Chip 1995 March/CHIP3.mdf/utility/cad/graphica.hlp

Text File | 1994-02-01 | 85.8 KB | 2,686 lines

\about
\
                             G R A P H I C A

     GRAPHICA is a command-driven interactive graphics program for making
 presentation quality graphs on a computer.  This two-dimensional data
 plotting system is designed specifically for scientific and engineering
 applications.  GRAPHICA is easy to use, interactive, powerful and it runs on
 personal computers, mainframes and workstations.  With GRAPHICA, you can:

     o   plot functions or data files
     o   evaluate and plot mathematical expressions
     o   fit spline or polynomials to data
     o   display and print a graph on hardcopy devices
     o   export graphs in HPGL, PostScript or other formats
     o   draw text in roman, greek and cyrillic fonts
     o   get online help
\instructions

 Instructions

     Invoking the HELP utility
     -------------------------
 The HELP utility displays information about requested GRAPHICA topics.  From
 the GRAPHICA command level (in response to the $ prompt), you can display a
 list of topics for which help information is available by typing HELP (or ?)
 and pressing the RETURN key.  The system responds by displaying a brief
 description of GRAPHICA, followed by a list of topics for which help is
 available, followed by the prompt "Topic?".

     Specifying topic names
     ----------------------
 To display information on a particular topic, respond to the prompt by
 typing the name of the topic and pressing the RETURN key.

     Subtopic information
     --------------------
 The information displayed by HELP on a particular topic includes a
 description of the topic and a list of subtopics that further describe the
 topic.  To display subtopic information, type one of the subtopic names from
 the list in response to the "Subtopic?" prompt.

     Special responses to prompts
     ----------------------------
 If you press RETURN in response to the "Subtopic?" prompt instead of typing
 a subtopic name, the "Topic?" prompt reappears,  enabling you to enter
 another topic name.  If you press RETURN in response to the "Topic?" prompt,
 you will exit from HELP.

 You can type a question mark (?) in response to any of the prompts to
 redisplay the most recently requested text and a list of topic or subtopic
 names.  For example, if you type ? in response to the "Subtopic?" prompt, a
 list of subtopics is displayed followed by the "Subtopic?" prompt.
\arrow
\noarrow
\show arrows
 Syntax:

     arrow {tag} {from sx,sy} {to ex,ey} {len} {ang} {type (1-5)}
     noarrow {tag}
     show arrows

 Description:

     The 'arrow' command is used to draw arrows.  All positions (x,y) default
 to 0,0.  The x and y values are real numbers.  These values can be either in
 the paper (inches) or the graph coordinate system (mapped units) depending on
 the status of the location flag (see the location command).

     The tag is an integer that may be used to identify a given arrow.  If no
 tag is given, the lowest unused tag value is assigned automatically.  This tag
 can be used to delete or change a specific arrow.  To change any attribute of
 an existing arrow, use the arrow command with the appropriate tag, and specify
 the parts of the arrow to be changed.

     An optional arrow type may be specified.  The default arrow type is 3 or
 full.  Here's a list of the available arrow types:

     type = 1           single wing
     type = 2           single wing with a back line
     type = 3           full
     type = 4           full with a half dimension line
     type = 5           full with a dimension line

     The arrowhead length and width are 20% and 6% of the total arrow length.
 If the arrowhead length is less than 1/8", it will remain at 1/8" regardless
 of the total arrow length.

 Examples:

 to set an arrow pointing from the origin to (1,2) use:
     graphica> arrow to 1.0,2.0

 to set an arrow from (-10,4) to (-5,5), and tag the arrow number 3, use:
     graphica> arrow 3 from -10,4 to -5,5

 to change the preceding arrow begin at 1.1,1.3, use:
     graphica> arrow 3 from 1.1,1.3

 to delete arrow number 2 use:
     graphica> noarrow 2

 to delete all arrows use:
     graphica> noarrow
\audit
\show audit
 Syntax:

     audit {'filename'}
     show audit

 Description:

     This command makes a copy of all your input commands into the given
 filename.  You may later use it as a 'load' or 'input' file.  'show audit'
 tells whether auditing is active or not.

 Examples:

     graphica> audit 'trace.dat'
     graphica> audit

 in the latter case, a file called GRAPHICA.ODT will contain a audit trace of
 all commands.
\autoscale
\noautoscale
\show autoscale
 Syntax:

     autoscale {x} {y} {y2} {x2}
     noautoscale
     show autoscale

 Description:

     Frequently, it is difficult for the user to select suitable axis limits
 and step sizes, especially if the data being plotted varies greatly from one
 execution of the program to the next.  For this reason GRAPHICA provides
 automatic axis scaling for all axes.

     The autoscale command sets the autoscaling feature for an axis.  If an
 axis is not autoscaled, the default or current map is used when data is
 plotted.

 Examples:

     graphica> autoscale x
     graphica> noautoscale

 Another example.  Suppose you have a data file with two columns of data,
 x and y but don't know their ranges.  You could do the following:

     graphica> data 'mydata.dat'
     graphica> draw data
     graphica> plot x y

 and determine how the data looks.  The axes are autoscaled.  Then you could
 say,

     graphica> noaxes
     graphica> map x 0 100 y 30 200

 where the mapped range would be your own values and then,

     graphica> draw x y

 would draw the axes with the desired mapped range.
\axes
\axis
\noaxes
\show axes
\show axis
 Syntax:

     axes
     noaxes
     show axes

 Description:

     The 'axes' command performs a similar function to that of the 'draw'
 command.  However, only those axes that have been previously mapped are drawn
 with this command.

     The 'noaxes' command will delete any previously specified axes, so the
 effect is as if the axes had never been drawn.  It is very useful for one
 important reason:  GRAPHICA maintains a list in memory of all the axes that
 have been drawn on the same page.  For example, if you had 2 graphs on one
 page and needed to get a hardcopy, GRAPHICA would have to keep track of where
 everything is so that it could give you an exact reproduction on paper of
 what you had on your screen.  The 'noaxes' command effectively wipes out all
 traces of previously drawn axes and lets you start anew.

 Examples:

     graphica> axes
     graphica> noaxes
     graphica> show axes
\background
\show background
 Syntax:

     background {color} {integer}/<name>
     show background

 Description:

     Sets the background color.  See the 'pen color' command for more details
 on the kinds of colors available to use with this command.

 Examples:

     graphica> background 3
     graphica> back red
\beep
\nobeep
 Syntax:

     beep
     nobeep

 Description:

     These two commands are used to toggle GRAPHICA beeps on and off.  The
 default is on.

 Examples:

     graphica> beep

 activates the beep when the screen has been drawn or when there's an error.

     graphica> nobeep

 turns beeping off.
\character
\show character
 Syntax:

     character {gap} {ratio} {size} {slant} <value>
     character {font} <integer>
     show character

 Description:

     This command sets character attributes such as the font type, character
 gap, ratio, size and slant.

 Examples:

     graphica> character size 0.15 ratio 0.6
     graphica> char gap 0.2 slant -10
     graphica> character font 2


 Also see CHARACTER FONT, CHARACTER GAP, CHARACTER RATIO, CHARACTER SIZE,
 CHARACTER SLANT, SUBSCRIPT, SUPERSCRIPT and TEXT.
\font
\character font
\show font
 Syntax:

     {character} font <integer>
     show font

 Description:

     A font is a collection of characters with a unified design.  The
 command 'font' defines the font style for characters.  Characters may be
 hardware or software generated.  The default font style is 1 which is a
 software generated character.  The software generated character fonts are
 based on a database originally created by Dr. A.V. Hershey while working
 at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards.  They have been reorganized and
 classified into several groups following the ASCII set.  The fonts
 currently implemented are:

     font 1 = simplex roman
     font 2 = simplex greek
     font 3 = complex roman
     font 4 = complex greek
     font 5 = complex cyrillic

 and also

     font 6 = simplex script
     font 7 = complex script

 on some systems.

 Example:

     graphica> font 3

 specifies a font of complex roman style.
\character gap
 Syntax:

     character gap <value>

 Description:

     The character gap attribute defines the spacing between adjacent
 characters in a text string, in the direction of the character path.  The
 character gap is defined as a fraction of the average character box size.
 The default gap of 0.0 implies that adjacent character boxes are to be
 abutting.  A gap of 1.0 implies that a gap, equivalent to the size of the
 average characterbox, is to be inserted between adjacent characters along the
 path.  A gap of -0.5 implies that character boxes are to partially overlap.

 Example:

     graphica> character gap 1.0
\character ratio
 Syntax:

     character ratio <value>

 Description:

     Specifies the ratio of the width of the character to its height.  The
 default character ratio is 1.0.

 Example:

     graphica> character ratio 0.8
\character size
 Syntax:

     character size <value>

 Description:

     The 'character size' attribute defines the vertical size of the
 characters in default units (in, cm, mm).  GRAPHICA sets the default
 character size of all strings and labels to 0.17 in.

 Example:

     graphica> character size 0.2
\character slant
 Syntax:

     character slant <value>

 Description:

     Specifies the number of degrees the characters tilt from the vertical.
 The sign convention for the direction of rotation is as follows:

     + clockwise
     - counterclockwise

 The default character slant is 0.0 degrees.

 Example:

     graphica> character slant 25
\cd
 Syntax:

     cd <directory-name>

 Description:

     The 'cd' command changes the working directory to <directory-name>.

 Examples:

     graphica> cd c:\work
     graphica> cd ..
     graphica> cd c:\work\examples
\circle
\show circle
 Syntax:

     circle {center at <x>,<y>} {radius <value>}
     show circle

 Description:

     This command draws a circle with the given radius in user default units at
 the given position (also in user default units).

 Example:

     graphica> circle radius 2.0 center at 3.0 4.0.
\clear
 Syntax:

     clear

 Description:

     The 'clear' command erases the current screen or output device as
 specified by output.  It also resets all internal flags to the default state
 found when entering GRAPHICA, i.e. no axes, no frame, default map, etc.  This
 usually generates a formfeed on hardcopy devices.

 Example:

     graphica> clear
\column
\show columns
 Syntax:

     column <integer> {is} {x} {y} {y2} {x2}
     show columns

 Description:

     This powerful command allows the assignment of any data column read from
 a user file to a certain axis.

 Examples:

     graphica> column 3 y2
     graphica> column 2 is x 1 is y

 assigns column 3 of a data file to the x-axis and column 1 to the y-axis.
 Then plot x y add points will generate a graph of column 3 versus column 1.
\comment
     Comments are supported as follows:  C, c, # or [ may appear in most
 places in a line and GRAPHICA will ignore the rest of the line.  It will not
 have this effect inside quotes or inside numbers (including complex numbers).

 Examples:

     graphica> [ test file ]
     graphica> echo           # echo all commands
     graphica> # map axes
     graphica> map x 0 10 y 0 10
\data
\file
 Syntax:

     data {from} {file} {'filename'} {autox}
              x(1) y(1)
              x(2) y(2)
              x(3) y(3)
                .    .
              x(n) y(n)
     end

 Description:

     Discrete data contained in a file can displayed by specifying the name
 of a data file (enclosed in quotes) on the plot command line.  Using the
 'data' command simply reads in the data from a file, without plotting it.

     Data files may contain one or more data points per line.  If more than
 one data point is encountered on a line, the data points in a given column
 are referred to as columns.  If just one value is given on a line, the
 program will use the number of the coordinate as the x value.  Coordinate
 numbers start at 1 and are incremented for each data point read.  Lines
 beginning with # (or [) will be treated as comments and ignored.

     Numbers can be separated by a comma or one or more blanks (free
 format).  There is no limit to the number of data points possible (well,
 until memory is exhausted.)  Optionally, data pairs read interactively can
 be put on a single input line.  You can't input multiple columns of data
 interactively, just two columns.

     If the data to be plotted is on a data file already, then the command
 'data {from} {file}' opens the data file and reads pairs of points.  It
 is possible to have several sets of data one after another in the same
 data file.  Simply separate them sets by blank lines:  GRAPHICA will read
 each set in sequence and plot the curves one after another.  This way you
 won't need a bunch of data filenames in one script file: just put all the
 data in one data file separated by blank lines.

     Several columns of data (up to 20) can be read in at once.  These can
 in turn be assigned to different axes with the COLUMN command later on.

     Specifying 'autox' will result in the automatic assignment of the x
 values starting from 1.  In other words, you may read in one or more columns
 of y data only and GRAPHICA will assign the x values for you.

 Also see COLUMN.

 Examples:

     graphica> data 'gel3.dat'

     graphica> data file 'comfil'

     graphica> data                   # interactive data input only
     graphica> 1.0,10.0 2.0,20.0 3.0,30.0 4.0,40.0 5.0,50.0
     graphica> end

     graphica> data 'test.dat' autox

     In this last example, if 'test.dat' contained only one column of data
 (the y values);, x would be assigned automatically by GRAPHICA.
\del
\delete
\rm
 Syntax:

     del <file>
     rm <file>

 Description:

     The 'del' command deletes a file.  Pathnames, wildcards, and drive
 designators may be used in the usual way for your operating system.  Other
 operating system commands can be issued using the $ character followed
 by a command.  'rm' works on the Apollo and Coherent versions.

 Examples:

     graphica> del script.plt

 deletes the ASCII file script.plt.

     graphica> del foo

 deletes the ASCII file foo.
\digitize
 Syntax:

     digitize

 Description:

     Establish an X-Y position from a point in the plot.  This position is
 relative to the plot graphic origin (0,0), the lower left hand corner of the
 paper on which the plot appears.  If there is a mouse present, the default
 pointer will appear and you may move it around.  Press any mouse button and
 the point will be digitized.  If no mouse driver is present, the keyboard
 arrow keys will let you move a cross-hair until you hit enter.

 Example:

     graphica> digitize
\dir
\ls
 Syntax:

     dir <file>
     ls <file>

 Description:

     The 'dir' command lists the files and subdirectories in a directory.
 Pathnames, wildcards, and drive designators may be used in the usual way for
 your operating system.  Other operating system commands can be issued using
 the $ character followed by a command.  'ls' works on the Apollo and
 Coherent versions.

 Examples:

     graphica> dir

 lists all files in the current directory.

     graphica> dir *.plt

 lists all files with an extension of .plt in the current directory.
\divisions
\show divisions
 Syntax:

     divisions {x} {y} {y2} {x2} <major> <minor>
     show divisions

 Description:

     GRAPHICA draws a tic at each axis value (major tic) and other tic marks
 in between (minor tics).

     The 'divisions' command determines the number of major and minor tic
 marks.  These two numbers must be integers.  Major and minor tic marks are
 one less than the total number of divisions for a particular axis.  For
 example, if the x-axis range is 0 to 25, a good selection for major divisions
 would be 5.  The major tic marks will appear at 5, 10, 15, and 20.  5 could
 be chosen as the number of minor divisions.  This results in four minor tic
 marks between two major ones.  The defaults are 5,2.

 Example:

     graphica> divisions x 5,2 y 5,2.
\draw
 Syntax:

     draw {x} {y} {y2} {x2} {mask} {reflect}

 Description:

     Draws the specified axis with the given range, tic size and number of
 divisions.  The key words 'x,x2,y,y2' may be followed by two optional key
 words, 'mask' and/or 'reflect'.  If 'mask' is specified, that axis is drawn
 with the major and minor tic marks but with no numbers or label.  If the
 'reflect' option is used, a mirror image of that axis is drawn.

 Example:

     graphica> draw x reflect y reflect.

 draws the x and y axes with opposite mirror images.

 Note:  You may draw more than one axis of the same kind by suitably changing
 the subplot area.
\dummy
\show dummy
 Syntax:

     dummy <dummy-var>
     show dummy

 Description:

     By default, GRAPHICA assumes that the independent variable for the
 'plot' command line is 'x'.  'x' is called the dummy variable because it is
 just a notation to indicate the independent variable.  The 'dummy' command
 changes this default dummy variable name.  For example, you may find it more
 convenient to call the dummy variable 't' when plotting time functions.

 Examples:

     graphica> dummy t
     graphica> dummy s
\dump
 Syntax:

     dump {device-type} {'filename'}

 Description:

     Generates hardcopy output into a file.  The available device types are:

          epson, qms, hpgl, pic, postscript

     If the filename is omitted, GRAPHICA will use a default filename of the
 form 'graphica.xxx' where .xxx is one of:

          .prn, .qms, .hpg, .pic, .ps

 depending on the chosen device type.  If the device type is missing and you
 have defined the environment variable GRAPDUMP, then this device will be
 used.  A device type specified on the command line overrides any device type
 previously specified in GRAPDUMP.  You will get an error message if GRAPHICA
 can't find a device type somewhere (either in the environment or on the
 command line.)

 Examples:

     graphica> dump hpgl 'plotter.dat'

 generates a file called plotter.dat containing HPGL commands.  You may send
 this file directly to an HP plotter or import it into another program which
 accepts HPGL commands, such as WordPerfect, Ventura Publisher, etc.

     graphica> dump hpgl

 does the same thing except it dumps the output to 'graphica.hpg'.

     graphica> dump 'plotter.dat' hpgl

 same effect as the first example.

     graphica> dump

 In this case, if GRAPDUMP=post, a postscript file will be generated, but you
 will get an error message otherwise.

 On DOS systems,

     graphica> dump epson

 generates a binary file called 'graphica.prn' which you may send to an
 Epson-compatible printer (after you're out of GRAPHICA or by 'shelling' out
 to DOS) by typing:

     C:\>copy/b graphica.prn lpt1:

     The resolution of this plot is 512 x 384 pixels on a 9-pin dot-matrix
 printer.

 Also see ENVIRONMENT.
\echo
\noecho
 Syntax:

     echo
     noecho

 Description:

     The 'echo' command causes all input typed at the terminal or picked up
 from a load file to be displayed at the terminal.  This is useful with a load
 file because progress can be monitored.  The default is 'noecho.'

 Examples:

     graphica> echo

 switches echoing on

     graphica> noecho

 switches echoing off.
\quit
\exit
 Syntax:

     exit
     quit

 Description:

     The commands 'exit' and 'quit' will terminate GRAPHICA.  These commands
 will clear the output device (as the clear command does) before exiting.  If
 this command is used in a script file, program execution halts immediately.
 Do not use this command until you really want to exit the program.

 Example:

     graphica> exit

 and you will be back at the command line prompt.
\exponent
\noexponent
\show exponent
 Syntax:

     exponent
     noexponent
     show exponent

 Description:

     Use this option to select either a fixed or exponential format for
 logarithmic axis tic mark labels.

     Exponential format is displayed as the number 10 with an exponent.  For
 example, the value 0.001 will be displayed as 10 to the power -3 on a log
 axis with exponential format.

 Example:

     graphica> exponent

 Also see FORMAT.
\format
\show format
 Syntax:

     format {x} {y} {y2} {x2} <integer>
     format {x} {y} {y2} {x2} ({"<label>"} <pos> {, {"<label>"} <pos>}...)
     format {log} n
     format {long} {short}
     show format

 Description:

     The main 'format' command controls the format of numbers plotted next to
 the major tic marks.  The parameter in angle brackets indicates the number of
 digits drawn after the decimal point.  A -1 or 0 causes the numbers to be
 displayed in integer format.  The default value for the number of digits to
 the right of the decimal point for all axes is 2.

     The ("<label>" <pos>, ...) format allows non-numeric tic labels.  Each set
 of tics can have an optional label.  The label is a string enclosed by quotes,
 such as "hello".  The label may even be empty.  You have to include the ( and
 ) for the non-numeric tic labels to work.  Of course, the corresponding axis
 will have to be mapped properly for user-defined labels to work.  That is, if
 you map the y axis from -10 to -5 and specify "format y ("one" 1, "two" 2),
 you'll get labels like "-10", etc. instead of "one", "two", etc.

     For logarithmic axes, 'format log' controls how often major and minor tic
 marks should be labeled.  Enter a frequency of:

    n = 1     to label all minor tics and all major tics
    n = 2     to label even minor tics and all major tics
    n = 3     to label minor tics 2 and 5, and all major tics
    n = 4     to label minor tic 3, and all major tics
    n = 5     to label only major tics.

 The result of any GRAPHICA assignment statement is displayed on the screen.
 The numeric display format can be controlled using the 'format' command.  The
 default format, called the 'short' format, shows approximately 5 significant
 decimal digits.  For the 'long' format (approx. 15 digits) the last
 significant digit may appear to be incorrect but the output is actually an
 accurate representation of the binary number stored in the computer.

 Examples:

     graphica> format x 2 y 3

 In this example, the x-axis labels will be printed with 2 decimal points and
 the y-axis labels with 3.

     graphica> format x ("Jan" 1, "Feb" 2, "Mar" 3)
     graphica> format y ("bottom" 0, "" 10, "top" 20)

 Here, we're using the user-defined axis labels.  "Jan" will be printed instead
 of a "1", "Feb" instead of 2, and "Mar" instead of 3.  In the second example,
 the label "bottom" will appear at the "0" position, and "top" will appear at
 the "20" position.

     graphica> format log 2

 in this case, the even minor tic marks will be labeled (2,4,6,8) for each log
 cycle.

     graphica> a = 4./3.
     graphica> format short
     graphica> print a

     a = 1.33333

     graphica> format long
     graphica> print a

     a = 1.333333333333333

 Also see EXPONENT.
\frame
\noframe
 Syntax:

     frame
     noframe

 Description:

     This command draws a frame around the subplot area.  'noframe' cancels
 this effect.

 Example:

     graphica> frame

 produces a frame around the subplot area.
\grid
\nogrid
 Syntax:

     grid {pen {style} <integer>} {color {type} <integer>}
     nogrid

 Description:

     You may specify whether or not to put a set of horizontal and vertical
 reference lines on a plot at the same points as the axis tic marks.  The grid
 may make it easier to read values off and may improve plot appearance.

     The 'grid' command sets an internal flag that signals the axis drawing
 routine to generate a grid.  'nogrid' cancels this effect for subsequent axis
 draws.  The 'pen' and 'color' keywords may be specified to change the
 appearance of the grid.  The defaults are: nogrid, pen = current pen style +
 2, color = current pen color.

 Examples:

     graphica> grid
     graphica> draw x

     graphica> grid pen 2 color 3
\help
 Syntax:

     help <topic>

 Description:

     If <topic> is not specified, a short message is printed about GRAPHICA.
 After help for the requested topic is given, help for a subtopic may be
 requested by typing its name, extending the help request.  After that
 subtopic has been printed, you may extend the request again, as before, or go
 back one level to the previous topic, by simply pressing return without
 typing anything.  Eventually, you will return to the GRAPHICA command line.

 Examples:

     graphica> help subplot
     graphica> help ?
\labels
\nolabels
\show labels
\show titles
 Syntax:

     label {top} {bottom} {right} {left} "label text"
     label {tag} "label_text" {at (x,y)} {justification} {angle}
     label {origin} <integer>
     nolabel {tag}
     show labels

 Description:

     By default, the text is placed flush left against point x,y.  If you
 want to adjust the way the label is positioned with respect to the point x,y,
 add the parameter <justification>, which may be 'start', 'stop' or 'center'.
 This indicates that the point is to be at the left, right or center of the
 text.  The <justification> may be abbreviated.

     The top label lies above the plot frame line.  The bottom label is drawn
 below the frame.  'start', 'center' and 'stop' cause the program to halt for
 pen positioning if a label position was not specified.  The start label is
 drawn left-justified.  The center label is centered around (x,y) and the stop
 label is right-justified.  The top and bottom labels are centered and each
 subsequent label goes either above or below the previously drawn label.  The
 label will be drawn at an 'angle'from the horizontal.

     'tag' is an integer that is used to identify the label.  If no tag is
 given, the lowest unused tag value is assigned automatically.  The tag can be
 used to delete or change a specific label.  To change any attribute of an
 existing label, use the label command with the appropriate tag, and specify
 the parts of the label to be changed.

     The 'xlabel' command is equivalent to the label bottom command (and so
 are the 'x2label', 'ylabel' and 'y2label' commands equivalent to the label
 top, left and right commands.)

 Examples:

 to set a label at (1,2) to "y=x" use:

     graphica> label "y=x" at 1,2

 to set a label "y=x^2" with the right of the text at (2,3), and
 tag the label number 3, use:

     graphica> label 3 "y=x\U2" at 2,3 stop

 to change the preceding label to center justification, use:

     graphica> label 3 center

 to delete label number 2 use:

     graphica> nolabel 2

 to delete all labels use:

     graphica> nolabel
\legends
\show legends
 Syntax:

     legend {framed} {offset <value>} {left} {center}
            {right} {flat} {stacked} {at <x>,<y>}

              'legend string'
              {pen {style} {width} <integer>}
              {length {value}}
              {symbol {integer}/{name}}
              {{pen} color {integer}/{name}}

     end
     show legends

 Description:

     This command places a legend at a digitized location.  This location is
 x/y default units away from the lower left hand corner of the current page
 size.  If a line pattern is specified a small segment of the line is drawn
 before the text.  If a symbol is specified, that symbol is drawn before the
 text.  'pen', 'length', 'symbol' and 'color' can be specified in any order.

     The 'legend' command processes information until the word 'end' is
 encountered.  'left', 'center' and 'right' are keywords to place the whole
 legend (lines, symbols and text) at that relative given position.

     'offset' specifies the separation between lines in a given legend in
 multiples of the current character size.  The default is 2.5 times the
 character size.

     'length' specifies the length of the line drawn, if one has been asked
 for with the 'pen' keyword.  It is in default paper units (inches).

     'framed' places a frame around the legend.  This frame is also a
 masked area.  So if you draw a legend first, then anything drawn "over" the
 legend will effectively be masked out.  You can only have one "masked" area
 (see MASK).

     'flat' is a keyword used to draw all the legend information in one
 line.  The default mode of operation is stacked.

 Examples:

     graphica> legend framed at 2.0 3.0
     graphica> 'This is one line with a symbol' symbol square
     graphica> color 3 'This second line is in another color'
     graphica> pen 4 length 1.0 'one inch line'
     graphica> end

     graphica> legend center at 5.0,4.0
     graphica> symb 1 'experimental data set 1'
     graphica> symb 2 'experimental data set 2'
     graphica> pen 3 'simulation results'
     graphica> end

     graphica> legend center at 5.0,4.0 flat framed
     graphica> pen 1 'data 1'
     graphica> pen 2 'data 2'
     graphica> end

 This last example draws all the legend information on one line as compared
 to the other two examples above which draw stacked legends.  See the
 example script files 'legend.plt' and 'flat.plt'.

\lines
\nolines
\show lines
 Syntax:

     line {tag} {from sx,sy} {to ex,ey}
     noline {tag}
     show lines

 Description:

     This command is used to make more complicated diagrams by specifying each
 line to be drawn.  The linked list so created may be corrected and modified
 by specifying new coordinates or 'noline'.

     Use 'show lines' to check all lines previously specified.

 Examples:

     graphica> line from 3.0,4.0 to 6.0,8.0
     graphica> line 2 to 3.0,5.0

this last command modifies line number 2 to end at (3,5).
\load
\input
 Syntax:

     load <filename>
     input <filename>

 Description:

     The 'load' command executes each command line of the specified input
 file as if they had been typed in interactively.  Files created by the
 'audit' command can later be loaded.  Any text file containing valid commands
 can be created and then executed by the 'load' command.  Files being loaded
 may themselves contain 'load' commands.  The 'load' command must be the last
 command on the line.  The name of the input file must be enclosed in single
 or double quotes if there are any non-character elements in the name, e.g.
 file.dat has a dot in it so you must enclose it in quotes.

 Examples:

     graphica> load 'work.plt'
     graphica> load "function.dat"
     graphica> input 'my.plt'
     graphica> input plot

     The 'load' command is performed implicitly on any file names given as
 arguments to GRAPHICA.  These are loaded in the order specified, and then
 GRAPHICA exits.  For example,

     C:\graphica myown.plt

 will load GRAPHICA, execute the script file myown.plt and after a key is
 pressed, exit to DOS.  Notice how quotes are not needed to specify data files
 at the command line level.  You may specify more than one file,

     C:\graphica first.plt second.plt
\location
 Syntax:

     location {default} {mapped}

 Description:

     This command allows giving mapped x/y positions in commands like
 'legend', 'label', 'line', and 'arrow.'

 Examples:

     graphica> location mapped

 turns a flag on so that are x/y location are interpreted as being in mapped
 units.

     graphica> location default

 turns the flag off so that are x/y location are interpreted as being in user
 default units (inches, for example, which is the default.)

\map
\nomap
\show map
 Syntax:

     map {x} {y} {y2} {x2} <min> <max>
     nomap
     show map

 Description:

     The command 'map' defines the ranges of the data for the generation of
 axes.  These values determine the numbers that appear along the axes.  The x
 range specifies a range for the bottom x-axis, the x2 range for the top
 x-axis, the y range is for the left y-axis and the y2 range for the right
 y-axis.  If this command is not specified the subplot area is mapped
 automatically from the minimum and maximum (x/y) data values entered with the
 data command.  (This latter procedure will only map the x/y axes, not the
 x2/y2 axes.)

     Mapping can be turned off with the command 'nomap'.
    'show map' shows the currently mapped axes.

 Examples:

     graphica> map x 0,10 y 0.0,100.0
     graphica> map y2 25,-10 x 100,200
\mask
\show mask
 Syntax:

     mask {area} {on} {off} {<x1>,<y1>,<x2>,<y2>}
     nomask

 Description:

     The 'mask' command defines a masking area.  Nothing is drawn over the
 masked area if it is currently active.  The 'legend' command for example,
 creates a mask over the specified legend block and no points or lines are
 drawn over it.  Use 'nomask' to turn masking off or 'mask on'/'mask off'
 to toggle the mask status.

 Examples:

     graphica> mask 2,3 5,8
     graphica> nomask
     graphica> mask on
     graphica> mask off

\memory
 Syntax:

     memory

 Description:

     The 'memory' command gives the number of bytes left in system RAM (only
 in the DOS version of GRAPHICA).

 Example:

     graphica> mem

 would give you the following message:

     System RAM available:   378,588 bytes.

\origin
\noorigin
\show origin
 Syntax:

     origin {x} {y} {axis} <other coordinate value>
     noorigin
     show origin

 Description:

     The normal plot style is to have the data plotted in a box.  It is
 possible to cause either the x or y-axis, or both, to be drawn in such a way
 that they cross at an arbitrary value.  Unless told otherwise, GRAPHICA will
 always draw the axes with their origin values at the physical origin (left
 bottom side of the graph).

     The origin command specifies the axis origin in user defined coordinates.
     'show origin' shows the axis origins.

 Examples:

     graphica> origin x 0 y 0
     graphica> norigin
\output
\show output
 Syntax:

     output {<filename>} {stdout} {com}
     show output

 Description:

     By default, plots are displayed to the standard output (stdout).  The
 'output' command redirects the display to the specified file or device.  The
 filename must be enclosed in quotes.  If the filename is omitted, output will
 be sent to the standard output.  'show output' shows where output is going.

 If you're sending output to the communications port (DOS version), make sure
 you have configured your serial port with the 'mode' command.  For example,

     mode com1:96,n,8,1,p

 configures a serial port for use at 9600-baud, with no parity checking,
 8 bits per character, one stop bit, and with retries.  Graphica can only use
 the 'com1:' port for output.

 Example:

     graphica> output 'output.dat'

 sends output to the file 'output.dat'.

     graphica> output com

 sends output to comm port 1 (com1:).
\paper
\noborder
\show paper
 Syntax:

     paper {size} <dx> {by} <dy> {default}
     noborder
     show paper

 Description:

     The most basic elements of a plot are the paper (or page) and the
 subplot area.  The paper size usually coincides with the graphics device
 hardclip limits, that is, no plotting can be done outside this region.

     The paper command defines the size of the paper.  GRAPHICA sets the page
 limits to the standard 11.0 by 8.5 inch paper size.  If a raster graphics
 terminal is being used the page border is also drawn so that the relative
 size of the plot can be ascer- tained.  This page border may be turned off by
 using the command 'noborder'.

     When paper default is specified, the paper size will be reset to its
 default value and the page border will be drawn once again.

     The paper command is also used to indicate that a new plot is going to
 be generated.  'show paper' shows the current paper dimensions.

 Examples:

     graphica> paper default
     graphica> paper 8.5 by 11
     graphica> pap size 11 8.5
\parametric
 Syntax:

     parametric {plot} t tmin,tmax fx(t),fy(t)
                {connect {points}} {add {symbols}}

 where
     t     = any dummy variable
     tmin  = minimum value of the dummy variable
     tmax  = maximum value of the dummy variable
     fx(t) = x coordinate of each point in the curve
     fy(t) = y coordinate of each point in the curve

 Description:

     The plot command allows plotting curves in GRAPHICA in which you give
 the y coordinate of each point as a function of the x coordinate.  You can
 also use GRAPHICA to make parametric plots.  In a parametric plot, you give
 both the x and y coordinates of each point as a function of a third
 parameter, say t.  It takes two parametric function specifications in terms
 of the paramet- ric dummy argument to describe a single graph.  The order the
 parametric functions is xfunction, yfunction.  Each function operates over
 the common parametric domain.

 Examples:

     graphica> parametric plot t 0,2*pi sin(t) sin(2*t)
     graphica> parametric t 0,2*pi sin(t) cos(t)
     graphica> parametric plot x 1,4 log(x) log(x**2+x**6)

     graphica> r(t) = (3*cos(t)**2-1)/2
     graphica> parametric plot t 0 2*pi r(t)*cos(t) r(t)*sin(t)
\pause
 Syntax:

     pause {<expression>} {"string"}

 Description:

     Halts execution until a user responds at the keyboard.  'pause' is
 useful in conjunction with 'load' files.  It displays any text associated
 with the command and then waits the specified amount of time.  This allows
 one to build a load file and control the amount of time a finished graph is
 displayed.  The first argument can be a negative or a positive integer.
 Choosing -1 will have GRAPHICA wait until any key is hit.  A positive integer
 will have GRAPHICA wait for the specified number of seconds.

     The expression and string are optional.  If a string is present it must
 be enclosed in quotes.  If no expression is given, 'pause' waits a default
 time of 3 seconds.

 Examples:

     graphica> pause     # Wait a default three seconds
     graphica> pause 3   # Wait three seconds
     graphica> pause 10  "Isn't this great?  It's a cubic spline."
     graphica> pause -1  # Wait until a carriage return is hit
     graphica> pause -1  "Hit return to continue"
\pen
\color
\pen speed
\pen color
\pen width
\pen style
 Syntax:

     pen {style} {speed} {width} <value>
     pen {color} <integer>/{name}
     show pen

 Description:

     With the 'pen' command, several parameters may be specified, as follows:

     To distinguish between the lines of a multiline plot, 'style' defines
 the type of the line pattern to use when connecting data points or drawing
 lines.  The default is 1 (a solid line).  All drawing commands are affected
 by the pen style command.  In other words, the line type remains in effect
 until changed.  Issue a new pen style command whenever you wish to respecify
 the line pattern.  There are 8 (eight) pen styles available, with 1 being a
 solid line.

     'width' defines the pen width in pixels or points.  This feature is only
 available in devices with variable pen thickness capability.  There are 8
 (eight) pen widths available, with 1 being a line 1 pixel thick.  This is the
 default.

     'speed' defines the pen speed in a pen plotter in cm/sec.  The speed
 defaults to the output device's default.  (On an HP7475 plotter, this is 30
 cm/sec.)

     'color' defines the pen color by color code or name.  Colors are
 assigned to numbers that in turn correspond to the pen numbers on a plotter.
 There are currently 16 colors defined for the EGA/VGA color monitor:

          0 - black                    8 - gray
          1 - blue                     9 - lblue
          2 - green                   10 - lgreen
          3 - cyan                    11 - lcyan
          4 - red                     12 - lred
          5 - magenta                 13 - lmagenta
          6 - brown                   14 - yellow
          7 - lgray                   15 - white

 Examples:

     graphica> pen style 1, color 3
     graphica> pen width 3
     graphica> pen speed 15 (cm/s)
\show pen
\show color
 This command shows the current drawing specifications.
\plot
\noplot
\nodata
\errorbars
\connect
\add
\needle
\step
\autox
 Syntax:

     plot 'data-file' {autox} {data} 'definition' <function>
              {connect {points}} {add {symbols}} {needle} {step}
              {errorbars {itype}}
     noplot
     show plots

 Definition:

     This command generates plots and is the primary GRAPHICA command.  It
 allows you to plot data, functions and data files.

     <function> is a mathematical expression, 'data-file' the name of a data
 file enclosed in quotes.  If data is specified, previously read-in data is
 plotted.  The filename may be followed by the 'autox' keyword as in the data
 command.  In that case, the x values are assigned automatically starting from
 data point number 1.

     'connect' causes the points to be connected by a straight line of the
 specified default line pattern.

     For plots with more than one line of data, it may be difficult to tell
 the difference between the lines.  For this reason, GRAPHICA includes the
 capability of marking each point in a line with a symbol.  'add' causes the
 specified symbol to be displayed at each data point.  Leaving out the word
 'add' just draws a line through the data points.

     'needle' makes the plot come out such that the y data values are plotted
 as needles perpendicular to the x axis.

     'step' makes a step plot, useful, for example, for plotting production
 data versus years.

     The 'errorbars' keyword lets you add error bars to the plotted data
 points.  An optional integer specifies the type, 1 = no tics, 2 = tics at
 end of bar.  Error bar values are read in one of two ways:  (1) from
 columns 3 and 4 of a data file (these two extra values are read in as ylow
 and yhigh values for the y values in column 2) or (2) from column 3 (this
 value is a delta y).  If you're using the 'autox' keyword you need one
 column less than specified above since the x values will be assigned
 automatically.  Two types of error bars may be drawn:  type 1 is simply a
 vertical line spanning the error;  type 2 has to tic marks parallel to the
 x-axis, the size of the symbol, like a bracket.  The default is type 2.

     For axes specified as logarithmic, the log of the data values is
 plotted.  The log of absolute values is plotted.  For zero or negative data
 values, the log of 0.001 is plotted.

     Optionally, a definition may be given on this line as well.

     'noplot' or 'nodata' clears all data points from memory and leaves
 GRAPHICA as if no data points or functions had been entered.

     'show plots' shows the currently defined plots, including data, functions,
 smoothed curves, polynomial fits and shaded data.

 Examples:

     graphica> plot sin(x)
     graphica> plot 'exp.dat'
     graphica> plot 'bar.dat' errorbars 1
     graphica> plot 'one-y.dat' autox add
     graphica> plot data
     graphica> plot cos(x) add symbols connect points
     graphica> plot s=0.1, t(x)
     graphica> noplot

 where t(x) has been defined previously and is a function of s.

     graphica> show plots

 Also see SYMBOL.
\show plots
    'show plots' shows the currently defined plots, including data, functions,
 smoothed curves, polynomial fits and shaded data.
\plotting
 Syntax:

     plotting sequence <start>,<stop> {{by} <increment>}

 Description:

     In case you want the program to plot the data other than in the normal
 fashion (start with the first point and plot all points up to the last one),
 use this command to alter the program's processing loop.  Given as integers,
 <start> indicates the first data point to start at, <stop> is the last data
 point to plot and <increment> controls which points to pick up within the
 start-stop range.  The default is to plot all points in increments of 1.

 Example:

     graphica> plotting sequence 2,10,2

 plots points 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10.
\show plotting
 Shows the current plotting sequence.
\polyfit
 Syntax:

     polyfit {{degree} n} {range {min} {max}>

 Description:

     The 'polyfit' command generates an nth degree polynomial least squares
 fit of the current data.  The highest degree possible is 10.

     Optionally, the range of the given x values may be given and GRAPHICA
 will plot the least squares fit from min to max only.

 Examples:

     graphica> polyfit degree 2
     graphica> polyfit range 20 30
\show fit
 Shows the current polynomial fitting and correlation coefficients.
\print
 Syntax:

     print <expression>
     <expression>

 Description:

     The print command prints the value of <expression> to the screen.  You
 can also determine the value of expressions or variables by just typing the
 expression or variable in at the graphica> prompt.

 Examples:

     graphica> print 2*3

 would print out 6.

     graphica> 30+2*2

 would print out 34.

 Also see EXPRESSIONS.
\pwd
 Syntax:

     pwd

 Description:

     The pwd command prints the name of the working directory to the screen.

 Example:

     graphica> pwd

 would print out C:\WORK, for example, on DOS systems.
\recall
\editing
 Syntax:

     recall

 Description:

      On some systems, GRAPHICA is compiled with a feature called last-line
 editing and recall.  In that case, the arrow keys on the keypad can be used
 to edit mistyped commands or to recall previous command lines.  The DOS
 version of GRAPHICA does have this feature.

     Instead of retyping an entire line, simply hit the up-arrow or down-
 arrow keys to recall previous input lines.  Then you can move the cursor
 over using the left and right-arrow keys and edit the line.  The arrow keys
 on the keypad work on copies of the previous input lines, which have been
 saved in a moderately sized input buffer.  Here is a brief description of
 their function:

     ^N  or  up arrow          recall previous line
     ^P  or  down arrow        recall next line
     ^B  or  left arrow        move left one character
     ^F  or  right arrow       move right one character
     ^A  or  home              move to beginning of line
     ^E  or  end               move to tend of line
             esc               cancel current line
     ^H  or  del               delete character at cursor
             backspace         delete character left of cursor

     ^K      kills from current position to the end of line
     ^D      deletes the current character, or EOF if line is empty
     ^L/^R   redraw line in case it gets trashed
     ^U      kills the entire line
     ^W      kills last word

     RETURN returns the entire line regardless of the cursor position.

     On systems without the last-line editing and recall feature, the
 'recall' command gives a list of the last 10 user input lines for review.

 Example:

     graphica> recall

 would give out a list such as:

     paper size 11 by 8.5
     subplot 2 3 6 7
     frame
     draw x y
\rectangle
\show rectangles
 Syntax:

     rectangle {from <x1>,<y1>} {to <x2>,<y2>}
     show rectangles

 Description:

     This command generates a rectangle with its lower left hand corner at
 <x1>,<y1> and its upper right hand corner at <x2>,<y2>.

 Example:

     graphica> rectangle from 1.0,2.0 to 3.0,4.0
\revisions
 Revision History
 ----------------
 3 Feb 93 - Changed to version 2.2 and uploaded it to CompuServe.

 2 Feb 93 - Finally got around fixing the legend routines.  The legend
 lines weren't quite aligned when center- or right-justified.  Added a
 new keyword 'flat' to draw non-stacked legends lotus 1-2-3 style.  Check
 out the 'legend.plt' and flat.plt' scripts file to see how it works.

 31 Jan 93 - Added the error and complementary error functions to the
 set of user-callable functions.  See 'help erf' and 'help erfc'.

 30 Jan 93 - Wrote a "getch" function for COHERENT so you can press any
 key to continue rather than having to press return.  Check out the new
 help system.

 29 Jan 93 - New feature: you can now have several curves in a data file
 by separating the data by blank lines.  See help on FILE and the
 'world.plt' example script file.

 28 Jan 93 - Changed the default color to green.

 22 Jan 93 - Fixed BIG BUGS when error bar and probability plotting.

 21 Jan 93 - Fixed a tiny little bug with the memory allocation code
 of the RECALL function in the DOS version.

 20 Jan 93 - Changed version to 2.1.

 20 Jan 93 - Changed code in the COHERENT and DOS versions to read in only
 help keywords when requesting HELP.  The help text is read in from the
 help file as needed.  The new scheme reduces the memory requirements on
 PCs.  Now you can load in bigger script files!

 14 Jan 93 - Ported GRAPHICA to a Sun 4 workstation (no graphics yet).
 Cleaned up the code a little bit, especially dealing with include files.
 Should be easier to port to many platforms now.

 3 Jan 93 - Changed the mouse routines in the DOS version to use a
 software cursor (faster than using getimage/putimage).

 2 Jan 93 - Added code to save text screen before going into graphics in
 the DOS version.  This way when you get back to text mode, previous text
 will still be visible.

 23 Dec 92 - Added the capability of sending output to com1 in the DOS
 version.  If you have a plotter connected to that communications port, for
 example, you can send hpgl output directly to the plotter (without having
 to DUMP to a file and then use COPY FILE COM1: at the DOS prompt.)

 23 Dec 92 - Fixed a little buglet when changing terminal types and output
 was sent to (stdout).  SHOW OUTPUT shows correct output now.

 14 Dec 92 - Added further functionality to the 'format' command by
 allowing user-defined tic labels.  See FORMAT.

 14 Dec 92 - Added the 'square-root' type to the family of axis types.

 8 Dec 92 - Fixed a bug in the help command.  You can abort help by
 pressing q/Q/ESC.  With the bug, the next help command was invalid.

 24 Nov 92 - Added two fonts to the Coherent version, simplex script and
 complex script.  Also added the font name to SHOW FONT on all versions.
 (I'm getting a "DGROUP exceeds 64K" when adding these fonts to the DOS
 version.  I need to get a compiler without the 64K limit on DGROUP data.)

 17 Nov 92 - Fixed a bug with the probability scale.  It wasn't drawing
 the numeric labels in the right place when plotting an x2 or y2 axis.

 12 Nov 92 - Fixed bugs in the 'mask' command.  Circles and rectangles are
 now being masked correctly.

 9 Nov 92 - Released version 2.0 to Simtel.
 5 Oct 92 - Uploaded version 2.0 to CompuServe.

 4 Oct 92 - Fixed a bug in the parsing routine-you can now enter numbers
 preceded by a plus as well as a minus.  However, if you enter two numbers,
 the second of which is negative, without a comma in between, you'll get an
 error.

 4 Oct 92 -  Fixed another bug in the 'paper' command: if a negative
 number is entered, its absolute value is taken.

 3 Oct 92 - Added the catalan constant to the built-in constants.  Also
 added another constant called 'degree' so that you may use trigonometric
 functions with angles in degrees, e.g.  sin( 20 * degree ).  See WHO.

 19 Sept 92 - Fixed a quirk with the page border:  when in non-interactive
 mode (command line script files), GRAPHICA won't change the line specs on
 the display to indicate the current line specs (style, width, color).

 4 Sept 92 - Finished porting GRAPHICA to Mark William Company's Coherent
 v4.0.  Active devices are HPGL and PostScript.

 21 Aug 92 - Added 'format long' and 'format short' commands to control
 the format of numerical results displayed on the screen.  Placed old
 'logformat' command into 'format' (see FORMAT).

 18 Aug 92 - Shortened long color names, e.g. lblue instead of lightblue.
 See PEN or COLOR.

 17 Aug 92 - Added the 'subscript' and 'superscript' commands but not
 active yet (still working on the algorithm).  See SUB/SUPERSCRIPT.

 16 Aug 92 - Further improvements in the memory management scheme.  Almost
 all the linked lists are now of one object type.  Fixed a bug in the axis
 drawing scheme (was drawing axes twice and it took a long time to show the
 cross-hair).

 15 Aug 92 - Merged together a bunch of "objects" (arrows, circles,
 labels, legends, lines, rectangles) into linked lists of the same kind.

 14 Aug 92 - No mouse cursor (cross-hair) appears when showing graphs
 in batch (not interactively).

 10 Aug 92 - Changed all text space allocation to dynamic memory
 allocation.  Saves a few bytes here and there, especially on the DOS
 version.

 9 Aug 92 - Added the 'who' command which works just like 'show variables'.

 8 Aug 92 - 'nopaper' has been changed to 'noborder' for clarity.

 26 Jul 92 - Added the 'memory' command that gives you a (comma separated)
 number of free bytes left in RAM.  See MEMORY.

 25 Jul 92 - Fixed memory allocation problem in data structures.  Wasn't
 clearing all memory allocated to data points.  All memory is now freed
 when using the 'clear' command or quitting the program.

 24 Jul 92 - Fixed postscript bug, couldn't get 2 consecutive plots out
 in the same session.  The second page bombed.  Works OK now.

 24 Jul 92 - Can now enter directories or filenames without quotes after
 commands like 'dir', 'del', 'cd', 'type'.  GRAPHICA won't bulk at reading
 something like cd c:\work without quotes.  See CD.

 23 Jul 92 - Implemented 'dir', 'del', and 'type' commands.  There is no
 need to shell out to the operating system to do file maintenance.  You can
 still use $ to tell GRAPHICA you're using an operating system command.
 Useful to edit files, for example.  See DIR, DEL and TYPE.

 22 Jul 92 - Instead of getting an 'invalid command error' GRAPHICA now
 tries to search for variables or expressions.  There is no further need to
 type 'print expression' to evaluate an expression or a variable.  You can
 now type in any variable or expression at the GRAPHICA command line.  You
 can still use the 'print' command as usual.

 21 Jul 92 - Corrected problem with the GRAPDUMP environmental variable.
 Actually rewrote the algorithm to check for 'dump' devices.  Whether a
 device can be used as a 'dump' device or not is now built in in a device
 table.  You'll get an error message when attempting to use an invalid
 device for 'dumping'.

 20 Jul 92 - Implemented 'title' command.  Works just like 'label top' but
 writes directly above frame without leaving a space for eventual 'x2' axis
 labels.  See TITLE.

 19 Jul 92 - Added last-line editing and recall on DOS systems.  Very
 useful to avoid typing in an entire line because you made a little
 mistake.  See EDITING or RECALL.
\show range
\range
 This command shows the input data range (max and min) of each column, if any.
\sampling
\samples
\show sampling
\show samples
 Syntax:

     sampling <expression>
     show sampling

 Description:

     The sampling rate of functions may be changed by the 'SAMPLING' command.
 By default, sampling is set to 150 points.  A higher sampling rate will
 produce more accurate plots, but will also take longer.

     'show sampling' shows the current sampling rate.

 Example:

     graphica> sampling 200
\shade
 Syntax:

     shade {spacing} {angle} <value> {mode} <integer>
           {closure/noclosure}

 Description:

     The 'shade' command allows the user to shade a specified polygon.
 'spacing' is the vertical distance between shade lines in default user units.

     Optionally, a shade 'angle' may be specified.  This angle is measured
 from the horizontal.  The sign convention for the direction of rotation is as
 follows:

              + clockwise
              - counterclockwise

     'mode' indicates the following:

              mode = 1 - shade and outline (this is the default)
              mode = 2 - shade polygon only
              mode = 3 - outline polygon only

     The 'closure/noclosure' keyword is used to specify whether GRAPHICA
 should draw a line making the polygon a closed one or not.  This keyword
 is only active when mode is 1 or 3.  The default is 'noclosure'.

 Example:

     graphica> shade angle 35.0 mode 1
\shell
 Syntax:

     shell

 Description:

     The shell command spawns an interactive shell.  Use this option to
 access the operating system prompt and execute commands or run other
 programs.  When shelling out to the operating system, you can execute any
 command or application.   To return to GRAPHICA, type exit at the command
 line.

     A single shell command may be spawned by preceding it with the $ character
 at the beginning of a command line.  Control will return immediately to
 GRAPHICA after this command is executed.

 Examples:

     graphica> shell

 spawns a shell to the operating system.  Type exit to return to GRAPHICA.

     graphica> $dir

 prints a directory listing and then returns to GRAPHICA.
\show
 Syntax:

     show <parameter>

 Description:

     The 'show' command lists parameter settings.  'show' without a parameter
 simply redraws existing plots on your screen.  'show version' displays:

          - your GRAPHICA version number
          - pertinent copyright and other information

 and on DOS systems:

          - the amount of system RAM available
          - the amount of disk space available
\spline
 Syntax:

     spline {plot} {tension {value}} {range {min} {max}}

 Description:

     A cubic spline interpolator will produce a smooth curve through x/y data
 pairs, even if their variation is quite complicated.

     The spline command is used to interpolate the current data using splines
 under tension.  The produced data curve is a spline under tension, which is
 somewhat "tighter" than a cubic spline, and less likely to have spurious
 inflection points.

     The tension factor indicates the curviness desired for the line produced
 by the cubic spline.  A tension in the interpolating curve of 50 gives almost
 a polygonal line;  a tension of .01 gives almost a cubic spline.  The default
 of 2.0 will produce a smooth curve in most cases.  For very erratic data it
 may be necessary to tighten up the tension factor to 5 or 6 to adequately
 follow the data points.

     Optionally, the range of the given x values may be given and GRAPHICA
 will interpolate from min to max only.

 Examples:

     graphica> spline plot tension 10
     graphica> spline range 20 30
\subplot
\show subplot
 Syntax:

     subplot {size/area} <xleft> <ybottom> <xright> <ytop>
             {default}
     show subplot

 Description:

     The subplot area is also referred to as soft clip.  The actual graph
 resides in the subplot area but other graphic elements can be drawn outside
 the subplot area.

     The 'subplot' command defines the region on the paper where the plot is
 drawn.  By default, the subplot area is set to a rectangle of about 60% of
 the paper size.  The (xleft,ybottom) pair sets the coordinates of the left
 bottom corner of the subplot area, while the (xright, ytop) pair sets the
 coordinates of the top right hand corner of the plotting region.  If subplot
 default is specified, the subplot area size will be reset to its default size.

     Data points and curves are drawn or plotted on a grid space formed by
 Cartesian coordinate axes.  The horizontal line is the x-axis and the vertical
 line is the y-axis.  These axes are within the subplot area or plotting
 region.

     'show subplot' shows the current subplot area.

 Example:

     graphica> subplot area 2.0,2.0 9.0,7.0
\subscript
 Syntax:

     subscript {size} <value>

 Description:

     This command sets the subscript size in default units.  The default value
 is 0.15 inches.

 Example:

     graphica> subscript size 0.15

 Also see CHARACTER FONT, CHARACTER GAP, CHARACTER RATIO, CHARACTER SIZE,
 CHARACTER SLANT, SUBSCRIPT, SUPERSCRIPT and TEXT.
\superscript
 Syntax:

     superscript {size} <value>

 Description:

     This command sets the superscript size in default units.  The default
 value is 0.15 inches.

 Example:

     graphica> superscript size 0.15

 Also see CHARACTER FONT, CHARACTER GAP, CHARACTER RATIO, CHARACTER SIZE,
 CHARACTER SLANT, SUBSCRIPT, SUPERSCRIPT and TEXT.
\symbol
\show symbol
 Syntax:

     symbol <code>/<name> size <value>
     show symbol

 Description:

     Defines the symbol to use in displaying data points.  Mnemonic codes
 may be used to specify a symbol.  You have a choice of 10 standard graphics
 symbols:

           1 - square
           2 - circle
           3 - triangle
           4 - diamond
           5 - itriangle (inverted triangle)
           6 - hourglass
           7 - plus
           8 - cross
           9 - star
          10 - pdiamond (plus within a diamond)

     The default is a square (symbol 1 or symbol square).  The symbol size is
 specified as the height of the current symbol in default units.

     'show symbol' shows the current symbol type and size.

 Example:

     graphica> symbol square size 0.2
\terminal
\show terminal
 Syntax:

     terminal {<terminal-type>}
     show terminal

 Description:

     GRAPHICA supports many different graphics devices.  Use this command to
 select the type of device for which GRAPHICA will produce output.

     If <terminal-type> is omitted, GRAPHICA will list the available terminal
 types.  The <terminal-type> may be abbreviated.

     Use 'output' to redirect this output to a file or device.

     'show terminal' shows the currently defined output terminal.

 Examples:

     graphica> terminal hpgl
     graphica> terminal

 would print out the following:

 available terminal types:
            unknown  Unknown terminal type - not a plotting device
                bgi  IBM PC/Clone with a Hercules/CGA/EGA/VGA graphics card
              epson  Epson LX-800, Star NL-10, NX-1000, etc
               hpgl  HPGL Graphics Language and HP7475 plotter
                pic  PIC Graphics Language
         postscript  Postscript Graphics Language

 and possibly (depending on the version you have) any of the following:

             apollo  HP Apollo Domain Workstation - direct mode
           kercolor  Kermit-MS color tek40xx terminal emulator
            kermono  Kermit-MS monochrome tek40xx terminal emulator
                qms  QMS Laser Printer
             raster  Raster Technologies Model One terminal
            tek40xx  Tektronix 4010 and most TEK emulators
\tics
\show tics
 Syntax:

     tic {size} <major value> <minor value> {<direction>}
     show tics

 Description:

     All axes are marked off in equal segments with tic marks.  The values
 major and minor determine the size of the major and minor tic marks.  The
 defaults are 0.16 and 0.09 inches for the major and minor tic marks,
 respectively.

     By default, tics are drawn inwards from the border on all four sides.
 The 'tic' command can be used to change the tics to be drawn outwards.
 <direction> may be in, out or nothing (which is the same as in).

     'show tics' shows the current tic size and direction.

 Example:

     graphica> tic size 0.1 0.06
     graphica> tics in
     graphica> show tics
\type
\more
 Syntax:

     type <file>
     more <file>

 Description:

     The 'type' command displays the contents of a file.  Pathnames, wildcards,
 and drive designators may be used in the usual way for your operating system.
 Other operating system commands can be issued using the $ character followed
 by a command.  'more' works on the Apollo and Coherent versions.

 Examples:

     graphica> type script.plt

 lists the ASCII file script.plt.

     graphica> type foo

 lists the ASCII file foo.
\units
\show units
 Syntax:

     units <unit type>
     show units

 Description:

     It is sometimes desirable to use units other than inches, i.e., the
 metric system, with GRAPHICA.  To change the unit of measure for parameters
 which are usually given in inches use the unit command.  This command defines
 the units to be used in subsequent commands which represent a length or
 position normally supplied in inches, such as in paper size, subplot area,
 etc.

     The <unit type> may be 'in', 'cm' or 'mm'.

     'show units' shows the current units of measure.

 Example:

     graphica> units cm
\view
 Syntax:

     view

 Description:

     Retracts the pen and advances the paper on a pen plotter to view the
 graph fully.  This command is similar to pushing the VIEW button on an HP7475
 plotter.

 Example:

     graphica> view

 would move the plotting paper outward into view.
\x
\y
\x2
\y2
\logarithmic
\probability
\linear
\sqr
 Syntax:

     {x} {y} {y2} {x2} {linear/logarithmic/probability/sqr}

 Description:

     With this command, the kind of axis to be plotted may be specified, as
 follows:

     linear - specifies a linear axis.  A linear scale is a standard base 10
 numeric scale.  This is the default.

     logarithmic - specifies a log axis.  A log scale is a base 10
 logarithmic scale.  If a regression has been performed, the values for that
 particular axis are logarithmic.  Given the mapped range for an axis, the
 logarithmic range for that axis will be determined automatically.  If an
 axis is to be logarithmic, there is no need to specify the number of
 divisions or the format.  If the range is negative as specified in a map
 command, GRAPHICA automatically converts it to positive.  Zero values for
 min or max will cause the log axis to begin at 0.001.

     probability - a probability scale is the inverse of the Gaussian
 cumulative distribution function.  Thus the graph of the sigmoidally shaped
 Gaussian cumulative distribution function on a probability scale will be a
 straight line.

     Probabilities are expressed as a percentage so that the range of the
 scale is from 0 to 100.  The minimum and maximum values that a probability
 axis can take in GRAPHICA are 0.01 and 99.99.  A probability axis label could
 be specified as something like "cumulative frequency, %".

     sqr - square-root axis.  Used in some engineering applications. A square
 root scale is based on the square root of the axis in question.

 Examples:

     graphica> x lin
     graphica> y log
     graphica> x2 pro
     graphica> x sqr
\xlabel
\ylabel
\x2label
\y2label
 Syntax:

     {xlabel} {x2label} {ylabel} {y2label} 'string'

 Description:

     This command draws a centered label for that axis.  The label text must
 be enclosed in single or double quotes.  All labels are drawn using the
 current character font and size.  The label bottom command is equivalent to
 the xlabel command (and so are the 'label top', 'left', and 'right' commands
 equivalent to the 'x2label', 'ylabel' and 'y2label' commands.)

 Example:

     graphica> xlabel 'This is the x-axis label'.
     graphica> ylabel 'This is the y-axis label'.
\expressions
     In general, any mathematical expression accepted by C, FORTRAN, Pascal,
 or BASIC is valid.  The precedence of these operators is determined by the
 specifications of the C programming language.  White space (spaces and tabs)
 is ignored inside expressions.

     Complex constants may be expressed as {<real>,<imag>}, where <real> and
 <imag> must be numerical constants.  For example, {3,2} represents 3 + 2i;
 {0,1} represents 'i' itself.  The curly braces are explicitly required here.
\expressions functions
\functions
     All functions in GRAPHICA accept integer, real, and complex arguments,
 unless otherwise noted.
\expressions functions abs
\functions abs
\abs
     abs(z) returns the absolute value of the real or complex number z.  The
 returned value is of the same type as the argument.  For complex arguments,
 abs(z) is defined as the length of z in the complex plane [i.e.,
 sqrt(real(z)**2 + imag(z)**2) ].
\expressions functions acos
\functions acos
\acos
     acos(z) returns the arc cosine (inverse cosine) of z.  All results are
 given in radians.
\expressions functions arg
\functions arg
\arg
     arg(z) returns the phase angle of a complex number z, in radians.  The
 result is always between -π and π.
\expressions functions asin
\functions asin
\asin
     asin(z) returns the arc sine (inverse sine) of z.  All results are given
 in radians.
\expressions functions atan
\functions atan
\atan
     atan(z) returns the arc tangent (inverse tangent) of z.  All results are
 given in radians.
\expressions functions besj0
\functions besj0
\besj0
     besj0(z) returns the j0th Bessel function of z.  besj0 expects z to be
 in radians.

 Also see BESSEL.
\expressions functions besj1
\functions besj1
\besj1
     besj1(z) returns the j1st Bessel function of z.  besj1 expects z to be
 in radians.

 Also see BESSEL.
\expressions functions besy0
\functions besy0
\besy0
     besy0(z) returns the y0th Bessel function of z.  besy0 expects z to be
 in radians.

 Also see BESSEL.
\expressions functions besy1
\functions besy1
\besy1
     besy1(z) returns the y1st Bessel function of z.  besy1 expects z to be
 in radians.

 Also see BESSEL.
\expressions functions ceil
\functions ceil
\ceil
     ceil(z) returns the smallest integer greater than z.  For complex
 numbers, ceil returns the smallest integer greater than the real part of z.
\expressions functions cos
\functions cos
\cos
     cos(z) returns the cosine of z.  cos expects z to be in radians.
\expressions functions cosh
\functions cosh
\cosh
     cosh(z) returns the hyperbolic cosine of z.  cosh expects z to be in
 radians.
\expressions functions exp
\functions exp
\exp
     exp(z) returns the exponential function of z (e raised to the power of
 z).
\expressions functions erf
\functions erf
\erf
     erf(z) returns the error function of z.  erf(z) is the integral of the
 Gaussian distribution.  The error function is central to many calculations
 in statistics.
\expressions functions erfc
\functions erfc
\erfc
     erfc(z) returns the complementary error function of z.  erfc(z) is
 simply 1.0 - erf(z), where erf(z) is the integral of the Gaussian
 distribution.
\expressions functions floor
\functions floor
\floor
     floor(z) returns the greatest integer less than or equal to z.  For
 complex numbers, floor returns the largest integer not greater than the real
 part of z.
\expressions functions imag
\functions imag
\imag
     imag(z) returns the imaginary part of z as a real number.
\expressions functions int
\functions int
\int
     int(z) returns the integer part of z, truncated toward zero.
\expressions functions ln
\functions ln
\ln
     ln(z) returns the natural logarithm (base e) of z.
\expressions functions log
\functions log
\log
     log(z) returns the logarithm (base 10) of z.
\expressions functions real
\functions real
\real
     real(z) returns the real part of z.
\expressions functions sgn
\functions sgn
\sgn
     sgn(z) returns 1 if z is positive, -1 if z is negative, and 0 if z is 0.
 If z is a complex value, the imaginary component is ignored.
\expressions functions sin
\functions sin
\sin
     sin(z) returns the sine of z.  sin expects z to be in radians.
\expressions functions sinh
\functions sinh
\sinh
     sinh(z) returns the hyperbolic sine of z.  sinh expects z to
 be in radians.
\expressions functions sqrt
\functions sqrt
\sqrt
     sqrt(z) returns the square root of z.
\expressions functions tan
\functions tan
\tan
     tan(z) returns the tangent of z.  tan expects z to be in radians.
\expressions functions tanh
\functions tanh
\tanh
     tanh(z) returns the hyperbolic tangent of z.  tanh expects
 z to be in radians.
\expressions operators
\operators
     All operators in GRAPHICA accept integer, real, and complex arguments,
 unless otherwise noted.  The ** operator (exponentiation) is supported, as in
 FORTRAN.

     Parentheses may be used to change order of evaluation.
\expressions operators binary
\operators binary
\binary
 The following is a list of all the binary operators and their usage:

         symbol             example              explanation

          **                 a**b                 exponentiation
          *                  a*b                  multiplication
          /                  a/b                  division
          %                  a%b                * modulo
          +                  a+b                  addition
          -                  a-b                  subtraction
          ==                 a==b                 equality
          !=                 a!=b                 inequality
          &                  a&b                * bitwise AND
          ^                  a^b                * bitwise exclusive OR
          |                  a|b                * bitwise inclusive OR
          &&                 a&&b               * logical AND
          ||                 a||b               * logical OR

          (*) Operator requires integer arguments.

     Logical AND (&&) and OR (||) short-circuit the way they do in C.  That
 is, the second && operand is not evaluated if the first is false;  the second
 || operand is not evaluated if the first is true.

     Multiplication must be explicitly noted with the asterisk; adjacent
 parenthetical terms such as (a+b)(c-4) are not automatically multiplied.
\expressions operators ternary
\operators ternary
\ternary
 The following is a list of the ternary operator and its usage:

          symbol             example              explanation

           \:                 a\b:c              * ternary operation

          (*) Operator requires an integer argument.

     The ternary operator evaluates its first argument (a).  If it is true
 (non-zero) the second argument (b) is evaluated and returned, otherwise the
 third argument (c) is evaluated and returned.
\expressions operators unary
\operators unary
\unary
     The following is a list of all the unary operators and their usage:

          symbol             example              explanation

           -                  -a                   unary minus
           ~                  ~a                 * one's complement
           !                  !a                 * logical negation
           !                  a!                 * factorial

          (*) Operator requires an integer argument.

     The factorial operator returns a real number to allow a greater range.
\bessel
     Bessel functions arise in solving differential equations for systems
 with cylindrical symmetry.  Jn(z) is often called the Bessel function of
 the first kind, or simply the Bessel function.  Yn(z) is referred to as
 the Bessel function of the second kind, the Weber function, or the Newmann
 function (denoted Nn(z)).

     Four Bessel functions are provided with GRAPHICA: besj0, besj1, besy0
 and besy1.  besj0(z) returns the j0th Bessel function of z, besj1(z)
 returns the j1st Bessel function of z, besy0(z) returns the y0th Bessel
 function of z and besy1(z) returns the y1st Bessel function of z.  All
 Bessel functions expect z to be in radians.

 Also see BESJ0, BESJ1, BESY0, BESY1.
\environment
     An environment variable is used to specify from the operating system
 certain parameters of program operation.  The "environment" is really just
 a common area of memory that programs can write to and read from.  Some
 programs are geared to look specifically at the environment to find
 particular data important to their operation.  They may ask you to place a
 variable into the environment equal to a certain value so that they can
 find support files which could not be found otherwise.

     A number of shell environment variables are understood by GRAPHICA.
 None of these are required, but may be useful:

              - GRAPTERM
              - GRAPDUMP
              - GRAPHELP
              - GRAPHICA

     If GRAPTERM is defined, it is used as the name of the terminal type
 to be used.  This overrides any terminal type sensed by GRAPHICA on start
 up, but is itself overridden by the GRAPHICA.INI (or equivalent) start-up
 file, and of course by later explicit changes.  GRAPDUMP is used as the
 default terminal type used when dumping graphics to a file.

     GRAPHELP may be defined to be the pathname of the help file.
 GRAPHICA is used as the name of a directory to search for a GRAPHICA.INI
 file if none is found in the current directory.  COMSPEC is used for the
 SHELL command on DOS systems.

 DOS Environment Variables
 -------------------------

     If we were to look at the DOS environment (by typing the SET command
 at the DOS prompt), we might see a listing similar to the one below:

              COMSPEC=C:\COMMAND.COM
              PATH=C:\;C:\DOS;C:\UTIL

     Other values might be present, like PROMPT=$P$G, and more depending
 on the types and kinds of software you are running.

     Environment variables are specified before running GRAPHICA.  They
 can be specified directly from DOS, from within the AUTOEXEC.BAT file, or
 from within any batch file.

     The command for setting an environment variable is:

              SET PARAMETER=PARAMETER VALUE

 Examples:

     C:\SET GRAPDUMP=hpgl               (sets the dump terminal type)
     C:\SET GRAPHELP=C:\plot\graphica.hlp             (the help file)
     C:\SET GRAPHICA=C:\plot              (location of the .INI file)

 In general, you won't have to set the DOS environment variable GRAPTERM if
 you have any of the commonly available graphics monitors, CGA/EGA/VGA, etc.

 VAX/VMS Logical Symbols
 -----------------------

     On a VAX, environment variables are called 'symbols.'  The format for
 defining a symbolic name for a character string is:

              symbol-name :== expression

 For example, we could define the following symbols:

     $ LIST :== "DIRECTORY"
     $ TIME :== "SHOW TIME"
     $ QP :== "SHOW QUEUE/DEVICE"
     $ SS :== "SHOW SYMBOL"

     To looking at the environment, you may type SHOW SYMBOL/GLOBAL/ALL at the
 $ prompt).

 Examples:

     $ GRAPDUMP :== hpgl                       (sets the dump terminal type)
     $ GRAPTERM :== raster                          (sets the terminal type)
     $ GRAPHICA :== dua7:[user.junk]graph.ini    (location of the .INI file)

 (GRAPHELP has already been defined for you.)

 Unix Shell Variables
 --------------------

     In a UNIX environment, things get a little bit confusing because of
 the different shells that you might be running.  Environment variables can
 be shown by using the 'printenv' command (Korn-shell or /bin/sh), the
 'setenv' command (c-shell or /bin/csh) or the 'AEGIS' command (Aegis
 shell on Apollos).  To set them, do

     $ GRAPTERM=apollo
     $ GRAPDUMP=postscript
     $ export GRAPDUMP
     $ export GRAPTERM

 Also see STARTUP.
\startup
     When GRAPHICA is run, it looks for an initialization file to load.
 This file is called GRAPHICA.INI.  If this file is not found in the
 current directory, the program will look for it in a directory pointed to
 by the environment variable GRAPHICA.

     If the initialization file is found, GRAPHICA executes the commands
 in that file.  This is most useful for setting your terminal type and
 defining any functions or variables which you use often.

 Also see ENVIRONMENT.
\text
     Text primitives generate a string of characters on a display device
 in a specific location in the world coordinate system.  The character
 string may comprise letters, numerals, and symbols.  Text primitives
 provide a method for labeling and clarifying a graphical image.

     This section describes the control sequences which are accessible
 when specifying a string label.  The control sequences are only available
 when using a software generated font.  GRAPHICA recognizes \ as a special
 character used to signal the start of an escape sequence.  There are two
 kinds of escape sequences, those that take an argument and those that do
 not.

     The two escape sequences that do not take an argument are:

     \U     move up half a character size
     \D     move down half a character size

     The following take one integer argument immediately after the escape
 sequence and a space after it to delineate the end (the space is not printed):

     \Cn    set color to n
     \C-1   reset color to the default
     \Fn    set font to n
     \F-1   reset font to the default
     \Sn    set character size to n % of the default size
     \S-1   reset character size to the default size
     \Ln    set character slant to n degrees
     \L-1   reset character slant to the default slant
     \An    print ascii n
     \rn    save current position in register n
     \Rn    restore position from register n

 Examples:

 to print greek characters such as in 'beta = x + lambda':

     label '\F2 b\F1 = x + \F2 l'

 to label the x-axis with 'velocity U sub f':

     xlabel 'velocity, U\Dsub'

 to place a top label of 'stress in dynes per cm squared':

     top label 'stress (dyn\cm\U2\D)'

 to get 'x squared plus y squared':

     label 'x\U2\D + y\U2'

 and finally, an advanced example.  To get 'A sub b sup beta':

     label 'A\r1 \Db\R1 \U\F2 b'

 This last example is translated as: do A, save this spot, go down half,
 do b, restore the saved spot, go up half, switch to font 2 (greek simplex),
 do beta.  Notice the use of registers to stack characters on top of each
 other.

     To get a backslash, you'll have to use \\.
\show version
\version
     The 'show version' or 'version' command displays:

          - your GRAPHICA version number
          - pertinent copyright and other information

 Also on DOS systems:

          - the amount of system RAM available
          - the amount of disk space available in the current drive

 Syntax:
     show version
     version
\userdefined
\variables
 User-defined function syntax:

     <function-name> ( <dummy-var> ) = <expression>
     show functions

 where <expression> is defined in terms of <dummy-var>.

 User-defined variable syntax:

     <variable-name> = <constant-expression>
     show variables

 Description:

     You may define your own functions and variables.  User-defined
 functions and variables may be used anywhere an expression is called for.
 Variable and function names are case sensitive;  thus "A" is not
 equivalent to "a".  A function refers to a general expression and can take
 one argument (dummy variable).

 Examples:

     graphica> w = 2
     graphica> q = floor(tan(pi/2 - 0.1))
     graphica> f(x) = sin(w*x)
     graphica> sinc(x) = sin(pi*x)/(pi*x)
     graphica> delta(t) = (t == 0)
     graphica> ramp(t) = (t > 0) ? t : 0

 The following variables have already been defined for you:

     pi      = 3.14159
     e       = 2.71828
     catalan = 0.91597
     degree  = 0.01745
     gamma   = 0.57721
     goldr   = 1.61803

 Note:  case matters, e.g., 'Alpha' is different from 'alpha'.
\show functions
     The 'show functions' command lists all user-defined functions and their
 definitions.

 Syntax:

     show functions
\who
\show variables
     The 'who' or 'show variables' commands list all user-defined variables
 and their values.

 Syntax:

     who
     show variables

 Example:
     graphica> who

 The following variables have already been defined for you:

     pi      = 3.14159
     e       = 2.71828
     catalan = 0.91597
     degree  = 0.01745
     gamma   = 0.57721
     goldr   = 1.61803

 Also see VARIABLES.
\bugs
 Notes:
 -----

     No text control characters (see TEXT) when using the hardware font.

     Subscript/superscript size hasn't been implemented yet.  Use the \S
 command (described in TEXT) to change the character size of superscripts
 and subscripts.

 Help:
 ----

     GRAPHICA is under constant revision, updating and being given expanded
 capabilities.  Prior to each release, the developer strives to verify new
 features and bug fixes through testing.  However, as inevitably happens with
 any software, some bugs do survive and show up in user runs.  Users can aid
 in the problem fixing process by following the guidelines below:

     a) Report any unusual messages, computed results, format overflows, etc.
 even though the program appears to have terminated normally.

     b) For any abnormal program termination, save the input file and all
 output obtained by running the program.

     Reported problems will be fixed as quickly as possible.  In most
 instances, alternate methods or techniques of plot formulation and input
 are available to permit graphing despite the bug.  All problems
 encountered with GRAPHICA should be reported to:

         Antonio Montes
         Mailbox 13
         Leiderdorp AA 2350
         The Netherlands

 e-mail address:

         CompuServe: 71031,1162
         Internet: [e-mail]