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-
- _M_o_d_e_l _F_o_r_m_u_l_a_e
-
- y ~ model
- formula(object)
- formula.default(anything)
- formula.formula(formula.obj)
- formula.terms(terms.obj)
-
- _D_e_s_c_r_i_p_t_i_o_n:
-
- The models fit by the lm and glm functions are speci-
- fied in a compact symbolic form. The ~ operator is
- basic in the formation of such models. An expression
- of the form y~model is interpreted as a specification
- that the response y is modelled by a linear predictor
- specified symbolically by model. Such a model consists
- of a series of terms separated by + operators. The
- terms themselves consist of variable and factor names
- separated by : operators. Such a term is interpreted
- as the interaction of all the variables and factors
- appearing in the term.
-
- In addition to + and :, a number of other operators are
- useful in model formulae. The * operator denotes fac-
- tor crossing: a*b interpreted as a+b+a:b. The ^ opera-
- tor indicates crossing to the specified degree. For
- example (a+b+c)^2 is identical to (a+b+c)*(a+b+c) which
- in turn expands to a formula containing the main
- effects for a, b and c together with their second-order
- interactions. The %in% operator indicates that the
- terms on its left are nested within those on the right.
- For example a+b%in%a expands to the formula a+a:b.
-
- While formulae usually involve just variable and factor
- names, they can also involve arithmetic expressions.
- The formula log(y)~a+log(x) is quite legal. When such
- arithmetic expressions involve operators which are also
- used symbolically in model formulae, there can be con-
- fusion between arithmetic and symbolic operator use.
- To avoid this confusion, the function I() can be used
- to bracket those portions of a model formula where the
- operators are used in their arithmetic sense. For
- example, in the formula y~a+I(b+c), the term b+c is to
- be interpreted as the sum of b and c.
-
- The generic function formula and its specific methods
- provide a way of extracting formulae which have been
- included in other objects.
-
- _V_a_l_u_e:
-
- All the functions above produce an object of class for-
- mula which contains a symbolic model formula.
-
- _S_e_e _A_l_s_o:
-
- lm, glm, terms.
-
-