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*repeat.txt* For Vim version 7.3. Last change: 2012 Mar 23 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar Repeating commands, Vim scripts and debugging *repeating* Chapter 26 of the user manual introduces repeating |usr_26.txt|. 1. Single repeats |single-repeat| 2. Multiple repeats |multi-repeat| 3. Complex repeats |complex-repeat| 4. Using Vim scripts |using-scripts| 5. Debugging scripts |debug-scripts| 6. Profiling |profiling| ============================================================================== 1. Single repeats *single-repeat* *.* . Repeat last change, with count replaced with [count]. Also repeat a yank command, when the 'y' flag is included in 'cpoptions'. Does not repeat a command-line command. Simple changes can be repeated with the "." command. Without a count, the count of the last change is used. If you enter a count, it will replace the last one. If the last change included a specification of a numbered register, the register number will be incremented. See |redo-register| for an example how to use this. Note that when repeating a command that used a Visual selection, the same SIZE of area is used, see |visual-repeat|. *@:* @: Repeat last command-line [count] times. {not available when compiled without the |+cmdline_hist| feature} ============================================================================== 2. Multiple repeats *multi-repeat* *:g* *:global* *E147* *E148* :[range]g[lobal]/{pattern}/[cmd] Execute the Ex command [cmd] (default ":p") on the lines within [range] where {pattern} matches. :[range]g[lobal]!/{pattern}/[cmd] Execute the Ex command [cmd] (default ":p") on the lines within [range] where {pattern} does NOT match. *:v* *:vglobal* :[range]v[global]/{pattern}/[cmd] Same as :g!. Instead of the '/' which surrounds the {pattern}, you can use any other single byte character, but not an alphanumeric character, '\', '"' or '|'. This is useful if you want to include a '/' in the search pattern or replacement string. For the definition of a pattern, see |pattern|. The global commands work by first scanning through the [range] lines and marking each line where a match occurs (for a multi-line pattern, only the start of the match matters). In a second scan the [cmd] is executed for each marked line with its line number prepended. For ":v" and ":g!" the command is executed for each not marked line. If a line is deleted its mark disappears. The default for [range] is the whole buffer (1,$). Use "CTRL-C" to interrupt the command. If an error message is given for a line, the command for that line is aborted and the global command continues with the next marked or unmarked line. To repeat a non-Ex command, you can use the ":normal" command: > :g/pat/normal {commands} Make sure that {commands} ends with a whole command, otherwise Vim will wait for you to type the rest of the command for each match. The screen will not have been updated, so you don't know what you are doing. See |:normal|. The undo/redo command will undo/redo the whole global command at once. The previous context mark will only be set once (with "''" you go back to where the cursor was before the global command). The global command sets both the last used search pattern and the last used substitute pattern (this is vi compatible). This makes it easy to globally replace a string: :g/pat/s//PAT/g This replaces all occurrences of "pat" with "PAT". The same can be done with: :%s/pat/PAT/g Which is two characters shorter! When using "global" in Ex mode, a special case is using ":visual" as a command. This will move to a matching line, go to Normal mode to let you execute commands there until you use |Q| to return to Ex mode. This will be repeated for each matching line. While doing this you cannot use ":global". To abort this type CTRL-C twice. ============================================================================== 3. Complex repeats *complex-repeat* *q* *recording* q{0-9a-zA-Z"} Record typed characters into register {0-9a-zA-Z"} (uppercase to append). The 'q' command is disabled while executing a register, and it doesn't work inside a mapping and |:normal|. {Vi: no recording} q Stops recording. (Implementation note: The 'q' that stops recording is not stored in the register, unless it was the result of a mapping) {Vi: no recording} *@* @{0-9a-z".=*+} Execute the contents of register {0-9a-z".=*+} [count] times. Note that register '%' (name of the current file) and '#' (name of the alternate file) cannot be used. The register is executed like a mapping, that means that the difference between 'wildchar' and 'wildcharm' applies. For "@=" you are prompted to enter an expression. The result of the expression is then executed. See also |@:|. {Vi: only named registers} *@@* *E748* @@ Repeat the previous @{0-9a-z":*} [count] times. :[addr]*{0-9a-z".=+} *:@* *:star* :[addr]@{0-9a-z".=*+} Execute the contents of register {0-9a-z".=*+} as an Ex command. First set cursor at line [addr] (default is current line). When the last line in the register does not have a <CR> it will be added automatically when the 'e' flag is present in 'cpoptions'. Note that the ":*" command is only recognized when the '*' flag is present in 'cpoptions'. This is NOT the default when 'nocompatible' is used. For ":@=" the last used expression is used. The result of evaluating the expression is executed as an Ex command. Mappings are not recognized in these commands. {Vi: only in some versions} Future: Will execute the register for each line in the address range. *:@:* :[addr]@: Repeat last command-line. First set cursor at line [addr] (default is current line). {not in Vi} *:@@* :[addr]@@ Repeat the previous :@{0-9a-z"}. First set cursor at line [addr] (default is current line). {Vi: only in some versions} ============================================================================== 4. Using Vim scripts *using-scripts* For writing a Vim script, see chapter 41 of the user manual |usr_41.txt|. *:so* *:source* *load-vim-script* :so[urce] {file} Read Ex commands from {file}. These are commands that start with a ":". Triggers the |SourcePre| autocommand. :so[urce]! {file} Read Vim commands from {file}. These are commands that are executed from Normal mode, like you type them. When used after |:global|, |:argdo|, |:windo|, |:bufdo|, in a loop or when another command follows the display won't be updated while executing the commands. {not in Vi} *:ru* *:runtime* :ru[ntime][!] {file} .. Read Ex commands from {file} in each directory given by 'runtimepath'. There is no error for non-existing files. Example: > :runtime syntax/c.vim < There can be multiple {file} arguments, separated by spaces. Each {file} is searched for in the first directory from 'runtimepath', then in the second directory, etc. Use a backslash to include a space inside {file} (although it's better not to use spaces in file names, it causes trouble). When [!] is included, all found files are sourced. When it is not included only the first found file is sourced. When {file} contains wildcards it is expanded to all matching files. Example: > :runtime! plugin/*.vim < This is what Vim uses to load the plugin files when starting up. This similar command: > :runtime plugin/*.vim < would source the first file only. When 'verbose' is one or higher, there is a message when no file could be found. When 'verbose' is two or higher, there is a message about each searched file. {not in Vi} :scripte[ncoding] [encoding] *:scripte* *:scriptencoding* *E167* Specify the character encoding used in the script. The following lines will be converted from [encoding] to the value of the 'encoding' option, if they are different. Examples: > scriptencoding iso-8859-5 scriptencoding cp932 < When [encoding] is empty, no conversion is done. This can be used to restrict conversion to a sequence of lines: > scriptencoding euc-jp ... lines to be converted ... scriptencoding ... not converted ... < When conversion isn't supported by the system, there is no error message and no conversion is done. Don't use "ucs-2" or "ucs-4", scripts cannot be in these encodings (they would contain NUL bytes). When a sourced script starts with a BOM (Byte Order Mark) in utf-8 format Vim will recognize it, no need to use ":scriptencoding utf-8" then. When compiled without the |+multi_byte| feature this command is ignored. {not in Vi} *:scrip* *:scriptnames* :scrip[tnames] List all sourced script names, in the order they were first sourced. The number is used for the script ID |<SID>|. {not in Vi} {not available when compiled without the |+eval| feature} *:fini* *:finish* *E168* :fini[sh] Stop sourcing a script. Can only be used in a Vim script file. This is a quick way to skip the rest of the file. If it is used after a |:try| but before the matching |:finally| (if present), the commands following the ":finally" up to the matching |:endtry| are executed first. This process applies to all nested ":try"s in the script. The outermost ":endtry" then stops sourcing the script. {not in Vi} All commands and command sequences can be repeated by putting them in a named register and then executing it. There are two ways to get the commands in the register: - Use the record command "q". You type the commands once, and while they are being executed they are stored in a register. Easy, because you can see what you are doing. If you make a mistake, "p"ut the register into the file, edit the command sequence, and then delete it into the register again. You can continue recording by appending to the register (use an uppercase letter). - Delete or yank the command sequence into the register. Often used command sequences can be put under a function key with the ':map' command. An alternative is to put the commands in a file, and execute them with the ':source!' command. Useful for long command sequences. Can be combined with the ':map' command to put complicated commands under a function key. The ':source' command reads Ex commands from a file line by line. You will have to type any needed keyboard input. The ':source!' command reads from a script file character by character, interpreting each character as if you typed it. Example: When you give the ":!ls" command you get the |hit-enter| prompt. If you ':source' a file with the line "!ls" in it, you will have to type the <Enter> yourself. But if you ':source!' a file with the line ":!ls" in it, the next characters from that file are read until a <CR> is found. You will not have to type <CR> yourself, unless ":!ls" was the last line in the file. It is possible to put ':source[!]' commands in the script file, so you can make a top-down hierarchy of script files. The ':source' command can be nested as deep as the number of files that can be opened at one time (about 15). The ':source!' command can be nested up to 15 levels deep. You can use the "<sfile>" string (literally, this is not a special key) inside of the sourced file, in places where a file name is expected. It will be replaced by the file name of the sourced file. For example, if you have a "other.vimrc" file in the same directory as your ".vimrc" file, you can source it from your ".vimrc" file with this command: > :source <sfile>:h/other.vimrc In script files terminal-dependent key codes are represented by terminal-independent two character codes. This means that they can be used in the same way on different kinds of terminals. The first character of a key code is 0x80 or 128, shown on the screen as "~@". The second one can be found in the list |key-notation|. Any of these codes can also be entered with CTRL-V followed by the three digit decimal code. This does NOT work for the <t_xx> termcap codes, these can only be used in mappings. *:source_crnl* *W15* MS-DOS, Win32 and OS/2: Files that are read with ":source" normally have <CR><NL> <EOL>s. These always work. If you are using a file with <NL> <EOL>s (for example, a file made on Unix), this will be recognized if 'fileformats' is not empty and the first line does not end in a <CR>. This fails if the first line has something like ":map <F1> :help^M", where "^M" is a <CR>. If the first line ends in a <CR>, but following ones don't, you will get an error message, because the <CR> from the first lines will be lost. Mac Classic: Files that are read with ":source" normally have <CR> <EOL>s. These always work. If you are using a file with <NL> <EOL>s (for example, a file made on Unix), this will be recognized if 'fileformats' is not empty and the first line does not end in a <CR>. Be careful not to use a file with <NL> linebreaks which has a <CR> in first line. On other systems, Vim expects ":source"ed files to end in a <NL>. These always work. If you are using a file with <CR><NL> <EOL>s (for example, a file made on MS-DOS), all lines will have a trailing <CR>. This may cause problems for some commands (e.g., mappings). There is no automatic <EOL> detection, because it's common to start with a line that defines a mapping that ends in a <CR>, which will confuse the automaton. *line-continuation* Long lines in a ":source"d Ex command script file can be split by inserting a line continuation symbol "\" (backslash) at the start of the next line. There can be white space before the backslash, which is ignored. Example: the lines > :set comments=sr:/*,mb:*,el:*/, \://, \b:#, \:%, \n:>, \fb:- are interpreted as if they were given in one line: :set comments=sr:/*,mb:*,el:*/,://,b:#,:%,n:>,fb:- All leading whitespace characters in the line before a backslash are ignored. Note however that trailing whitespace in the line before it cannot be inserted freely; it depends on the position where a command is split up whether additional whitespace is allowed or not. When a space is required it's best to put it right after the backslash. A space at the end of a line is hard to see and may be accidentally deleted. > :syn match Comment \ "very long regexp" \ keepend There is a problem with the ":append" and ":insert" commands: > :1append \asdf . The backslash is seen as a line-continuation symbol, thus this results in the command: > :1appendasdf . To avoid this, add the 'C' flag to the 'cpoptions' option: > :set cpo+=C :1append \asdf . :set cpo-=C Note that when the commands are inside a function, you need to add the 'C' flag when defining the function, it is not relevant when executing it. > :set cpo+=C :function Foo() :1append \asdf . :endfunction :set cpo-=C Rationale: Most programs work with a trailing backslash to indicate line continuation. Using this in Vim would cause incompatibility with Vi. For example for this Vi mapping: > :map xx asdf\ < Therefore the unusual leading backslash is used. ============================================================================== 5. Debugging scripts *debug-scripts* Besides the obvious messages that you can add to your scripts to find out what they are doing, Vim offers a debug mode. This allows you to step through a sourced file or user function and set breakpoints. NOTE: The debugging mode is far from perfect. Debugging will have side effects on how Vim works. You cannot use it to debug everything. For example, the display is messed up by the debugging messages. {Vi does not have a debug mode} An alternative to debug mode is setting the 'verbose' option. With a bigger number it will give more verbose messages about what Vim is doing. STARTING DEBUG MODE *debug-mode* To enter debugging mode use one of these methods: 1. Start Vim with the |-D| argument: > vim -D file.txt < Debugging will start as soon as the first vimrc file is sourced. This is useful to find out what is happening when Vim is starting up. A side effect is that Vim will switch the terminal mode before initialisations have finished, with unpredictable results. For a GUI-only version (Windows, Macintosh) the debugging will start as soon as the GUI window has been opened. To make this happen early, add a ":gui" command in the vimrc file. *:debug* 2. Run a command with ":debug" prepended. Debugging will only be done while this command executes. Useful for debugging a specific script or user function. And for scripts and functions used by autocommands. Example: > :debug edit test.txt.gz 3. Set a breakpoint in a sourced file or user function. You could do this in the command line: > vim -c "breakadd file */explorer.vim" . < This will run Vim and stop in the first line of the "explorer.vim" script. Breakpoints can also be set while in debugging mode. In debugging mode every executed command is displayed before it is executed. Comment lines, empty lines and lines that are not executed are skipped. When a line contains two commands, separated by "|", each command will be displayed separately. DEBUG MODE Once in debugging mode, the usual Ex commands can be used. For example, to inspect the value of a variable: > echo idx When inside a user function, this will print the value of the local variable "idx". Prepend "g:" to get the value of a global variable: > echo g:idx All commands are executed in the context of the current function or script. You can also set options, for example setting or resetting 'verbose' will show what happens, but you might want to set it just before executing the lines you are interested in: > :set verbose=20 Commands that require updating the screen should be avoided, because their effect won't be noticed until after leaving debug mode. For example: > :help won't be very helpful. There is a separate command-line history for debug mode. The line number for a function line is relative to the start of the function. If you have trouble figuring out where you are, edit the file that defines the function in another Vim, search for the start of the function and do "99j". Replace "99" with the line number. Additionally, these commands can be used: *>cont* cont Continue execution until the next breakpoint is hit. *>quit* quit Abort execution. This is like using CTRL-C, some things might still be executed, doesn't abort everything. Still stops at the next breakpoint. *>next* next Execute the command and come back to debug mode when it's finished. This steps over user function calls and sourced files. *>step* step Execute the command and come back to debug mode for the next command. This steps into called user functions and sourced files. *>interrupt* interrupt This is like using CTRL-C, but unlike ">quit" comes back to debug mode for the next command that is executed. Useful for testing |:finally| and |:catch| on interrupt exceptions. *>finish* finish Finish the current script or user function and come back to debug mode for the command after the one that sourced or called it. About the additional commands in debug mode: - There is no command-line completion for them, you get the completion for the normal Ex commands only. - You can shorten them, up to a single character: "c", "n", "s" and "f". - Hitting <CR> will repeat the previous one. When doing another command, this is reset (because it's not clear what you want to repeat). - When you want to use the Ex command with the same name, prepend a colon: ":cont", ":next", ":finish" (or shorter). DEFINING BREAKPOINTS *:breaka* *:breakadd* :breaka[dd] func [lnum] {name} Set a breakpoint in a function. Example: > :breakadd func Explore < Doesn't check for a valid function name, thus the breakpoint can be set before the function is defined. :breaka[dd] file [lnum] {name} Set a breakpoint in a sourced file. Example: > :breakadd file 43 .vimrc :breaka[dd] here Set a breakpoint in the current line of the current file. Like doing: > :breakadd file <cursor-line> <current-file> < Note that this only works for commands that are executed when sourcing the file, not for a function defined in that file. The [lnum] is the line number of the breakpoint. Vim will stop at or after this line. When omitted line 1 is used. *:debug-name* {name} is a pattern that is matched with the file or function name. The pattern is like what is used for autocommands. There must be a full match (as if the pattern starts with "^" and ends in "$"). A "*" matches any sequence of characters. 'ignorecase' is not used, but "\c" can be used in the pattern to ignore case |/\c|. Don't include the () for the function name! The match for sourced scripts is done against the full file name. If no path is specified the current directory is used. Examples: > breakadd file explorer.vim matches "explorer.vim" in the current directory. > breakadd file *explorer.vim matches ".../plugin/explorer.vim", ".../plugin/iexplorer.vim", etc. > breakadd file */explorer.vim matches ".../plugin/explorer.vim" and "explorer.vim" in any other directory. The match for functions is done against the name as it's shown in the output of ":function". For local functions this means that something like "<SNR>99_" is prepended. Note that functions are first loaded and later executed. When they are loaded the "file" breakpoints are checked, when they are executed the "func" breakpoints. DELETING BREAKPOINTS *:breakd* *:breakdel* *E161* :breakd[el] {nr} Delete breakpoint {nr}. Use |:breaklist| to see the number of each breakpoint. :breakd[el] * Delete all breakpoints. :breakd[el] func [lnum] {name} Delete a breakpoint in a function. :breakd[el] file [lnum] {name} Delete a breakpoint in a sourced file. :breakd[el] here Delete a breakpoint at the current line of the current file. When [lnum] is omitted, the first breakpoint in the function or file is deleted. The {name} must be exactly the same as what was typed for the ":breakadd" command. "explorer", "*explorer.vim" and "*explorer*" are different. LISTING BREAKPOINTS *:breakl* *:breaklist* :breakl[ist] List all breakpoints. OBSCURE *:debugg* *:debuggreedy* :debugg[reedy] Read debug mode commands from the normal input stream, instead of getting them directly from the user. Only useful for test scripts. Example: > echo 'q^Mq' | vim -e -s -c debuggreedy -c 'breakadd file script.vim' -S script.vim :0debugg[reedy] Undo ":debuggreedy": get debug mode commands directly from the user, don't use typeahead for debug commands. ============================================================================== 6. Profiling *profile* *profiling* Profiling means that Vim measures the time that is spent on executing functions and/or scripts. The |+profile| feature is required for this. It is only included when Vim was compiled with "huge" features. {Vi does not have profiling} You can also use the |reltime()| function to measure time. This only requires the |+reltime| feature, which is present more often. :prof[ile] start {fname} *:prof* *:profile* *E750* Start profiling, write the output in {fname} upon exit. If {fname} already exists it will be silently overwritten. The variable |v:profiling| is set to one. :prof[ile] pause Don't profile until the following ":profile continue". Can be used when doing something that should not be counted (e.g., an external command). Does not nest. :prof[ile] continue Continue profiling after ":profile pause". :prof[ile] func {pattern} Profile function that matches the pattern {pattern}. See |:debug-name| for how {pattern} is used. :prof[ile][!] file {pattern} Profile script file that matches the pattern {pattern}. See |:debug-name| for how {pattern} is used. This only profiles the script itself, not the functions defined in it. When the [!] is added then all functions defined in the script will also be profiled. But only if the script is loaded after this command. :profd[el] ... *:profd* *:profdel* Stop profiling for the arguments specified. See |:breakdel| for the arguments. You must always start with a ":profile start fname" command. The resulting file is written when Vim exits. Here is an example of the output, with line numbers prepended for the explanation: 1 FUNCTION Test2() ~ 2 Called 1 time ~ 3 Total time: 0.155251 ~ 4 Self time: 0.002006 ~ 5 ~ 6 count total (s) self (s) ~ 7 9 0.000096 for i in range(8) ~ 8 8 0.153655 0.000410 call Test3() ~ 9 8 0.000070 endfor ~ 10 " Ask a question ~ 11 1 0.001341 echo input("give me an answer: ") ~ The header (lines 1-4) gives the time for the whole function. The "Total" time is the time passed while the function was executing. The "Self" time is the "Total" time reduced by time spent in: - other user defined functions - sourced scripts - executed autocommands - external (shell) commands Lines 7-11 show the time spent in each executed line. Lines that are not executed do not count. Thus a comment line is never counted. The Count column shows how many times a line was executed. Note that the "for" command in line 7 is executed one more time as the following lines. That is because the line is also executed to detect the end of the loop. The time Vim spends waiting for user input isn't counted at all. Thus how long you take to respond to the input() prompt is irrelevant. Profiling should give a good indication of where time is spent, but keep in mind there are various things that may clobber the results: - The accuracy of the time measured depends on the gettimeofday() system function. It may only be as accurate as 1/100 second, even though the times are displayed in micro seconds. - Real elapsed time is measured, if other processes are busy they may cause delays at unpredictable moments. You may want to run the profiling several times and use the lowest results. - If you have several commands in one line you only get one time. Split the line to see the time for the individual commands. - The time of the lines added up is mostly less than the time of the whole function. There is some overhead in between. - Functions that are deleted before Vim exits will not produce profiling information. You can check the |v:profiling| variable if needed: > :if !v:profiling : delfunc MyFunc :endif < - Profiling may give weird results on multi-processor systems, when sleep mode kicks in or the processor frequency is reduced to save power. - The "self" time is wrong when a function is used recursively. vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl: