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- From: cla-faq@ajpo.sei.cmu.edu (Ada Info. Clearinghouse)
- Subject: comp.lang.ada FAQ 2/2
- Message-ID: <1992Nov5.163054.11638@sei.cmu.edu>
- Followup-To: Poster
- Summary: comp.lang.ada Frequently Asked Questions. (Does *not*
- get into programming questions.)
- Sender: netnews@sei.cmu.edu (Netnews)
- Reply-To: cla-faq@ajpo.sei.cmu.edu
- Organization: Ada Information Clearinghouse
- Date: Thu, 5 Nov 1992 16:30:54 GMT
- Lines: 606
-
- comp.lang.ada Frequently Asked Questions part 2 of 2
-
- 16) What cheap (<500$) Ada compilers are available?
-
- What follows is absolutely *not* exhaustive, but inexpensive
- compilers are available, and some vendors offer educational
- discounts. Among those offering educational discounts are
- Alsys, DDC-I, Encore, Harris, IBM, Irvine Compiler, Meridian,
- PSS, Tartan, and TeleSoft.
-
- Meridian
- Among choices for inexpensive compilers, Meridian offers one for
- $99. (Meridian Software Systems, 10 Pasteur Street, Irvine, CA
- 92718; contact: Jim Smith 800/221-2522, 714/727-0700)
-
- Alsys (US pricing only):
- FirstAda for 286 DOS is $595. It'll run on 286 and higher, and
- will generate applications for any x86 PC. Comes with a full
- toolset. Alsys does run specials on it periodically. Call
- Scott Dorman at 617/270-0030 for more info.
-
- Alsys offers the same compilation system for $144 to qualified
- educational institutions under its LEAP program. The program
- also offers substantial educational discounts on other Alsys
- products, as well as site license arrangements. Contact Kathy
- Ruggiero at 617/270-0030 for more info.
-
- 17) Are there any dialup BBS systems that deal with Ada?
-
- AdaIC BBS: (US) 703/614-0215 AUTOVON: 224-0215
-
- Ada 9X: (US) 800-Ada9X25 301/459-8939
-
- (from olender@CS.ColoState.EDU (Kurt Olender))
-
- AdaNet BBS: This is a free service that maintains e-mail
- connections for people not on the internet, an Ada source code
- repository, and a selection of other on-line Ada-related
- documents. It is sponsored by NASA. Call 800/444-1458 to
- register for access.
-
- (from carlsons@ajpo.sei.cmu.edu (Susan Carlson))
- (Caveat: Telephone numbers can change without notice. If we
- find out a number doesn't work, we'll note that, but leave the
- entry in until we're sure the service has actually been
- discontinued. If you are aware of a better number, please let
- us know.)
-
- Naval Computer Telecommunications Command
- Tel: 804/444-7841
-
- Air Force Software Technology Support Center (STSC) BBS
- Tel: 801/777-7553 or DSN 458-7553
- Baud: 2400, 1200, 300
- Bits: 8
- Parity: None
- Stop Bits: 1
-
- ACM SIGAda Performance Issues Working Group
- PIWG Ada Benchmarks BBS
- Tel: 412/268-7020
-
- AFSC MCCR Ada -- Air Force Policy
- Tel: 301/735-8124 (?? wasn't working on 2 Nov 92)
-
- Embedded Systems Programming Magazine BBS
- Tel: 415/905-2689
-
- Ada Language System/Navy
- Tel: 202/342-4568
- Baud: 2400/1200/300
- Bits: 8
- Parity: None
- Stop Bits: 1
-
- 18) Does anyone know where I can get bindings for Ada? X-Windows?
- Others?
-
- General
- The AdaIC (question 15, above) has a report on "Available Ada
- Bindings". It can be ordered in hardcopy as flyer S82, and it
- can be downloaded from the AdaIC Bulletin Board (703/614-0215)
- as BINDINGS.HLP. It's also available by anonyomous ftp on the
- AJPO host (ajpo.sei.cmu.edu).
-
- X-Windows
- (from drew@verdix.com (Drew Johnson))
-
- This question turns out to be pretty darn hard to answer easily.
- There are at least three variables that need to be filled:
-
- 1) platform where you are going to be running.
- 2) compiler you would like to use.
- 3) Level/flavor of X you would like to run (e.g., just need
- bindings to Xlib, want Openlook as opposed to Motif, etc).
-
- Once you fill all three of the above, then you can start to get
- answers. In order to keep the answer brief, I am simply going
- to list companies that offer such products, and locations where
- free versions are available.
-
- Before I give the list, I think a little history is in order.
- The first Xlib bindings that were publically available were done
- by SAIC for STARS. This implementation had many bugs, but it
- was there, and it was free. I believe that this version was
- eventually withdrawn from the STARS repository, and has now been
- replaced with a better one. In addition, SAIC has done an Xt
- implementation based on these Xlib bindings (also for STARS).
- NOTE: the above description may well be inaccurate, and I
- welcome corrections.
-
- Now, for the list.
- NOTE: this list is currently "off the top of my head", and I
- welcome the addition of details and/or corrections. I currently
- don't have time to go back through the comp.lang.ada archives to
- get full contact info on the companies I am listing below. I am
- counting on their vigilance to see the FAQ and send me info.
-
- First off, there is a pretty complete list of available bindings
- for X as well as other stuff at the Ada IC.
- site: ajpo.sei.cmu.edu
- location: /public/ada-info/bindings.hlp.06Oct92
- access: anonymous FTP
-
- Free versions:
- STARS: bindings to Xlib and Xt. freely available via ftp on
- source.asset.com
-
- Non-free versions:
- SERC: bindings to Xlib/Xt/Motif
- contact: well!sercmail@apple.com (Scott Cleveland)
-
- Verdix: bindings to Xlib/Xt/Motif
- (Note that bindings to Xview are included with the SunAda Sun4
- compiler)
- contact: moskow@verdix.com (Paul Moskowitz)
-
- ATC: bindings to Xlib/Xt/Motif
- contact: ???
-
- Telesoft: bindings to Xlib/Xt/Motif (TeleWindows)
- (Note that bindings to Xview are included with the TeleSoft Sun4
- compiler)
- contact: philippe@telesoft.com
-
- X-based GUI (Graphical User Interface) Builders:
- Objective (OIS): Screen Machine
- contact: Phil Carrasco (703/264-1900)
-
- TeleSoft: TeleUSE
- contact: philippe@telesoft.com
-
- EVB software: GRAMMI
- contact: grammi-info@evb.com
-
- Sun Microsystems: DevGuide
- contact: ???
-
- SERC: UIL-to-Ada code generator
- (not really a GUI-builder, but works with several builders to
- generate Ada instead of other languages).
- contact: well!sercmail@apple.com (Scott Cleveland)
-
- 19) Is there a list of Ada compiler vendor e-mail contacts?
-
- (from drew@verdix.com (Drew Johnson))
-
- Alsys sales (e-mail contact only): tne@world.std.com (Tom Erickson)
- Alsys sales (voice) Scott Dorman
- Tel: 617/270-0030
-
- Convex questions: allison@convex.com (Brian Allison)
- Tel: 214/497-4346
-
- Cray questions: det@cray.com (Dave Thersleff)
- Tel: 612/683-5701
- Cray sales: svc@cray.com (Sylvia Crain)
- Tel: 505/988-2468
-
- Harris questions: jeffh@ssd.csd.harris.com (Jeff Hollensen)
-
- IBM/Ada questions: malcho@torolab6.vnet.ibm.com (Don Malcho)
- Tel: 416/448-3727
-
- Intermetrics questions: ryer@inmet.inmet.com (Mike Ryer)
-
- Irvine Compiler Corp (ICC) questions: info@irvine.com
-
- Tartan questions: englert@tartan.com (Susan Englert)
- Tel: 412/856 3600
-
- Telesoft questions: adasupport@telesoft.com
- Tel: 619/457-2700
- TeleSoft Sales: marketng@telesoft.com (Philippe Collard)
- Tel: 619/457-2700
-
- Verdix questions: drew@verdix.com (Drew Johnson)
- Verdix sales information: moskow@verdix.com (Paul Moskowitz)
- Tel: 800-BUY-VADS
-
- 20) Is there a list of good Ada books?
-
- Just for a list of texts, etc. (no evaluations or
- recommendations), you might take a look at the ADABOOKS.HLP file
- on the AdaIC Bulletin Board and in the public/ada-info directory
- on the AJPO host (ajpo.sei.cmu.edu).
-
- Books for use in class (and others):
- (from mfeldman@seas.gwu.edu (Michael B. Feldman))
-
- As co-chair of the SIGAda Education Committee, and a denizen of
- the Internet newsgroups, I am often asked to give references for
- "Ada textbooks." This list responds to these many queries. It
- is far from exhaustive, merely a selected list of 26 books being
- used successfully in undergraduate computer science courses.
-
- The six books in the Group 1 are written especially for students
- without programming experience, who are learning Ada as their
- first language. Most of these can also cover at least part of a
- typical CS2-level course. The seven books in Group 2 use Ada as
- their language of discourse but are "subject-oriented:" data
- structures, file structures, compilers, comparative languages.
- The thirteen books in Group 3 are either "Ada books" focusing on
- the language features or more general books that use Ada, at
- least in part, but do not fit obviously into a standard
- curriculum "pigeonhole."
-
- I invite you to add to the list. Please write your annotated
- entry in the form I have used here and write or e-mail it to me.
- I will include it in my next version and credit you as a
- co-compiler of the list.
-
- Disclaimers: I wrote two of the texts listed here; I hope the
- annotations are impartial enough. And any annotated
- bibliography is selective and opinionated. Your mileage may
- vary.
-
- Group 1: Books Suitable for a First Course in Programming
-
- Bover, D.C.C., K.J. Maciuas, and M.J. Oudshoorn.
- Ada: A First Course in Programming and Software Engineering.
- Addison-Wesley, 1992.
- This work is, to our knowledge, the first Ada book to emerge
- from Australia, from a group of authors with much collective
- experience in teaching Ada to first-year students. A number of
- interesting examples are presented, for example, an Othello
- game. The book is full of gentle humor, a definite advantage in
- a world of dry and serious texts. In the book's favor is the
- large number of complete programs. On the other hand, it is
- rather "European" in its terseness; American teachers may miss
- the pedagogical apparatus and "hand-holding" typically found in
- today's CS1 books. Generic units are hardly mentioned.
-
- Culwin, F.
- Ada: a Developmental Approach.
- Prentice-Hall, 1992.
- This work introduces Ada along with a good first-year approach
- to software development methodology. Much attention is paid to
- program design, documentation, and testing. Enough material is
- present in data structures and algorithm analysis is present to
- carry a CS2 course. A drawback of the book is that the first
- third is quite "Pascal-like" in its presentation order:
- procedures, including nested ones, are presented rather early,
- and packages are deferred until nearly the middle of the book.
- This is certainly not a fatal flaw, but it will frustrate
- teachers wishing a more package-oriented presentation. The
- programs and solutions are apparently available from the author.
-
- Feldman, M.B., and E.B. Koffman.
- Ada: Problem Solving and Program Design.
- Addison-Wesley, 1991.
- This work combines the successful material from Koffman's CS1
- pedagogy with a software-engineering-oriented Ada presentation
- order. Packages are introduced early and emphasized heavily;
- chapters on abstract data types, unconstrained arrays, generics,
- recursion, and dynamic data structures appear later. The last
- five chapters, combined with some language-independent algorithm
- theory, can serve as the basis of a CS2 course. A diskette with
- all the fully-worked packages and examples (about 180) is
- included; the instructor's manual contains a diskette with
- project solutions.
-
- Savitch, W.J. and C.G. Petersen.
- Ada: an Introduction to the Art and Science of Programming.
- Benjamin/Cummings, 1992.
- This is a straightforward adaptation of the well-known Savitch
- Pascal books. Ada is introduced in a Pascal-like order, with
- subtypes and packages introduced halfway through the book. This
- is purely a CS1 book. The final chapter covers dynamic data
- structures. There is no coverage of unconstrained array types;
- generics are introduced at the halfway point to explain Text_IO,
- then dropped until the final chapter. The authors intended this
- book to provide a painless transition to Ada for teachers of
- Pascal; one wishes they had taken advantage of the chance to
- show some of the interesting Ada concepts as well. Program
- examples from the text are available on disk, but only as part
- of the instructor's manual; a solutions disk is available for a
- fee from the authors.
-
- Skansholm, J.
- Ada from the Beginning.
- Addison Wesley, 1988.
- This book was one of the first to use Ada with CS1-style
- pedagogy. There are excellent sections on the idiosyncracies of
- interactive I/O (a problem in all languages), and a sufficient
- number of fully-worked examples to satisfy students. Generics,
- linked lists and recursion are covered at the end; there is no
- tasking coverage, but one would not expect this at CS1-level.
-
- Volper, D., and M. Katz.
- Introduction to Programming Using Ada.
- Prentice-Hall, 1990.
- This book uses a heavily "spiraled" approach to Ada, and is
- designed for a 2-semester course, covering nearly all of Ada
- eventually. There are lots of fully-coded examples, and good
- pedagogical sections on testing, coding style, etc. If you like
- spiraling, you'll like this. The down side is that you can't
- find all you need on a given subject in one place. It's at the
- other end of the scale from the "Ada books" that follow the Ada
- Language Reference Manual (LRM) order.
-
- Group 2: Other Books Intended for Undergraduate Courses
-
- Ben-Ari, M.
- Principles of Concurrent and Distributed Programming.
- Prentice-Hall 1990. (OS/concurrency)
- In my opinion, this is the best introduction to concurrency on
- the market. Ada notation is used for everything, but the focus
- is on concurrency and not on Ada constructs per se. I liked the
- CoPascal notation of the first edition better, but this book is
- still great. A software disk is promised in the preface; I had
- to work quite hard to get it from the publisher, which finally
- had to express-ship it from England. The software comes with a
- tiny Ada-ish interpreter, complete with Pascal source code,
- adapted from Wirth's Pascal/S via CoPascal. There are also some
- real Ada programs, most of which I've tested and found correct
- and portable.
-
- Feldman, M.B.
- Data Structures with Ada.
- Prentice Hall, 1985 (now distributed by Addison-Wesley).
- (CS2/data structures)
- This book is a reasonable approximation to a modern CS2 book:
- "big O" analysis, linked lists, queues and stacks, graphs,
- trees, hash methods, and sorting, are all covered. The Ada is a
- bit old-fashioned, especially the lack of generics; the book was
- published before compilers could handle generics. The packages
- and other programs are available free from the author. The book
- is currently under revision with Addison-Wesley and should
- appear in 1993.
-
- Fischer, C., and R. LeBlanc.
- Crafting a Compiler.
- Benjamin Cummings, 1988. (compilers)
- This book uses Ada as its language of discourse and Ada/CS, a
- usefully large Ada subset, as the language being compiled. If
- you can get the "plain Pascal" tool software by ftp from the
- authors, you'll have a good translator-writing toolset. Skip
- the Turbo Pascal diskette version, which is missing too many
- pieces to be useful. I've used the book since it came out with
- both undergrad and graduate compiler courses; it embodies a good
- blend of theory and "how it's really done" coding. Students
- like it. The authors have recently published a second version,
- which uses C as its coding language but retains Ada/CS as the
- language being compiled.
-
- Lomuto, N.
- Problem-Solving Methods with Examples in Ada.
- Prentice-Hall, 1987. (algorithms)
- Inspired by Polya's classic How to Solve It, this book can make
- a nice addition to an Ada-oriented algorithms course. It makes
- too many assumptions about students' programming background to
- use as a CS1 book, and doesn't teach enough Ada to be an "Ada
- book." But it makes nice reading for students sophisticated
- enough to handle it. I'd classify it as similar to Bentley's
- Programming Pearls.
-
- Miller, N.E. and C.G. Petersen.
- File Structures with Ada.
- Benjamin/Cummings, 1990. (file structures)
- Designed for a straightforward ACM-curriculum file structures
- course, this book succeeds at what it does. There are good
- discussions of ISAM and B-tree organizations. The software can
- be purchased a low cost from the authors; it seems to
- approximate in Ada all those C-based file packages advertised in
- programmer-oriented trade publications.
-
- Schneider, G.M., and S.C. Bruell.
- Concepts in Data Structures and Software Development (with Ada
- Supplement by P. Texel).
- West, 1991. (CS2/data structures)
- This work is not, strictly speaking, an Ada book; rather, it is
- a solid, language-independent approach to modern CS2. The
- language of discourse in the book is a Pascal-like ADT language
- rather like Modula-2 in style; some examples are coded in legal
- Pascal. The Ada supplement makes it usable in an Ada-based
- course, but the supplement is rather too terse (100 pages of
- large type) for my taste, and insufficiently well keyed to the
- book chapters. The supplement's effectiveness would be greatly
- enhanced by full translations to Ada of a large number of the
- book's examples.
-
- Sebesta, R.W.
- Concepts of Programming Languages.
- Benjamin Cummings, 1989. (comparative languages)
- If you've been around for a while, you might remember the late
- Mark Elson's 1975 book by the same title. This is similar: a
- concept-by- concept presentation, with -- in each chapter --
- examples taken from several languages. There is a nice
- impartial presentation of Ada along with the others. I
- especially like the chapters on abstraction and exception
- handling. The book covers -- comparatively, of course -- most
- of the lanuages you'd like to see, including C, Lisp, Smalltalk,
- etc., with nice historical chapters as well. The book is
- readable; my students like it. Our undergraduate and graduate
- courses both use it as a base text.
-
- Group 3: A Selection of Other Ada-Related Books
-
- Barnes, J.
- Programming in Ada. (3rd edition)
- Addison Wesley, 1989.
- Barnes' work has been one of the most popular "Ada books." Some
- students find it hard to see how the pieces fit together from
- Barnes' often fragmentary examples; it is difficult to find
- complete, fully- worked out, compilable programs. A version is
- available with the entire Ada Language Reference Manual bound in
- as an appendix.
-
- Booch, G.
- Object-Oriented Design, with Applications.
- Benjamin Cummings, 1991.
- This is a good comparative introduction to the "object-oriented
- (OO)" concept. The first half gives a balanced presentation of
- the issues in OO Design; the second half gives nontrivial
- examples from Ada, Smalltalk, C++, CLOS, and Object Pascal. The
- author tries to sort out the difference between object-based
- (weak inheritance, like Ada) and object-oriented (like C++)
- languages. My only real complaint is that Booch should have
- worked out at least some of his case studies using several
- different languages, to highlight the similarities and
- differences in the language structures. As it is, each case
- study is done in only a single language. The good news is that
- the book is remarkably free of the hyperbolic claims one
- sometimes finds in the OO literature. I think this book could
- be used successfully in a second- level comparative languages
- course.
-
- Booch, G.
- Software Components with Ada.
- Benjamin Cummings, 1987.
- This work is an encyclopedic presentation of data structure
- packages from Booch's OOD point of view. It is great for those
- who love taxonomies. It's not for the faint-hearted, because
- the volume of material can be overwhelming. It could serve as a
- text for an advanced data structures course, but it's thin in
- "big O" analysis and other algorithm-theory matters. The book
- is keyed to the (purchasable) Booch Components.
-
- Booch, G.
- Software Engineering with Ada. (2nd edition)
- Benjamin Cummings 1987.
- Another of the classical "Ada books." Introduces Booch's OOD
- ideas. Not for use to introduce Ada to novices, in my opinion;
- there are some nice fully-worked case studies but they begin too
- far into the book, after long sections on design, philosophy,
- and language elements. The earlier chapters contain too much
- fragmentary code, a common flaw in books that follow the LRM
- order.
-
- Bryan, D.L., and G.O. Mendal.
- Exploring Ada, Volumes 1 and 2.
- Prentice-Hall, 1990 and 1992 respectively.
- This is an excellent study of some of the interesting nooks and
- crannies of Ada; it sometimes gets tricky and
- "language-lawyerly." Volume 2 takes up tasking, generics,
- exceptions, derived types, scope and visibility; Volume 1 covers
- everything else. The programs are short and narrowly focused on
- specific language issues. If you like Bryan's "Dear Ada" column
- in Ada Letters, you'll like this book. It is certainly not a
- book for beginners, but great fun for those who know Ada already
- and wish to explore.
-
- Burns, A.
- Concurrent Programming in Ada.
- Cambridge University Press, 1985.
- I used this book for years in my concurrency course. It's
- roughly equivalent to Gehani's book, but its age is showing.
- Cambridge Press is not always easy to get books from, especially
- in the US.
-
- Cohen, N.
- Ada as a Second Language.
- McGraw Hill, 1986.
- This book is a quite comprehensive exploration of Ada which
- follows the LRM in its presentation order. My graduate students
- like it because it is more detailed and complete than
- alternative texts. It's an excellent book for students who know
- their languages and want to study all of Ada. There are good
- discussions of "why's and wherefore's" and many long,
- fully-worked examples.
-
- Gauthier, M.
- Ada: Un Apprentissage (in French).
- Dunod, 1989.
- I found this an especially interesting, almost philosophical
- approach to Ada. The first section presents Ada in the context
- of more general laguage principles: types, genericity,
- reusability. The second section introduces testing and
- documentation concerns, as well as tasking; the third considers
- generics and variant records in the more general context of
- polymorphism. For mature Ada students in the French-speaking
- world, and others who can follow technical French, this book can
- serve as a different slant on the conventional presentations of
- the language. An English translation would be a real
- contribution to the Ada literature.
-
- Gehani, N.
- Ada: an Advanced Introduction (2nd edition).
- Prentice-Hall, 1989.
- I've always liked Gehani's literate writing style; he knows his
- languages and treats Ada in an interesting, mature, and balanced
- fashion. This book comes with a diskette sealed in the back of
- the book, which is advantageous because the book has numerous
- nontrivial, fully- worked examples.
-
- Gehani, N.
- Ada: Concurrent Programming (2nd edition).
- Silicon Press, 1991.
- This is a less formal, more Ada-oriented presentation of
- concurrency than the Ben-Ari work. I use both books in my
- concurrency course; its real strength is the large number of
- nontrivial, fully worked examples. Gehani offers a nice
- critique of the tasking model from the point of view of an OS
- person. The preface promises the availability of a software
- disk from the publisher.
-
- Nyberg, K.
- The Annotated Ada Reference Manual. (2nd edition)
- Grebyn Corporation, 1991.
- This is the definitive work on Ada legalities, because it
- presents not only the full text of the LRM but also the official
- Ada Interpretations. These commentaries, interleaved with the
- LRM text, have been approved and promulgated by the Ada Board
- and the various standards organizations, and are binding upon
- compiler developers. I recommend this book as an essential
- volume in the library of every serious Ada enthusiast.
-
- Shumate, K.
- Understanding Ada. (2nd edition)
- John Wiley, 1989.
- This would make a CS1 book if it included more overall pedagogy,
- independent of language constructs. Otherwise it is a nice
- introduction to Ada in fairly gentle steps. Lots of completely
- worked examples, right from the start. Doesn't follow the LRM
- order, which is great.
-
- Watt, D.A., B.A. Wichmann, and W. Findlay.
- Ada Language and Methodology.
- Prentice-Hall, 1987.
- This work presents some interesting programming projects, and
- the coverage of design and testing--at the level of a first-year
- student--is quite good. The first third of the book
- concentrates heavily on classical control and data structures,
- leaving exceptions and packages until the "programming in the
- large" material in the second third. CS2 teachers will find too
- little concentration on algorithm analysis. On the other hand,
- tasking and machine-dependent programming are covered. Like the
- Shumate work, this book would make a suitable introduction to
- Ada for students with a semester or so of programming
- experience; it "jumps in" too quickly to satisfy the needs of
- neophytes and is not well-tailored to CS1 or CS2 needs.
-
- 21) Where can I get language translators?
-
- The AdaIC maintains a Products and Tools Database on its
- bulletin board (703-614-0215), and one of the categories is
- translators. (The list of products should not be considered
- exhaustive; if you wish to suggest additions, please contact the
- AdaIC.) Besides access to the database via the bulletin
- board, you can also call the AdaIC (800-AdaIC-11 or 703/685-
- 1477) and ask for a customized search.
-
- In addition to all the usual caveats, however, it should also be
- noted that translation itself is a controversial issue.
-
- When a project makes the transition to Ada from some other
- language, one question that arises is whether to translate older
- code into Ada. Among the immediate considerations are how much
- of the code can in fact be translated by a program intended for
- that purpose, versus how much will still require re-coding by
- hand. And will the translated code will suffer a significant
- loss in speed of execution? Further, a project must consider
- whether the translated code will reflect sound software
- engineering and be readily understandable and modifiable. Or
- will it be merely "Fortranized Ada" or "Cobolized Ada", or the
- like, possibly retaining limitations present in the earlier
- code? Portability is also a problem.
-
- The resolution of such issues will require an understanding of
- the earlier code, an appreciation of the similarities and
- differences between its language and Ada, and an evaluation of
- the translation program under consideration.
-
- ==============================================================================
-
-