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- From: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@cs.helsinki.fi>
-
- How to track down an Oops.. [originally a mail to linux-kernel]
-
- The main trick is having 5 years of experience with those pesky oops
- messages ;-)
-
- Actually, there are things you can do that make this easier. I have two
- separate approaches:
-
- gdb /usr/src/linux/vmlinux
- gdb> disassemble <offending_function>
-
- That's the easy way to find the problem, at least if the bug-report is
- well made (like this one was - run through ksymoops to get the
- information of which function and the offset in the function that it
- happened in).
-
- Oh, it helps if the report happens on a kernel that is compiled with the
- same compiler and similar setups.
-
- The other thing to do is disassemble the "Code:" part of the bug report:
- ksymoops will do this too with the correct tools (and new version of
- ksymoops), but if you don't have the tools you can just do a silly
- program:
-
- char str[] = "\xXX\xXX\xXX...";
- main(){}
-
- and compile it with gcc -g and then do "disassemble str" (where the "XX"
- stuff are the values reported by the Oops - you can just cut-and-paste
- and do a replace of spaces to "\x" - that's what I do, as I'm too lazy
- to write a program to automate this all).
-
- Finally, if you want to see where the code comes from, you can do
-
- cd /usr/src/linux
- make fs/buffer.s # or whatever file the bug happened in
-
- and then you get a better idea of what happens than with the gdb
- disassembly.
-
- Now, the trick is just then to combine all the data you have: the C
- sources (and general knowledge of what it _should_ do, the assembly
- listing and the code disassembly (and additionally the register dump you
- also get from the "oops" message - that can be useful to see _what_ the
- corrupted pointers were, and when you have the assembler listing you can
- also match the other registers to whatever C expressions they were used
- for).
-
- Essentially, you just look at what doesn't match (in this case it was the
- "Code" disassembly that didn't match with what the compiler generated).
- Then you need to find out _why_ they don't match. Often it's simple - you
- see that the code uses a NULL pointer and then you look at the code and
- wonder how the NULL pointer got there, and if it's a valid thing to do
- you just check against it..
-
- Now, if somebody gets the idea that this is time-consuming and requires
- some small amount of concentration, you're right. Which is why I will
- mostly just ignore any panic reports that don't have the symbol table
- info etc looked up: it simply gets too hard to look it up (I have some
- programs to search for specific patterns in the kernel code segment, and
- sometimes I have been able to look up those kinds of panics too, but
- that really requires pretty good knowledge of the kernel just to be able
- to pick out the right sequences etc..)
-
- _Sometimes_ it happens that I just see the disassembled code sequence
- from the panic, and I know immediately where it's coming from. That's when
- I get worried that I've been doing this for too long ;-)
-
- Linus
-
-
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Notes on Oops tracing with klogd:
-
- In order to help Linus and the other kernel developers there has been
- substantial support incorporated into klogd for processing protection
- faults. In order to have full support for address resolution at least
- version 1.3-pl3 of the sysklogd package should be used.
-
- When a protection fault occurs the klogd daemon automatically
- translates important addresses in the kernel log messages to their
- symbolic equivalents. This translated kernel message is then
- forwarded through whatever reporting mechanism klogd is using. The
- protection fault message can be simply cut out of the message files
- and forwarded to the kernel developers.
-
- Two types of address resolution are performed by klogd. The first is
- static translation and the second is dynamic translation. Static
- translation uses the System.map file in much the same manner that
- ksymoops does. In order to do static translation the klogd daemon
- must be able to find a system map file at daemon initialization time.
- See the klogd man page for information on how klogd searches for map
- files.
-
- Dynamic address translation is important when kernel loadable modules
- are being used. Since memory for kernel modules is allocated from the
- kernel's dynamic memory pools there are no fixed locations for either
- the start of the module or for functions and symbols in the module.
-
- The kernel supports system calls which allow a program to determine
- which modules are loaded and their location in memory. Using these
- system calls the klogd daemon builds a symbol table which can be used
- to debug a protection fault which occurs in a loadable kernel module.
-
- At the very minimum klogd will provide the name of the module which
- generated the protection fault. There may be additional symbolic
- information available if the developer of the loadable module chose to
- export symbol information from the module.
-
- Since the kernel module environment can be dynamic there must be a
- mechanism for notifying the klogd daemon when a change in module
- environment occurs. There are command line options available which
- allow klogd to signal the currently executing daemon that symbol
- information should be refreshed. See the klogd manual page for more
- information.
-
- A patch is included with the sysklogd distribution which modifies the
- modules-2.0.0 package to automatically signal klogd whenever a module
- is loaded or unloaded. Applying this patch provides essentially
- seamless support for debugging protection faults which occur with
- kernel loadable modules.
-
- The following is an example of a protection fault in a loadable module
- processed by klogd:
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address f15e97cc
- Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: current->tss.cr3 = 0062d000, %cr3 = 0062d000
- Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: *pde = 00000000
- Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: Oops: 0002
- Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: CPU: 0
- Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: EIP: 0010:[oops:_oops+16/3868]
- Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: EFLAGS: 00010212
- Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: eax: 315e97cc ebx: 003a6f80 ecx: 001be77b edx: 00237c0c
- Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: esi: 00000000 edi: bffffdb3 ebp: 00589f90 esp: 00589f8c
- Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: ds: 0018 es: 0018 fs: 002b gs: 002b ss: 0018
- Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: Process oops_test (pid: 3374, process nr: 21, stackpage=00589000)
- Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: Stack: 315e97cc 00589f98 0100b0b4 bffffed4 0012e38e 00240c64 003a6f80 00000001
- Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: 00000000 00237810 bfffff00 0010a7fa 00000003 00000001 00000000 bfffff00
- Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: bffffdb3 bffffed4 ffffffda 0000002b 0007002b 0000002b 0000002b 00000036
- Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: Call Trace: [oops:_oops_ioctl+48/80] [_sys_ioctl+254/272] [_system_call+82/128]
- Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: Code: c7 00 05 00 00 00 eb 08 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 89 ec 5d c3
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
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