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- Newsgroups: sci.electronics
- Path: sparky!uunet!utcsri!torn!nott!bnrgate!bcars267!mwandel
- From: mwandel@bnr.ca (Markus Wandel)
- Subject: Re: Television remote control units
- Message-ID: <1992Nov10.175119.14424@bnr.ca>
- Sender: news@bnr.ca (usenet)
- Nntp-Posting-Host: bcara187
- Organization: bnr
- References: <1d9ka1INNmta@usenet.INS.CWRU.Edu> <721012191snx@nlbbs.UUCP>
- Date: Tue, 10 Nov 1992 17:51:19 GMT
- Lines: 63
-
- In article <721012191snx@nlbbs.UUCP> paula@nlbbs.UUCP writes:
- >
- >In article <1d9ka1INNmta@usenet.INS.CWRU.Edu> ah335@cleveland.Freenet.Edu writes:
- > >
- > > Can someone give a technical explanation on how TV remote control
- > > units operate? I'm sure I'm not the only one who doesn't have
- > > a clear technical understanding of this and would like to know.
- > -------
- > >
- > M A G I C !
- > >
-
- Well, if THAT was good enough to post, maybe the following is too.
-
- TV remote controls send information to the TV by infrared light. The
- light is generated by one or more LEDs in the remote control and picked
- up by a photodiode or phototransistor in the TV. The wavelength is one
- which you can't see, and the filters in front of the LEDs and detectors
- are nearly opaque at the wavelengths at which you can see, but pass the
- IR easily, which is why you can't see the devices behind them.
-
- A normal room environment contains plenty of IR 'noise', from sunlight
- and incandescent lamps, for example. So that its signal may be
- distinguished from the noise, the TV remote control emits a carrier
- frequency of approximately 40KHz. The LED is simply flashed at that
- frequency. The receiver contains a bandpass filter which picks this
- frequency out of all the IR noise. It's very much like a radio
- transmission but using light pulses instead of electromagnetic waves.
-
- Information is encoded on the carrier frequency by turning it on and off,
- so that the remote control actually emits bursts of 40KHz flickering.
- The length of the bursts and the spaces between them contain the
- information.
-
- Inside the remote control is a keyboard matrix, an IC, a battery, a
- clock source (a 455KHz ceramic resonator typically), the IR LEDs, and
- the driver transistors for the LEDs. The IC energizes the keypad "row"
- lines with DC and watches the "column" lines (for example) so it can
- detect any key being pressed without scanning the keypad continually.
- When it detects a key press, it fires up the clock oscillator,
- determines which key is down, and generates a serial data stream which
- is used to modulate the IR carrier. On the remote controls I have,
- a preamble is sent (long pulse), then 32 bits of data. Each bit is
- a burst of constant length. The pauses between the bursts can be
- "long" or "short" to encode 1 and 0. Part of the code is constant for
- all keys of a given remote control, the other part determines the key
- which is down. The length of the code ensures that IR bursts from
- other (incompatible) remote controls don't accidentally spoof a key
- code and the constant part of the code allows multiple remotes to use
- the same protocol.
-
- The remote control achieves its range in part by careful tuning of the
- receiver, and in part by pumping TONS of current through the IR LEDs.
- 1/2 AMPERE of current in each of two LEDs is quite reasonable. The
- LEDs and the battery survive because the duty cycle is small -- even
- if you hold a key down the LEDs are off most of the time.
-
- I've found that (on my VCR and remote control) the carrier frequency
- and data rate of the signal don't have to be all that accurate: 10% off
- in either direction produced a decrease in range but it still worked.
-
- Markus Wandel
- markus@pinetree.org <-- NOT the source of this posting
-