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- From: ph+@cs.cmu.edu (Paul Heckbert)
- Subject: Re: Meta Balls
- Message-ID: <BxGJC4.11B.1@cs.cmu.edu>
- Keywords: meta balls, blob, implicit surface, soft object
- Sender: news@cs.cmu.edu (Usenet News System)
- Nntp-Posting-Host: hostess.graphics.cs.cmu.edu
- Organization: School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon
- References: <1992Nov6.140016.28298@ghost.dsi.unimi.it> <1992Nov6.183745.8343@kpc.com>
- Date: Mon, 9 Nov 1992 16:33:36 GMT
- Lines: 201
-
- >pugliese@ghost.dsi.unimi.it (Marco Pugliese) writes:
- > In the No. 1 (sept./oct. 1992) of Tech Images Internationales, they talk
- > about "meta ball", a unique primitive that makes smooth-surfaced images,
-
- Here are the papers I know about.
- I'm sure this isn't a complete bibliography, however.
- I'll point out some of the differences in terminology as I summarize the
- papers below.
-
- A BRIEF HISTORY OF BLOBBY MODELING
-
- People have known for a long time that if you have two implicit surfaces
- f(x,y,z)=0 and g(x,y,z)=0 that are fairly continuous, with a common
- sign convention (f and g positive on the inside, negative on the outside, say)
- then the implicit surface defined by f+g=0 is a blend of the shapes.
- See [Ricci 1983] for a variant of this.
-
- The van der Waals surfaces of molecules (roughly speaking,
- iso-potentials of the electron density) are described
- in Chemistry and Physics books and [Max 1983].
- To create animation of DNA for Carl Sagan's COSMOS TV Series,
- Jim Blinn proposed approximating each atom by a Gaussian potential, and
- using superposition of these potentials to define a surface. He ray
- traced these [Blinn 1982], and called them "blobby models".
-
- Shortly thereafter, people at Osaka University and at Toyo Links in Japan
- began using blobby models also. They called theirs "metaballs"
- (or, when misspelled, "meatballs"). Yoichiro Kawaguchi became a big
- user of their software and their Links parallel processor machine to
- create his "Growth" animations which have appeared in the SIGGRAPH film show
- over the years. The graduate students implementing the metaball software
- under Koichi Omura at Osaka used a piecewise quadratic approximation to
- the Gaussian, however, for faster ray-surface intersection testing
- (no need for iterative root finders; you just solve a quadratic).
- I don't know of any papers by the Japanese on their blobby modeling
- work, which is too bad, because they have probably pushed the technique
- further than anyone.
-
- Bloomenthal has discussed techniques for modeling organic forms (trees,
- leaves, arms) using blobby techniques [Bloomenthal 1991]
- (though he prefers the term "implicit modeling") and for polygonizing
- these using adaptive, surface-tracking octrees [Bloomenthal 1988].
- The latter algorithm is not limited to blobby models, but works for any
- implicit model, not just blobs.
- Polygonization allows fast z-buffer renderers to be used instead of
- ray tracers, for interactive previewing of shapes.
- A less general variant of this algorithm was described in the "marching cubes"
- paper by [Lorensen 87] and some bugs in this paper have been discussed
- in the scientific visualization community in the years since.
- In the sci-vis community, people call them "iso-surfaces" not
- "implicit surfaces".
-
- Meanwhile, in Canada and New Zealand, the Wyvill brothers, and grad
- students, were doing investigating many of the same ideas: approximations
- of Gaussians, animation, and other ideas. See their papers listed below.
- Rather than "blobbies" or "metaballs", they called their creations
- "soft objects". But it's really the same idea.
-
- Bloomenthal and Wyvill collected many good papers on blobby and implicit
- modeling for a recent SIGGRAPH tutorial (1991?).
-
- -Paul
-
- Paul Heckbert ph@cs.cmu.edu
- Computer Science Dept., Carnegie Mellon University
- 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh PA 15213-3891, USA
-
- --
-
- %A A. Ricci
- %T A Constructive Geometry for Computer Graphics
- %J Computer Journal
- %V 16
- %N 2
- %D May 1973
- %P 157-160
- %K blob, CSG
-
- %A Nelson L. Max
- %T Computer Representation of Molecular Surfaces
- %J IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
- %V 3
- %N 7
- %D Aug. 1983
- %P 21-29
- %O reprinted in Nicograph '83 Proceedings, 1983, pp. 323-331.
-
- %A James F. Blinn
- %T A Generalization of Algebraic Surface Drawing
- %J ACM Trans. on Graphics
- %V 1
- %N 3
- %D July 1982
- %P 235-256
- %Z ray tracing "blobby" models: finding roots of sums of gaussians
- %K ray tracing, blob, root finding
-
- %A Paul S. Heckbert
- %T Fun With Gaussians
- %R (3DTM 12, NYIT Computer Graphics Lab, Mar. 1985)
- %B SIGGRAPH '86 Advanced Image Processing seminar notes
- %D Aug. 1986
- %K filter, image processing, interpolation, spline, blob
- %Z includes very brief discussion of approximating a Gaussian with
- piecewise quadratic for faster ray tracing of blobby models
-
- %A Jules Bloomenthal
- %T Polygonization of Implicit Surfaces
- %J Computer Aided Geometric Design
- %V 5
- %D 1988
- %P 341-355
- %K implicit, parametric, surface, blob
-
- %A Jules Bloomenthal
- %A Ken Shoemake
- %T Convolution Surfaces
- %J Computer Graphics
- (SIGGRAPH '91 Proceedings)
- %V 25
- %N 4
- %D July 1991
- %P 251-256
- %K blob, implicit model
-
- %A William E. Lorensen
- %A Harvey E. Cline
- %T Marching Cubes: A High Resolution 3D Surface Reconstruction Algorithm
- %J Computer Graphics
- (SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings)
- %V 21
- %N 4
- %D July 1987
- %P 163-170
- %I implicit surface, isosurface
-
- %A Brian Wyvill
- %A Craig McPheeters
- %A Geoff Wyvill
- %T Data Structure for Soft Objects
- %J The Visual Computer
- %V 2
- %N 4
- %D 1986
- %P 227-234
- %K blob
-
- %A Brian Wyvill
- %A Craig McPheeters
- %A Geoff Wyvill
- %T Animating Soft Objects
- %J The Visual Computer
- %V 2
- %N 4
- %D 1986
- %P 235-242
- %K blob
- %Z animating blobs
-
- %A Brian Wyvill
- %A Geoff Wyvill
- %T Using Soft Objects in Computer Generated Animation
- %B ?
- %I Springer Verlag
- %D 1986
-
- %A Geoff Wyvill
- %A Brian Wyvill
- %A Craig McPheeters
- %T Soft Objects
- %B Advanced Computer Graphics (Proc. CG Tokyo 1986)
- %D 1986
- %P 113-128
- %K blob
-
- %A Geoff Wyvill
- %A Brian Wyvill
- %A Craig McPheeters
- %T Solid Texturing of Soft Objects
- %B CG International '87
- %C Tokyo
- %D May 1987
-
- %A Brian Wyvill
- %A Geoff Wyvill
- %T Field Functions for Implicit Surfaces
- %J Visual Computer
- %V 5
- %D 1989
- %P 75-82
- %K blob
-
- %A Peter Burger
- %A Duncan Gillies
- %T Interactive Computer Graphics: Functional, Procedural,
- and Device-Level Methods
- %I Addison-Wesley
- %C Wokingham, England
- %D 1989
- %Z color image quantization, quaternions, soft objects
- this is a textbook
-