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- Path: sparky!uunet!news.tek.com!tekig7!tekig5!briand
- From: briand@tekig5.pen.tek.com (Brian D Diehm)
- Newsgroups: alt.usage.english
- Subject: Re: question
- Message-ID: <7530@tekig7.PEN.TEK.COM>
- Date: 10 Nov 92 01:13:01 GMT
- References: <S91001RA.92Nov9113143@d38.sfc.keio.ac.jp>
- Sender: news@tekig7.PEN.TEK.COM
- Distribution: alt
- Lines: 87
-
- I'd say number 4 is wrong, especially in the context of the other ways to
- express the idea. Number 1 is odd but probably acceptable.
-
- "Dawn" is a tricky word. Used as a noun, dawn means sunrise, or daybreak. Thus,
- "the day began to dawn" is not precisely correct but is common idiom.
-
- But "dawn" as a verb means "the begin to understand." Thus, a
- common expression is "It began to dawn on me that ..." which means "I began to
- understand that ..." This is common enough that a listener would key on the
- verb usage of "dawn" as he or she heard sentence 4 begin, expecting to hear
- "It began to dawn on him (me) that..." When the sentence ended, the listener
- would then be in the position of trying to make sense of a sentence fragment.
- It would require a conscious shift of understanding to make sense of the
- sentence.
-
- Note that the verb usage of "dawn" has nothing to do with daybreak.
-
- >Also choose *one* wrong sentence from these: 1 It doesn't concern me.
- > 2 I don't concern it.
- > 3 It has nothing to do with me.
- > 4 I'm not concerned with it.
-
- In this one, number 2 is the wrong one. Again, number 4 is odd usage but still
- acceptable; normal speech would say "I'm not concerned with that."
-
- The reason number 2 is wrong is that it assigns "concern" to another object:
- the sentence says that "it" is concerned, not you. You are the one who has
- the human attribute of concern, and in this case about "it."
-
- >And the same from these: 1 This book is easy to be read.
- > 2 This book is easy to read
-
- Well, number 1 is wrong. Period. But you're going to ask me why, aren't you?
- As a native speaker, I can say that number 1 just sounds wrong. But to say
- just what is wrong requires some thought.
-
- A trap here is that "read" can be pronounced "reed," as in the verb "to read."
- The same spelling applies to the past tense of the verb, but is pronounced
- "red": I read the book last night. You could have a sentence "I read the book"
- with two different meanings and pronounciations:
-
- I read[reed] the book. Meaning, I am currently in the act of reading the book.
- I read[red] the book. Meaning, I was in the act of reading the book at some
- time in the past.
-
- The infinitive is to read[reed]. There is no case where you say "to read[red]." Thus, sentence 1 must be "to be read[red]."
-
- "To read[reed]" is an infinitive verb form. You cannot modify an infinitive
- unless it is the active verb in the sentence. The active verb in the sentence
- (the sentence predicate) is the word "is," as in "the book is easy." Verb con-
- jugation is on the infinitive "to be": "it is." The words "to read[reed]" are
- not the object (predicate) of the sentence, therefore they must be left in the
- infinitive form.
-
- As a side note, an old rule in English is that infinitives must never be
- "split," meaning that an adverb must never appear between the "to" and the
- verb. By this rule "To boldly go where no man has gone before" is incorrect;
- it must be "To go boldly where no man has gone before." Or, even "Boldly to go
- where no man has gone before." Unfortunately, that last is definitely
- archaic and no longer used, and "to go boldly" sounds to the ear of a native
- speaker very (overly) formal. "To boldly go" is the only thing that sounds
- right nowadays, and so the rule to never split infinitives is more and more
- being called into question. Evolving usage is yet another trap for the
- non-native student of English.
-
- Finally, note that the only "acceptable" splitting of an infinitive is with
- an adverb. You can't conjugate or otherwise modify a verb in an infinitive,
- and you can't place other parts of speech there.
-
- -----
-
- These are difficult questions. In the first two cases, it takes a native
- speaker some thought to figure out which *one* sentence is wrong, because
- two sound a little off in each case. And in all three cases, a native speaker
- has to think a while to understand just *why* the wrong one is wrong. Native
- speakers would just "know." But to be grammarian enough to be able to state
- why they are wrong requires some thought.
-
- If these are test questions or homework questions, you're getting a *solid*
- education. My hat is off to you!
-
- -Brian
- --
- Brian Diehm
- Tektronix, Inc. (503) 627-3437 briand@tekig5.PEN.TEK.COM
- P.O. Box 500, M/S 19-286
- Beaverton, OR 97077
-