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- Section [6]: Introduction to Telecommunications
- Written February 1, 1992
- By: The Phone Knome
- Sysop of The Bill System
-
- This is the first in a series of articles about the Public Switched Telephone
- Network as it functions in the United States and Canada. The purpose of the
- series is to expand the horizons of any individual who desires to increase
- their awareness of how all these machines that are connected to each other
- function together as a network.
-
- These articles are not copyrighted. Let no one do so. They shall be free for
- distribution anywhere at anytime. They are dedicated to the millions whose
- need to communicate with each other have given me a career.
-
- ********************** Reality Alert & Warning *******************************
-
- IT IS EXPRESSLY STATED THAT THE AUTHORS OF THIS ARTICLE & ANY THAT MAY
- FOLLOW IN THE SERIES, STRONGLY DISCOURAGE ANY AND ALL INDIVIDUALS FROM
- ENGAGING IN ACTS OF TOLL FRAUD OR ELECTRONIC PRIVACY INVASION. THESE
- ARTICLES ARE NOT BEING WRITTEN TO TEACH THE READERS HOW TO BEHAVE IN THE
- CRIMINAL ACTS THAT THEY MAY DISCUSS IN DEPTH.
-
- ******************************************************************************
-
- On With the show...
-
- In the Science of telecommunications there are two major sub-sciences
- that work as a team to get the job done. They are ***Transmission***
- and ***Switching***. Transmission will be covered in the first few
- issues. Switching will be briefly defined but basicly dealt with later.
-
- Transmission is not a gear box as far as this series is concerned. It is
- the Transport of an electrical or accoustic energy (message) from one point
- to another. In its simplest applications it is copper wire. Due to the
- basic concept of Ohms Law & attenuation the range of wire alone is somewhat
- limited. The only thing I know of that has a wider bandwidth for direct
- connection is optical cable. The need to send a signal greater than it was
- possible useing wire alone caused the evolution of several generations of
- increasingly sophisticated transmission systems. The greed asociated with
- money added motivation to continue to develop systems that would increase
- the throughput of existing transmission components thereby cutting costs,
- and since our utility bills never go down if a Telco (Telphone Company)
- can cut operating cots their profit just goes up.
-
- By far one of the most important concepts that will serve as a foundation
- of enlightenment in this series is that of Digital Transmission with the
- MOST PREVAILING FORMAT being **** T1 ***** sometimes referred to as DS1.
-
- A T1 circuit is basicly a pipe that goes from one location to another to
- pass telephone calls, and or Private line Data Services Back and forth.
- In common applications it contains 24 telephone lines in a digital format.
- The format is serial synchronous in nature with a line rate of 1,544,000
- bits per second. Hauling ass compared to 14,400 huh?
-
- T1 ckts are used mostly to tie a Telephone Company Switch in one location
- to a switch in another location. Their use is also on the rise for Private
- Point to Point Communication in virtually endless possible applications.
- Most of the larger Telcos and LD Carriers now offer Line Services to Larger
- Commercial Customer in Metro areas in a T1 lie format.
-
- Many great enhancements with few drawbacks came with the introduction of T1
- technology in the early 70s. Line noise has all but disappeared in most
- connections useing the larger carriers. If we time warped 2 hst modems
- back to 1955 we would be lucky to get a 2400 baud connect. It alo brought
- about the ability to call coast to coast without spending a fortune. They
- dont require as much maintenance as analog networks so zillions of jobs
- went away through the years.
-
- One of the requested topics has been that of wire taps. T1 has made this
- a lot easier to implement and nearly impossible to detect by the tapped
- party. In nearly 90% of the USA a telephone signal is analog for a short
- distance on each end of the connection, From the serveing Telco to the
- telephone set or modem. A digital signal is the easiest to monitor with
- no affect on the analog lines. A digital test set with an impedance of
- 1000 ohms on the input will not even cause a click when the test cord is
- inserted in the jack. most digital switches provide for Maintenance
- monitoring of analog lines by electronicly bridgeing a D to A convertor
- to the line just after it is converted to digital from analog in the
- transmit direction and just before it is converted from digital to analog
- in the receive direction. Bottom line is that anyone who can gain the
- cooperation of the telephone company with or without a court order can
- eavesdrop without haveing any affect at all on the circuit that goes out
- to the telephone set. This total circuit isolation makes it impossible
- to detect this kind of tap.
-
- There are many So Called Tap detectors on the market. They function on
- the premise of detecting abnormal voltage or current levels associated
- with the line inbetween the serving telephone company and the users phones.
- They are incapable of detecting any thing beyond the first line transformer.
-
- In effect even without telco help it is very easy to insert a device any
- where in the line betwwen the phone & the telco that can isolate the phone
- side of the circuit and alow monitoring equipment to be attatched with no
- side affects to your line. Such devices can even be field calibrated so
- that all voltage and attenuation characteristics that were present prior to
- its installation are repeated torwards the phone. They can be adjusted to
- within a millivolt for the DC characteristics an .05 db for the analog
- characteristics.
-
- At the risk of gossiping about the many law enforcement agencies that might
- try to tap a line I have an opinion or two.
-
- 1. If the Feds want to listen they probably will, you cant tell, and if
- they are that interested you are probably toast any way, they are just
- trying to find out who your associates are by listening.
-
- 2. Many States, Counties, Large Cities & even a few Fed agencies can contract
- with individuals who have the equipment needed to do this kind of dirty work.
-
- 3. Most small town or county agencies would be likely to try it with an
- analog tap that a third grader could find with a multimeter. 20 bucks &
- a trip to Radio Shack would probably do the trick on building a gizmo that
- would make a light go on if someone tried a crude tap.
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