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- FORMING YOUR BUSINESS
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- You can conduct business in one of three legal
- forms: a sole proprietorship, partnership, or
- corporation; and in many states a fourth form -- the
- limited liability company. Each has its charms and
- drawbacks.
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- The sole proprietorship
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- As business setups go, this one is the simplest.
- A sole proprietorship is a one-person concern that is
- not closely regulated by state or federal governments.
- All net income from the business counts as personal
- income on your tax returns. Also, all liabilities of
- the business are personal liabilities, so there are
- risks.
- This is a good way to start a business, since you
- may be able to deduct your home office, transportation,
- supplies, professional dues and publications, and many
- other expenses. But you cannot deduct most employee
- benefits, such as life and health insurance.
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- Partnership
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- This arrangement -- often consummated when someone
- with an idea joins someone with capital -- is similar
- to the sole proprietorship in that the owners are
- personally liable for the activities and debts of the
- business.
- Profits are considered personal income for the
- partners. When you take on a partner, you can be held
- personally liable for any debts he takes on for the
- company -- even if you don't approve them.
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- The corporation
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- You can incorporate even if you are the only
- employee of the business. A corporation is a little
- more costly than a partnership or proprietorship. It
- must register with the state, pay an annual franchise
- tax, file annual federal and state corporate tax
- returns, and follow other procedures.
- The corporation is a separate entity from you.
- All transactions between you and the corporation must
- be handled in a professional manner. You must strictly
- document cash receipts and expenditures and handle all
- personal transfers properly. When you're incorporated,
- the IRS no longer considers you and the business to be
- "one pocket," so there may be tax consequences to some
- personal business transactions.
- But the corporation still offers enormous
- possibilities for income splitting, accumulating
- earnings, and getting tax-free fringe benefits. (More
- on these below.) And because the government treats you
- and the corporation as separate entities, your personal
- assets are usually protected from creditors and legal
- settlements.
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- The limited liability company
-
- A new form of business entity, combining the best
- features of the corporation and the partnership, is now
- available in many states. A limited liability company
- has corporate limitation of liability, but the tax
- transparency of a partnership. Formation costs are
- usually similar to, or less than, corporate formation
- costs. In some ways it acts like a Subchapter S
- corporation, by passing through the tax advantages, but
- it is more flexible than the Subchapter S corporation
- because there are no restrictions on who may hold
- shares in a limited liability company. It can have a
- mixture of owners -- individuals, corporations, trusts,
- non-resident aliens, non-profit foundations ...
- whatever. Check with the corporation office in your
- state to see if it is available in yet. Many states
- have already provided for limited liability companies,
- and enabling legislation is pending in many more.
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