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-
-
- SkyView User Guide
- ------------------
-
-
- Contents
- --------
-
- 1. Introduction
-
- 2. Getting Started
-
- 3. Using SkyView
- 3.1 The Graphical Display from SkyView
- 3.2 Symbols
- 3.3 Getting information on a displayed object
- 3.4 Search facilities: 'Selecting' an object
- 3.5 Printing
- 3.6 Speed and accuracy
-
- 4. The Main Menu
- 4.1 Program info
- 4.2 Observer...
- 4.3 Display ->
- 4.4 Horizontal view
- 4.5 Vertical view
- 4.6 Print ->
- 4.7 Select object ->
- 4.8 See selection ->
- 4.9 Selection info
- 4.10 Cancel selection
- 4.11 Quit
-
- 5. Types of object present in SkyView
- 5.1 The Sun
- 5.2 The Moon
- 5.3 Planets
- 5.4 Stars
- 5.5 Markers
- 5.6 TV Satellites (geostationary)
- 5.7 User object
-
- 6. Bibliography
-
-
-
- 1. Introduction
- ---------------
-
- The aim of SkyView is to provide an easy-to-use, informative sky simulation
- which is of interest to the naked-eye astronomer.
-
- The program is used as follows. The user enters a date & time and a
- location on the Earth's surface, and SkyView then calculates the
- position of various celestial objects as they would be seen from there
- at that time. The result is displayed graphically in scrollable
- windows.
-
- The user can obtain information on any displayed object by clicking on it.
- In addition, the program can search for any of the objects it knows,
- and then bring that object into view or show it at rising, setting or
- culminating.
-
- The list of objects included in the current version of SkyView is:
- - The Sun
- - The Moon
- - All eight planets
- - All stars of magnitude 4.0 or brighter (plus some dimmer ones which
- help to make constellations more recognisable)
- - Artificial markers at regular intervals of Right Ascension and
- Declination
- - TV satellites (purely out of interest!)
- - A general purpose 'User object' at a Right Ascension and Declination
- specified by the user.
- The display of any type of object can be switched on or off at any time.
-
- There are facilities to generate hard copy (via RISC OS printer drivers),
- and to set a default location and observation time which are automatically
- loaded on startup.
-
- The program is WIMP-based and multi-tasking, and runs in a 320K Wimp Slot.
- The display benefits significantly from the high resolution of the
- multisync modes, but lower resolution modes can also be used.
-
-
-
- 2. Getting Started
- ------------------
-
- This section sets out the basics of getting the program going. A more
- detailed explanation of all menu options and dialogue boxes is given later
- in the Guide.
-
- SkyView can be run directly from floppy disk, or alternatively it can be
- copied to a hard disk and run from there.
-
- To run SkyView, double click on its icon in a directory viewer. After a
- few seconds, the program's icon appears on the icon bar. Click 'Menu'
- over the icon to bring up the main menu. Most of the menu items are
- greyed out at this stage, because the time and location of observation
- have not yet been set. Choose the 'Observer...' option to cause the
- 'Observer details' dialogue box to appear, and click on the up and down
- arrows until the display shows the location, date and time required.
- You may need the following buttons as well:
- The 'N/S' button toggles between North & South latitude;
- The 'E/W' button toggles between East & West longitude;
- The 'C' button toggles between the 20th and the 21st centuries.
- The 'Time offset' field tells SkyView what time zone the 'Time' field
- represents. For example, if you wish to use British Summer Time (one hour
- ahead of GMT) throughout the program, set this field to +1.0.
-
- Once you are happy with the settings, click on 'OK'. Finally, click 'Menu'
- over the SkyView icon to recover the main menu (now with most options
- available), and choose one or both of 'Horizontal view' or 'Vertical view'
- to display the program's graphical output windows. All the facilities of
- SkyView, described in detail below, are now available.
-
- Hint: If you click on the 'OK' button with Adjust instead of Select, the
- dialogue box remains on screen. You can then recover the main menu by
- clicking Menu anywhere within the dialogue box.
-
-
-
- 3. Using SkyView
- ----------------
-
- 3.1 The Graphical Display from SkyView
-
- SkyView uses two WIMP windows to display its output. The Horizontal
- window displays all parts of the sky from the horizon to sixty degrees
- above the horizon, while the Vertical window displays from sixty degrees
- to directly overhead. They can be open at the same time.
-
- The horizontal line near the bottom of the Horizontal window represents
- the observer's horizon. Compass directions are marked at intervals
- below this line. As a Mode 12 or 20 screen is only wide enough to show
- ninety degrees of azimuth (two compass octants) at a time, the window can
- be scrolled smoothly from side to side to show the required part of the
- sky. To prevent the left and right boundaries of the window from getting
- in the way, the compass direction appearing at the centre of the window
- can be set using the 'Direction' buttons in the 'Observer details'
- dialogue box.
-
- The middle of the Vertical window corresponds to the observer's zenith,
- and the compass circle is plotted at just below sixty degrees of altitude.
- The compass direction at the six o'clock position is the same as the one
- at the centre of the Horizontal window.
-
- There is a small amount of overlap between the areas covered by the
- Horizontal and Vertical windows, so an object near sixty degrees of
- altitude can appear in both windows.
-
-
- 3.2 Symbols
-
- The types of object present in SkyView are represented by the following
- symbols:
- Default
- Object Symbol Display State
-
- Sun Large yellow dot. On
- Moon White circle. Extent of white On
- filling indicates phase.
- Planets Blue dot with vertical blue line. On
- Stars Grey dot. Size and brightness indicate On
- brightness (magnitude) of star.
- Markers Green cross. Off
- TV satellites Red dot with diagonal red lines. Off
- User object White cross. Off
-
- The display of any type of object can be turned on or off at any time,
- using the main menu option 'Display ->' (see Section 4.3).
-
- More details of each type of object are given in Section 5.
-
-
- 3.3 Getting information on a displayed object
-
- Information on any displayed object can be obtained simply by clicking on
- it (using the left hand mouse button). SkyView will then show the
- 'Information on object' dialogue box, which contains information
- appropriate to the type of object clicked on. For example, if the object
- is a star, SkyView gives data such as the constellation name, the star's
- identifier (Bayer letter or Flamsteed number), the visual magnitude, and
- the Right Ascension and Declination. Full details of the information
- given for each type of object are set out in Section 5.
-
- There can sometimes be several objects on top of each other. If this
- happens, the panel near the top of the 'Information on object' dialogue
- box indicates that it is currently showing the information for the nth
- object (where n is the number of overlapping objects), and the up and
- down arrows next to the panel can be used to cycle through the objects.
- These arrows are greyed out when there is only one object.
-
- The 'OK' button in the dialogue box closes the box. The 'Select' button
- is one way of 'selecting' the object - see the next paragraph for an
- explanation of this.
-
-
- 3.4 Search facilities: 'Selecting' an object
-
- Any one of the objects known to SkyView can be 'selected' (even if that
- object is not currently on display). Special treatment is given to the
- selected object, as follows:
- - Whenever it appears in a display window, it is surrounded by a
- small rectangular frame.
- - If the object is currently above the horizon, SkyView can
- automatically rearrange the display windows to bring it on screen.
- - SkyView can automatically adjust the time of observation to show
- the selected object at the time of rising, setting or culminating.
- - Information on the selected object (including the times of rising,
- setting and culminating) is always available, even when the object
- is below the horizon.
-
- Objects are selected via an option on the main menu (see Section 4.7 of
- this Guide) or via the 'Select' button in the 'Information on object'
- dialogue box (as described above).
-
- Once an object has been selected, the facilities for bringing it into view
- and obtaining information on it are available via main menu options (see
- Sections 4.8 - 4.10).
-
-
- 3.5 Printing
-
- The current central quadrant of the Horizontal window, and the complete
- Vertical window, can be printed out via RISC OS printer drivers. The
- grey scale is automatically inverted for printing, to avoid solid black
- backgrounds. A title summarising the location, date and time of the
- observation is included.
-
- To print, use the main menu option 'Print ->'. This is described in
- Section 4.6 below.
-
-
- 3.6 Speed and accuracy
-
- Running on an A540, SkyView takes 3 - 4 seconds (depending on screen
- mode) to calculate a complete celestial hemisphere with all types of
- object enabled.
-
- No guarantees of accuracy are given! However, in random checks with
- a 1990 Astronomical Almanac, the positions of the planets examined were
- typically found to be correct to within a few minutes of arc in Right
- Ascension and Declination. Similar results have been obtained for other
- types of object.
-
- At present, none of the calculations allow for effects such as the
- proper motion of stars, precession, nutation or atmospheric refraction.
-
-
-
- 4. The Main Menu
- ----------------
-
- The main menu can always be brought up by clicking 'Menu' over either
- of the display windows, or over the SkyView icon on the icon bar.
- Most of the program's facilities are accessed via this menu.
-
- The options on the main menu are detailed below:
-
-
- 4.1 Program info
-
- This displays a dialogue box containing the usual information about the
- program (including version number).
-
-
- 4.2 Observer...
-
- Choosing this option brings up the 'Observer details' dialogue box. The
- settings on display are the ones currently in effect in the program.
-
- The main features of the dialogue box were described in Section 2
- ('Getting started'). The remaining features are as follows:
-
- The 'Direction' radio buttons:
- These set the compass direction which appears at the centre of the
- Horizontal window and at the six o'clock position in the Vertical window.
-
- The 'OK' button:
- Clicking on this button puts the settings on display into effect. If you
- click with 'Adjust' instead of 'Select', the dialogue box remains on
- screen.
-
- The 'Cancel' button:
- Clicking on this with 'Select' closes the dialogue box without making
- any changes. If you click with 'Adjust', the box remains on screen and
- the settings on display revert to the ones currently in effect in the
- program.
-
- The 'Defaults' buttons:
- The 'Set' button causes the settings currently on display in the
- dialogue box to be saved to disc as the start-up defaults. The dialogue
- box normally then closes automatically, but it will stay open if you
- click with 'Adjust'.
- The 'Show' button causes the dialogue box to be loaded with the current
- default settings. Note that the settings actually in effect in the
- program are not affected until you click on 'OK'.
-
- The 'Sys date' button:
- This causes the current date (as read from the system clock) to be written
- into the Year, Month and Day fields.
-
- Other notes:
- SkyView ensures that the date on display is always valid. To avoid
- confusion, it is a good idea to set the Year and Month fields before
- setting the Day field.
- It is not possible to observe from either of the Poles.
- Clicking 'Menu' anywhere within the 'Observer details' dialogue box brings
- up the main menu.
-
-
- 4.3 Display ->
-
- This is used to set the display options for the types of object present in
- SkyView.
-
- Follow the right-pointing arrow to bring up the 'Display:' sub-menu.
- Choosing any item in this sub-menu toggles the display of the corresponding
- object type on and off (a tick indicates that display is currently on).
-
- If you turn off the display of the selected object (see Section 3.4), the
- selection is automatically cancelled.
-
- Some types of object have additional display options, accessed via lower
- levels of sub-menus or dialogue boxes. These are described in Section 5.
-
-
- 4.4 Horizontal view
-
- Choosing this item toggles the Horizontal window between being open and
- being closed. A tick indicates that the window is currently open.
-
-
- 4.5 Vertical view
-
- This does the same for the Vertical window.
-
-
- 4.6 Print ->
-
- Follow the arrow to bring up the 'Print:' sub-menu.
-
- The 'Horiz. quadrant' item prints the central quadrant of the Horizontal
- window via the RISC OS printer driver currently installed. Note that this
- quadrant is not necessarily the one currently on the screen. Use the
- 'Direction' radio buttons in the 'Observer details' dialogue box to
- determine which quadrant gets printed.
-
- The 'Vert. complete' item prints the complete Vertical window.
-
- In both cases, the grey scale is inverted to avoid solid black backgrounds.
- The size of the printed image is optimised for A4 paper, but will also fit
- on a print area 8.5" wide by 11" high.
-
-
- 4.7 Select object ->
-
- Follow the arrow to bring up the 'Select:' sub-menu, which is used to
- 'select' a specified object (see Section 3.4). The exact method depends
- on the type of object - details are given in Section 5.
-
- The menu entry for a type of object is greyed out if the display of that
- type of object is currently switched off.
-
- Selecting an object automatically cancels any pre-existing selection.
-
-
- 4.8 See selection ->
-
- Follow the arrow to bring up the 'See selection:' sub-menu. Choosing
- one of the items in this sub-menu causes SkyView to adjust the windows
- (and, if necessary, the time of observation) to show the selected object
- now, on rising, on setting or on culminating. To guarantee that the
- object is immediately visible on screen, the Horizontal window should be
- set to maximum height and the Vertical to maximum size.
-
- The 'Now' item is greyed out if the object is not currently above the
- horizon. The 'On rising', 'On setting' and 'On culminating' items are
- greyed out if the selected object does not rise or set or culminate
- (respectively) on the date currently set.
-
- If there is currently no selected object, all the options are greyed out.
-
-
- 4.9 Selection info
-
- This item displays information on the selected object, even if the object
- is not currently visible. The times of rising, setting and culminating
- are included. The 'OK' button simply closes the dialogue box.
-
- This menu item is greyed out if there is currently no selected object.
-
-
- 4.10 Cancel selection
-
- This item cancels the current selection. If there is currently no
- selection, the item is greyed out.
-
-
- 4.11 Quit
-
- Choosing this item quits the program.
-
-
-
- 5. Types of object present in SkyView
- -------------------------------------
-
- This Section describes each type of object in detail, including any
- special display options and how to select an object of that type.
-
- The 'Display:' sub-menu mentioned in this Section is brought up by
- following the arrow on the 'Display ->' item in the main menu. Likewise,
- the 'Select:' sub-menu is brought up via the 'Select ->' main menu item.
-
-
- 5.1 The Sun
-
- Symbol:
- A large yellow dot.
-
- Display options:
- Choose the item 'The Sun' in the 'Display:' sub-menu to toggle the display
- of the Sun on and off.
-
- Information available:
- Current Right Ascension and Declination.
-
- Selecting:
- Choose the item 'The Sun' in the 'Select:' sub-menu.
-
-
- 5.2 The Moon
-
- Symbol:
- A white circle. The extent of the white filling of the circle indicates
- the phase, as follows:
- Open circle..............................Near New Moon.
- Right half filled, left half open........Near first quarter.
- Filled circle............................Near full moon.
- Right half open, left half filled........Near third quarter.
-
- Note that these symbols are NOT intended to represent the true size or
- orientation of the illuminated crescent.
-
- Display options:
- Choose the item 'The Moon' in the 'Display:' sub-menu to toggle the
- display of the Moon on and off.
-
- Information available:
- Approx age (days since New Moon).
- Current Right Ascension and Declination.
-
- Selecting:
- Choose the item 'The Moon' in the 'Select:' sub-menu.
-
-
- 5.3 Planets
-
- Symbol:
- Blue dot with vertical blue line.
-
- Display options:
- Choose the item 'Planets' in the 'Display:' sub-menu to toggle the
- display of all planets on and off.
-
- Information available:
- Name of planet.
- Approx visual magnitude.
- Distance from Earth (astronomical units).
- Phase (0.0 = new, 1.0 = full).
- Angular diameter (seconds of arc).
- Current Right Ascension and Declination.
-
- Selecting:
- Follow the right-pointing arrow on the 'Planet ->' item in the 'Select:'
- sub-menu. Then choose the planet you wish to select.
-
-
- 5.4 Stars
-
- Symbol:
- Grey dot. The size and brightness of the dot indicate the magnitude of
- the star - see Display Options below.
-
- Display options:
- SkyView divides the stars into eight magnitude groups, and uses a
- different symbol to represent each. The user can determine which symbol
- is used for which group. Follow the right-pointing arrow on the
- 'Stars ->' item in the 'Display:' sub-menu to bring up the dialogue box
- entitled 'Alter Star display options'. The magnitude groups are shown on
- the left (the lower limit is inclusive, the upper exclusive) and the
- corresponding symbol is shown on the right. Click on the arrows to cycle
- through the library of available symbols. The 'up' arrow gives brighter
- or larger symbols, and the 'down' arrow gives smaller or dimmer symbols.
- The yellow buttons at the foot of the dialogue box work in an analogous
- way to the buttons in the 'Observer details' box described in Section 4.2.
-
- To toggle the display of all stars on and off, choose the 'Stars ->' item
- itself.
-
- Information available:
- The magnitude.
- The star's Flamsteed number, Bayer letter and Bright Star Catalogue number,
- in that order. One or more of these items may be absent. (The catalogue
- number is that in the 3rd revised edition of the Yale Bright Star
- Catalogue.)
- The name of the constellation (genitive case).
- The star's proper name, if known.
- The Right Ascension and Declination.
-
- Selecting:
- There are four available methods for selecting a star: by proper name, by
- Bayer letter, by Flamsteed number, or by Bright Star catalogue number.
- Follow the arrow on the 'Star ->' item in the 'Select:' sub-menu to bring
- up the 'Select star:' sub-menu, and choose the item corresponding to the
- method you wish to use. A dialogue box appears. Enter the requested
- information (incomplete information is usually allowed, as described
- below) and then click on the 'Search' button. If a star which matches the
- given details is found, its description is displayed in the dialogue box.
- If this star is the one you want, click on 'OK'. If not, click on
- 'Continue' to continue the search. Repeat this if necessary until the
- star you want appears, and then click on 'OK'. Note that the 'OK' button
- is greyed out if there is no star currently on offer.
- Some notes on the individual selection methods now follow.
-
- By proper name: The case of the letters is not significant, and the name
- can be incomplete, so 'Betelgeuse' or 'BETELGEUSE' or
- 'betel' will all find Betelgeuse.
-
- By Bayer letter: To specify the Bayer letter, enter the name of the Greek
- letter. This is allowed to be incomplete, so 'alpha' or
- 'alp' will both find Alpha. To enter a Bayer letter with
- a superscript, type the complete name of the letter
- followed by a space and the superscript. For example,
- for alpha 2 enter 'alpha 2'. (Alternatively just enter
- 'alp' and continue the search until alpha 2 is found.)
- To specify the constellation, enter its name in nominative
- or genitive case, or the standard three-letter
- abbreviation. Again, case is not significant and names
- can be incomplete. For example, 'ORION' or 'Orionis'
- or 'ORI' or 'orio' will all find Orion.
-
- By Flamsteed No: The Flamsteed number must be entered exactly or left
- blank. The constellation name is entered in exactly the
- same way as for selection by Bayer letter.
-
- By catalogue No: The Bright Star Catalogue number must be entered
- exactly (a blank entry is treated as 0). There is no
- 'Continue' button in this dialogue box, as no ambiguity
- is possible.
-
- Other notes: A blank entry, when allowed, will match anything.
- The 'Search' button always begins the search at the
- beginning of the Star database. The 'Continue' button
- searches from the star currently on offer, if there is
- one; if not, it is the same as 'Search'.
- The 'Cancel' button normally closes the dialogue box
- without making any changes. If clicked with 'Adjust',
- however, it leaves the box open and resets the writable
- icons to the values they had at the last search.
-
-
- 5.5 Markers
-
- Symbol:
- Green cross.
-
- Display options:
- Choose the item 'Markers' in the 'Display:' sub-menu to toggle the
- display of all markers on and off.
-
- Information available:
- Right Ascension.
- Declination.
-
- Selecting:
- In the present version of SkyView, the markers are generated with values
- of Declination from -90 degrees to +90 degrees in 10 degree steps. The
- values of Right Ascension which are used depend on the Declination:
-
- Declination Right Ascension values
- -90 deg, +90 deg 0 hours
- -80 to -10 deg 0 to 22 hours in 2 hour steps
- 0 deg 0 to 23 hours in 1 hour steps
- +10 to +80 deg 0 to 22 hours in 2 hour steps
-
- To select a Marker, choose the 'Marker...' item in the 'Select:' sub-menu
- to bring up the 'Select Marker:' dialogue box. Click on the arrows until
- the required Right Ascension and Declination are displayed, and then click
- on 'OK'. (It is a good idea to set the Declination first, as the
- available Right Ascension values are different at different Declinations.)
-
-
- 5.6 TV Satellites (in geostationary orbits)
-
- Symbol:
- Red dot with diagonal red lines.
-
- Display options:
- Choose the 'TV sats.' item in the 'Display:' sub-menu to toggle the
- display of all TV satellites on and off.
-
- Information available:
- Name.
- Position.
- Function (if known).
-
- Selecting:
- Follow the arrow on the 'TV sat. ->' item in the 'Select:' sub-menu to
- bring up the 'TV sat.:' sub-menu. Then choose the required satellite.
-
-
- 5.7 User object
-
- Symbol:
- White cross.
-
- Display options:
- To set the coordinates of the User Object, follow the arrow on the
- 'User obj. ->' item in the 'Display:' sub-menu. This brings up the
- dialogue box entitled 'Set details of User Object'. Click on the up and
- down arrows until the required coordinates are shown (the 'N/S' button
- toggles between North and South declination), and enter a description if
- you wish. Finally, click on 'OK'.
-
- All yellow buttons at the foot of the dialogue box operate in an analogous
- way to those on the 'Observer details' dialogue box (see Section 4.2).
-
- To toggle the display of the User Object on and off, choose the
- 'User obj. ->' item itself in the 'Display' sub-menu.
-
- Information available:
- Text (if any) entered by the user.
- Right Ascension and Declination.
-
- Selecting:
- Choose the 'User obj.' item in the 'Select:' sub-menu.
-
-
-
- 6. Bibliography
- ---------------
-
- The inspiration for SkyView came from Ronald Alpiar's remarkable
- program 'Sky-Baby' for the 32K BBC Micro (see Reference 1 below).
-
- In developing the astronomical algorithms in SkyView, I found Refs. 2 - 5
- particularly useful. Ref. 6 provided additional information and some
- interesting background reading.
-
- 1. The Sky-Baby User Guide
- Ronald Alpiar
-
- 2. NAO Technical Note No. 46, "Formulae for computing astronomical data
- with hand-held calculators"
- B D Yallop
- Nautical Almanac Office
- Royal Greenwich Observatory, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0EZ
-
- 3. NAO Technical Note No. 46, Section 5, "Formulae for computing
- astronomical data with hand-held calculators (Navigational Supplement)"
- B D Yallop
- Nautical Almanac Office
- Royal Greenwich Observatory, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0EZ
-
- 4. The Astronomical Almanac for 1990
- HMSO
- HMSO Publications Centre, P O Box 276, London SW8 5DT
-
- 5. Astronomy with your Personal Computer (2nd edition)
- Peter Duffett-Smith
- Cambridge University Press
- ISBN 0 521 38995 X
-
- 6. Norton's 2000.0 Star Atlas and Reference Handbook (18th edition)
- Ian Ridpath (ed.)
- Longman Scientific & Technical
- ISBN 0-582-03163-X
-
-
-
-
-
- Nigel Hawkes
- 1993
-