:               Flow Control Functions.
* Example, oct function:                Math Functions.
* Example, qq operator:                 Miscellaneous Functions.
* Example, q operator:                  Miscellaneous Functions.
* Example, redo function:               Flow Control Functions.
* Example, select(FILEHANDLE) and top of form format: Input/Output.
* Example, select(FILEHANDLE) function: Input/Output.
* Example, select(FILEHANDLE) function: Input/Output.
* Example, sort function:               Array and List Functions.
* Example, splice function:             Array and List Functions.
* Example, split function:              Array and List Functions.
* Example, split function:              Array and List Functions.
* Example, stat function:               File Operations.
* Example, stat function and underscore: File Operations.
* Example, times function:              System Interaction.
* Example, tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/: Search and Replace Functions.
* Example, unpack function:             System Interaction.
* Example, unpack function:             Structure Conversion.
* Example, wantarray function:          Subroutine Functions.
* Example, y/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/: Search and Replace Functions.
* Example, /etc/passwd file report:     Formats.
* Example, bitmasks and select:         Input/Output.
* Example, checking if symlink exists:  File Operations.
* Example, checking if function exists: File Operations.
* Example, closing a filehandle:        Input/Output.
* Example, comparing two array values:  Array and List Functions.
* Example, constructing bitmasks for select system call: Input/Output.
* Example, Converting packed Internet host address: System Interaction.
* Example, Converting packed IP address: System Interaction.
* Example, converting to Greenwich time: Time Functions.
* Example, dbm:                         DBM Functions.
* Example, declaring local variables:   Subroutine Functions.
* Example, deleting values of associative arrays: Array and List Functions.
* Example, dup-ing STDOUT/STDERR:       Input/Output.
* Example, emulating ord with unpack:   Structure Conversion.
* Example, emulating substr with unpack: Structure Conversion.
* Example, finding current login name:  System Interaction.
* Example, Finding socket address:      Networking Functions.
* Example, get_line subroutine:         Subroutines.
* Example, Interprocess Communication:  Interprocess Communication.
* Example, Interprocess Communication:  Interprocess Communication.
* Example, Interprocess Communication - getpeername function: Networking Functions.
* Example, IPC:                         Interprocess Communication.
* Example, IPC:                         Interprocess Communication.
* Example, IPC - getpeername function:  Networking Functions.
* Example, Loops and next function:     Flow Control Functions.
* Example, non-numeric uids:            File Operations.
* Example, octal to decimal example:    Math Functions.
* Example, Pascal comment stripper:     Flow Control Functions.
* Example, passing by reference:        Passing By Reference.
* Example, Poor Man's Grep:             Search and Replace Functions.
* Example, preserving white space in open function: Input/Output.
* Example, process' user/system times:  System Interaction.
* Example, reading lines with continuation lines: Subroutines.
* Example, saving, redirecting, and restoring STDOUT/STDERR: Input/Output.
* Example, sending a signal:            System Interaction.
* Example, setting erase char to DEL:   System Interaction.
* Example, simple fgrep:                Search and Replace Functions.
* Example, sorting by age:              Array and List Functions.
* Example, sorting using your own comparison routine: Array and List Functions.
* Example, splitting passwd file entry: Array and List Functions.
* Example, splitting passwd file entry: Array and List Functions.
* Example, subroutines and formal arguments: Subroutines.
* Example, system return value:         System Interaction.
* Example, top of form format:          Input/Output.
* Example, translate function:          Search and Replace Functions.
* Example, unshift function:            Array and List Functions.
* Example, using each with dbm file:    DBM Functions.
* Example, using study and eval:        Search and Replace Functions.
* Example, using unpack to emulate ord: Structure Conversion.
* Example, using unpack to emulate substr: Structure Conversion.
* Examples of defined function:         Variable Functions.
* Examples of open function:            Input/Output.
* Examples of open function:            Input/Output.
* Examples of pack function:            Structure Conversion.
* Examples of splice function:          Array and List Functions.
* Examples of undef function:           Variable Functions.
* Examples of unlink function:          File Operations.
* Examples of formats/reports:          Formats.
* Examples of match function:           Search and Replace Functions.
* Examples of precedence:               Precedence.
* Examples of precedence:               Precedence.
* Examples of precedence:               Precedence.
* Examples of precedence:               Precedence.
* Examples of precedence:               Precedence.
* Examples of regular expressions:      Regular Expressions.
* Examples of regular expressions:      Regular Expressions.
* Examples of subroutines:              Subroutines.
* Examples of subroutines:              Subroutines.
* Examples of tainted variables:        Setuid Scripts.
* Examples, s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/:     Search and Replace Functions.
* Examples, sorting:                    Array and List Functions.
* Examples, substitute function:        Search and Replace Functions.
* Executing programs via exec:          System Interaction.
* Exiting a loop:                       Flow Control Functions.
* Exitting a perl script:               System Interaction.
* Exitting perl script:                 System Interaction.
* Expressions:                          Expressions.
* Extracting a substring:               String Functions.
* Extracting elements from a list:      Array and List Functions.
* File Access:                          File Operations.
* File descriptor:                      File Operations.
* File locking:                         File Operations.
* File Modes:                           File Operations.
* File number:                          File Operations.
* File Operations:                      File Operations.
* File Ownership:                       File Operations.
* File Ownership, Changing:             File Operations.
* File Permissions:                     File Operations.
* File permissions, default:            System Interaction.
* File statistics:                      File Operations.
* File test operators:                  Expressions.
* File, closing a:                      Input/Output.
* Filehandle's file descriptor:         File Operations.
* Filehandle, closing a:                Input/Output.
* Filehandle, end of file:              Input/Output.
* Filehandle, EOF:                      Input/Output.
* Filename globbing:                    Data Types.
* Files:                                Environment.
* Files, changing access times:         File Operations.
* Files, changing modification times:   File Operations.
* Finding current file position:        Input/Output.
* Finding current login name example:   System Interaction.
* Finding current priority:             System Interaction.
* Finding first occurrence of substring: String Functions.
* Finding last occurrence of a substring: String Functions.
* Finding length of a string:           String Functions.
* Finding parent PID:                   System Interaction.
* Finding parent process id:            System Interaction.
* Finding process group:                System Interaction.
* Finding socket address:               Networking Functions.
* Finding socket address example:       Networking Functions.
* Finding socket option:                Networking Functions.
* Finding user/system times:            System Interaction.
* Flow Control Functions:               Flow Control Functions.
* Forcing scalar context:               Variable Functions.
* Formal arguments and subroutines example: Subroutines.
* Format declarations:                  Formats.
* Format example, /etc/passwd file:     Formats.
* Format example, bug report:           Formats.
* Format for the /etc/passwd file, A:   Formats.
* Format/report examples:               Formats.
* Formats:                              Formats.
* Formatting a string:                  Miscellaneous Functions.
* fseek function of stdio (really seek): Input/Output.
* General Description of Perl:          Preface.
* Getting address of other end of socket connection: Networking Functions.
* get_line subroutine example:          Subroutines.
* Globbing, filename:                   Data Types.
* GNU General Public License (GPL):     Copying.
* GPL (General Public License), GNU:    Copying.
* Greenwich time conversion:            Time Functions.
* h2ph (C .h files to Perl .ph files):  h2ph.
* here-is syntax, <<:                   Data Types.
* Hexidecimal to decimal conversion:    Math Functions.
* How to create a core file for undump: Miscellaneous Functions.
* Hype:                                 Preface.
* I/O:                                  Input/Output.
* Including library files:              Perl Library Functions.
* Input/Output:                         Input/Output.
* Input/Output Functions:               Input/Output.
* Input/Output Operations:              Input/Output.
* Inputting a character:                Input/Output.
* integer portion of EXPR, Returning:   Math Functions.
* Interprocess Communication:           Interprocess Communication.
* Interprocess Communication:           Networking Functions.
* Interprocess Communication client example: Interprocess Communication.
* Interprocess Communication example:   Interprocess Communication.
* Interprocess Communication example:   Interprocess Communication.
* Interprocess Communication example - getpeername function: Networking Functions.
* Interprocess Communication functions: Networking Functions.
* Interprocess Communication server example: Interprocess Communication.
* Interprocess Communication, bind function: Networking Functions.
* Interprocess Communication, connect function: Networking Functions.
* Interprocess Communication, getpeername function: Networking Functions.
* Interprocess Communication, listen system call: Networking Functions.
* Interprocess Communication, recv system call: Networking Functions.
* Interprocess Communication, creating a pair of sockets: Networking Functions.
* Interprocess Communication, creating a socket: Networking Functions.
* Interprocess Communication, Finding socket address: Networking Functions.
* Interprocess Communication, Finding socket option: Networking Functions.
* Interprocess Communication, opening a socket: Networking Functions.
* Interprocess Communication, receiving a message: Networking Functions.
* Interprocess Communication, sending a message on a socket: Networking Functions.
* Interprocess Communication, setting socket options: Networking Functions.
* Interprocess Communication, shutting down a socket connection: Networking Functions.
* Interprocess Communication, System V: System V IPC.
* Introduction to the Manual:           Introduction.
* IPC (Interprocess Communication):     Interprocess Communication.
* IPC (Interprocess Communication):     Networking Functions.
* IPC (Interprocess Communication), System V: System V IPC.
* IPC client example:                   Interprocess Communication.
* IPC example:                          Interprocess Communication.
* IPC example:                          Interprocess Communication.
* IPC example, getpeername function:    Networking Functions.
* IPC functions:                        Networking Functions.
* IPC server example:                   Interprocess Communication.
* IPC, bind function:                   Networking Functions.
* IPC, connect function:                Networking Functions.
* IPC, getpeername function:            Networking Functions.
* IPC, listen system call:              Networking Functions.
* IPC, recv system call:                Networking Functions.
* IPC, creating a pair of sockets:      Networking Functions.
* IPC, creating a socket:               Networking Functions.
* IPC, Finding socket address:          Networking Functions.
* IPC, Finding socket option:           Networking Functions.
* IPC, opening a socket:                Networking Functions.
* IPC, receiving a message:             Networking Functions.
* IPC, sending a message on a socket:   Networking Functions.
* IPC, setting socket options:          Networking Functions.
* IPC, shutting down a socket:          Networking Functions.
* IPC, System V:                        System V IPC.
* Issuing a shell command:              System Interaction.
* Joining strings with a field separtor: Array and List Functions.
* Keyboard input, character:            Input/Output.
* Larry Wall's Interpretation of the GNU GPL: Conditions.
* Library files, Including:             Perl Library Functions.
* Links, Creating symbolic:             File Operations.
* Links, reading symbolic:              File Operations.
* Links, stat-ing symbolic:             File Operations.
* List Functions:                       Array and List Functions.
* List of Commands:                     Commands.
* Lists, reverse function:              Array and List Functions.
* Literals, array:                      Data Types.
* Literals, associative array:          Data Types.
* Literals, numeric:                    Data Types.
* Literals, string:                     Data Types.
* Local timezone, time conversion:      Time Functions.
* local variables, Declaring:           Subroutine Functions.
* logarithm function (base e):          Math Functions.
* login name, finding current:          System Interaction.
* Looking up non-numeric uids example:  File Operations.
* Loops, last function:                 Flow Control Functions.
* Loops, next function:                 Flow Control Functions.
* Loops, continuing:                    Flow Control Functions.
* Loops, restarting:                    Flow Control Functions.
* Mailbox (BSD) appender example:       File Operations.
* Making directories:                   Directory Reading Functions.
* Manual Introduction:                  Introduction.
* Match function:                       Search and Replace Functions.
* match function examples:              Search and Replace Functions.
* Matching, Pattern:                    Search and Replace Functions.
* Math Functions:                       Math Functions.
* Math Functions:                       Math Functions.
* Math functions, exp:                  Math Functions.
* Math functions, log function (base e): Math Functions.
* Math functions, sin function:         Math Functions.
* Math functions, sqrt function:        Math Functions.
* Math functions, e to the EXPR:        Math Functions.
* Math functions, square root:          Math Functions.
* max subroutine example:               Subroutines.
* Message Queue functions, msgctl:      System V IPC.
* Message Queue functions, msgget:      System V IPC.
* Message Queue functions, msgrcv:      System V IPC.
* Message Queue functions, msgsnd:      System V IPC.
* Miscellaneous Functions:              Miscellaneous Functions.
* Modes, Changing File:                 File Operations.
* Modifiers, statement:                 Simple Statements.
* msgctl function:                      System V IPC.
* msgget function:                      System V IPC.
* msgrcv function:                      System V IPC.
* msgsnd function:                      System V IPC.
* Names, predefined:                    Predefined Names.
* Networking:                           Networking Functions.
* Networking, binding to a socket:      Networking Functions.
* Networking, System V IPC:             System V IPC.
* Number conversion, hex to decimal:    Math Functions.
* Number conversion, octal to decimal:  Math Functions.
* Numeric literals:                     Data Types.
* Numeric, integer portion of EXPR:     Math Functions.
* Objects, Data:                        Data Types.
* Octal to decimal conversion:          Math Functions.
* octal to decimal conversion example:  Math Functions.
* Opening a directory for processing:   Directory Reading Functions.
* Opening a file:                       Input/Output.
* Opening a pair of connected pipes:    Input/Output.
* Opening a pair of sockets:            Networking Functions.
* Opening a socket:                     Networking Functions.
* Operator associativity:               Precedence.
* Operator precedence:                  Precedence.
* Operators, file test:                 Expressions.
* Opposite of pack function:            Structure Conversion.
* Opposite of split function, join:     Array and List Functions.
* Opposite of unpack function:          Structure Conversion.
* Options:                              Options.
* Options for a2p:                      a2p Options.
* Options for s2p:                      s2p Options.
* Ownership of Files:                   File Operations.
* Packages:                             Packages.
* Parent PID, finding:                  System Interaction.
* Parent Process ID, finding:           System Interaction.
* Parsing and executing variable code:  Miscellaneous Functions.
* Pascal comment stripper example:      Flow Control Functions.
* Passing By Reference:                 Passing By Reference.
* Passing by reference example:         Passing By Reference.
* Passwords, crypt function:            String Functions.
* Pattern Matching:                     Search and Replace Functions.
* Pattern matching examples:            Search and Replace Functions.
* Pattern matching function:            Search and Replace Functions.
* Pausing for EXPR seconds:             System Interaction.
* Perl Conditions:                      Conditions.
* Perl header files:                    h2ph.
* Perl Library Functions:               Perl Library Functions.
* perldb aliases:                       Debugging.
* Permissions, Changing File:           File Operations.
* Pipe, closing:                        Input/Output.
* Poor Man's Grep Example:              Search and Replace Functions.
* Positioning the file pointer:         Input/Output.
* Precedence:                           Precedence.
* Precedence examples:                  Precedence.
* Precedence examples:                  Precedence.
* Precedence examples:                  Precedence.
* Precedence examples:                  Precedence.
* Precedence examples:                  Precedence.
* Precedence of operators:              Precedence.
* Predefined Names:                     Predefined Names.
* Predefined variables:                 Predefined Names.
* Preface:                              Preface.
* Prepending to the front of an array:  Array and List Functions.
* Preserving white space in open:       Input/Output.
* Printing a formatted record:          Input/Output.
* Printing a message on STDERR, similar to die function: System Interaction.
* Printing a string with a format:      Input/Output.
* Printing a string(s):                 Input/Output.
* Printing ENVironment example:         Array and List Functions.
* Printing Reports:                     Input/Output.
* Printing your environment example:    Array and List Functions.
* Priority, Finding current:            System Interaction.
* Problems converting awk scripts using a2p: a2p Bugs.
* Problems using a2p:                   a2p Bugs.
* Process group, finding:               System Interaction.
* Process group, setting current:       System Interaction.
* process' user/system times example:   System Interaction.
* Processes, setting priority:          System Interaction.
* Processes, waiting for child:         System Interaction.
* Quick description of Perl:            Preface.
* Quote operator:                       Miscellaneous Functions.
* Random number generation:             Miscellaneous Functions.
* Random number generator seed:         Miscellaneous Functions.
* Reading /etc/utmp, login name:        System Interaction.
* Reading a character:                  Input/Output.
* Reading data from a file:             Input/Output.
* Reading lines with continuation lines example: Subroutines.
* Receiving a message on a socket:      Networking Functions.
* Regular expression examples:          Regular Expressions.
* Regular expression examples:          Regular Expressions.
* Regular Expressions:                  Regular Expressions.
* Removing a directory:                 Directory Reading Functions.
* Removing elements from a list:        Array and List Functions.
* Renaming a file:                      File Operations.
* Replace and Search Functions:         Search and Replace Functions.
* Replacing a pattern in a string:      Search and Replace Functions.
* Report for the /etc/passwd file, A:   Formats.
* Report/format examples:               Formats.
* Reports, Printing:                    Input/Output.
* Resetting ?? searches:                Variable Functions.
* Resetting list of dirs for readdir:   Directory Reading Functions.
* Resetting variables:                  Variable Functions.
* Restarting loops:                     Flow Control Functions.
* Return value:                         Subroutine Functions.
* Returning a value from a subroutine:  Subroutine Functions.
* Returning first value of an array:    Array and List Functions.
* Returning integer portion of EXPR:    Math Functions.
* Reversing a list:                     Array and List Functions.
* Reversing an array:                   Array and List Functions.
* rstrchr function (really rindex):     String Functions.
* s2p (sed to perl translator):         s2p.
* s2p considerations:                   s2p Considerations.
* s2p options:                          s2p Options.
* Saving, redirecting, and restoring STDOUT/STDERR example: Input/Output.
* Scalar context, forcing:              Variable Functions.
* scalar function:                      Variable Functions.
* Scripts, Setuid:                      Setuid Scripts.
* Search and Replace Functions:         Search and Replace Functions.
* Searching, first occurrence:          String Functions.
* Searching, last occurrence:           String Functions.
* Sed to Perl translator:               s2p.
* Sed Traps:                            Sed Traps.
* Seed, random number generator:        Miscellaneous Functions.
* Semaphore functions, semctl:          System V IPC.
* Semaphore functions, semget:          System V IPC.
* Semaphore functions, semop:           System V IPC.
* semctl function:                      System V IPC.
* semget function:                      System V IPC.
* semop function:                       System V IPC.
* Sending a message on a socket:        Networking Functions.
* Sending a signal to a process:        System Interaction.
* Sending a signal to a process example: System Interaction.
* Server example, Interprocess Communication: Interprocess Communication.
* Server example, IPC:                  Interprocess Communication.
* Setting a process' priority:          System Interaction.
* Setting default FILEHANDLE for output: Input/Output.
* Setting random number gen. seed:      Miscellaneous Functions.
* Setting the current process group:    System Interaction.
* Setting the seed for the random number generator: Miscellaneous Functions.
* Setting up aliases in the debugger:   Debugging.
* Setuid Scripts:                       Setuid Scripts.
* Shared Memory function, shmctl:       System V IPC.
* Shared Memory functions, shmget:      System V IPC.
* Shared Memory functions, shmread:     System V IPC.
* Shared Memory functions, shmwrite:    System V IPC.
* Shell Traps:                          Shell Traps.
* shmctl function:                      System V IPC.
* shmget function:                      System V IPC.
* shmread function:                     System V IPC.
* shmwrite function:                    System V IPC.
* Shutting down a socket connection:    Networking Functions.
* Signal handler example:               Predefined Names.
* Signals, predefined variable for:     Predefined Names.
* Similar to die function:              System Interaction.
* Simple fgrep example:                 Search and Replace Functions.
* Simple Statements:                    Simple Statements.
* sine function (same as sin):          Math Functions.
* Sleeping for EXPR seconds:            System Interaction.
* Socket address, Finding:              Networking Functions.
* Socket, connecting to:                Networking Functions.
* Sockets, listen system call:          Networking Functions.
* Sockets, recv system call:            Networking Functions.
* Sockets, creating a pair of sockets:  Networking Functions.
* Sockets, creating a socket:           Networking Functions.
* Sockets, Finding socket address:      Networking Functions.
* Sockets, Finding socket option:       Networking Functions.
* Sockets, Functions for:               Networking Functions.
* Sockets, opening a socket:            Networking Functions.
* Sockets, receiving a message:         Networking Functions.
* Sockets, sending a message:           Networking Functions.
* Sockets, setting socket options:      Networking Functions.
* Sockets, shutting down a socket:      Networking Functions.
* Sorting:                              Array and List Functions.
* Sorting a list:                       Array and List Functions.
* Sorting by age example:               Array and List Functions.
* Sorting examples:                     Array and List Functions.
* Sorting using a user routine:         Array and List Functions.
* Sorting using your own comparison routine example: Array and List Functions.
* Special case of underscore with stat: File Operations.
* Speeding up searches, using study:    Search and Replace Functions.
* Splicing part of a list:              Array and List Functions.
* Splitting a string into an array:     Array and List Functions.
* Splitting passwd file entry example:  Array and List Functions.
* Splitting passwd file entry example:  Array and List Functions.
* Square root function:                 Math Functions.
* Stat-ing symbolic links:              File Operations.
* Statement modifiers:                  Simple Statements.
* Statements, Compound:                 Compound Statements.
* Statements, Simple:                   Simple Statements.
* Statistics for a file, finding:       File Operations.
* strchr function (really index):       String Functions.
* String Functions:                     String Functions.
* String functions, index function:     String Functions.
* String functions, rindex function:    String Functions.
* String functions, finding first string: String Functions.
* String functions, finding last string: String Functions.
* String literals:                      Data Types.
* Strings, Finding length of a string:  String Functions.
* Structure Conversion:                 Structure Conversion.
* stty ex., setting erase char to DEL:  System Interaction.
* Style:                                Style.
* Subroutine context:                   Subroutine Functions.
* Subroutine examples:                  Subroutines.
* Subroutine examples:                  Subroutines.
* Subroutine Functions:                 Subroutine Functions.
* Subroutines:                          Subroutines.
* Subroutines and formal arguments example: Subroutines.
* Substitute function:                  Search and Replace Functions.
* Substitute function examples:         Search and Replace Functions.
* Swapping real/effective uid example:  Predefined Names.
* Switch statement:                     Compound Statements.
* Symbolic links, Creating:             File Operations.
* Symbolic links, reading:              File Operations.
* Symbolic Links, stat-ing:             File Operations.
* Syntax:                               Syntax.
* Syntax of all commands:               Command Summary.
* sysread function:                     System Interaction.
* System and user times for a process:  System Interaction.
* System Interaction:                   System Interaction.
* System return value example:          System Interaction.
* System V sum program implementation:  Structure Conversion.
* System V IPC:                         System V IPC.
* System V IPC, semaphore functions:    System V IPC.
* syswrite function:                    System Interaction.
* Tainted variable examples:            Setuid Scripts.
* Tainted variables:                    Setuid Scripts.
* Testing if a feature exists:          Miscellaneous Functions.
* Text Mode:                            Input/Output.
* Time conversion, local timezone:      Time Functions.
* Time conversion, seconds to local timezone: Time Functions.
* Time Functions:                       Time Functions.
* Time functions, Greenwich time:       Time Functions.
* Timers, alarm function:               System Interaction.
* Top of form format example:           Input/Output.
* touch command example:                File Operations.
* translate function:                   Search and Replace Functions.
* translate function example:           Search and Replace Functions.
* Traps:                                Traps.
* Traps, Awk:                           Awk Traps.
* Traps, C:                             C Traps.
* Traps, Sed:                           Sed Traps.
* Traps, Shell:                         Shell Traps.
* Trigonometric Functions:              Math Functions.
* Trigonometric Functions:              Math Functions.
* Trigonometric functions, exp function: Math Functions.
* Trigonometric Functions, cosine:      Math Functions.
* Trigonometric functions, e to the EXPR: Math Functions.
* Types, Data:                          Data Types.
* Undefining a value:                   Variable Functions.
* Underscore with stat function:        File Operations.
* Unlinking a file(s):                  File Operations.
* Unpacking binary data:                Structure Conversion.
* unshift function example:             Array and List Functions.
* User and system times for a process:  System Interaction.
* Using study and eval example:         Search and Replace Functions.
* Using unpack to emulate ord:          Structure Conversion.
* Using unpack to emulate substr example: Structure Conversion.
* Values of associative arrays:         Array and List Functions.
* Variable Functions:                   Variable Functions.
* variables, Declaring local:           Subroutine Functions.
* Variables, predefined:                Predefined Names.
* Variables, tainted:                   Setuid Scripts.
* vectors and bitfields:                Miscellaneous Functions.
* Waiting for a child process to exit:  System Interaction.
* waitpid function:                     System Interaction.
* Writing a formatted record:           Input/Output.