By 1880, some de-regulation of the sex industry had taken place in France. The "houses of tolerance" were replaced by a less rigidly controlled network of "passing houses" or "rendez-vous houses," "women's bars," "surprise boutiques" (clothing or perfume shops where the sex trade went on in the back rooms), as well as other establishments.
Under these looser regulations, owners no longer required permission from the police to open a house.
