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- From: cfw2@po.CWRU.Edu (Charles F. Wells)
- Newsgroups: sci.math
- Subject: Graph based logic and sketches (abstract)
- Date: 9 Oct 1992 16:19:48 GMT
- Organization: Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (USA)
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-
- Graph-based Logic and Sketches
- Atish Bagchi and Charles Wells
-
- October 9, 1992
-
- Extended Abstract
-
- Traditional treatments of formal logic provide:
-
- 1. A syntax for formulas. The formulas are typically defined recursively
- by a production system (grammar).
-
-
- 2. An inference relation between sets of formulas. This may be given by
- structural induction on the syntax for the formulas.
-
-
- 3. A rule for assigning meaning to formulas (semantics) that is sound
- with respect to the inference relation. The semantics may also be
- given by structural induction on the syntax of the formulas.
-
- First order logic, the logic and semantics of programming
- languages, and the languages that have been formulated for
- various kinds of categories are all commonly described in this
- way. The formulas in those logics are strings of symbols that
- are ultimately modeled on the sentences mathematicians speak and
- write when proving theorems.
-
- Mathematicians with a categorial orientation frequently
- state and prove theorems using graphs and diagrams (which may
- be described as graphs labeled coherently by data from some
- category). The graph, diagrams, cones and other data of a sketch
- are formal objects that correspond to the graphs and diagrams
- used by such mathematicians in much the same way as the formulas
- of traditional logic correspond to the sentences mathematicians
- use in proofs. The functorial semantics of sketches is sound in
- the informal sense that it preserves (usually by definition!)
- the structures given in the sketch. The analogy to traditional
- model theory is close enough that sketches and their models fit
- the definition of "institution" (Goguen and Burstall [2]), which
- is an abstraction of model theory.
-
- The content of this paper is to exhibit the structure in
- sketch theory that corresponds to items 1 and 2 in the
- description of logic (the deductive structure) and to provide a
- detailed translation of a particular logic between the
- string-based version and the sketch-based version.
-
- This work is parametrized by the type of categorial theory
- being considered. We assume given a finite-limit (projective)
- sketch E of a particular type of category as in [5] or [7]. E
- presents the type of category as essentially algebraic over the
- theory of categories. E -categories are then the models of E in
- Set. The kinds of categories that can be described in this way
- include categories with finite products, categories with limits
- or colimits over any particular set of diagrams, cartesian
- closed categories, regular categories, toposes, and many
- others.
-
- A formula in this setting is a potential factorization (PF)
- through a subobject of the codomain: formally, a pair consisting
- of an arrow of E and a subobject of the codomain of the arrow.
- We will refer to the codomain of the arrow as the codomain of
- the PF, and the subobject as the "claim" of the PF. Roughly, the
- PF is "true" if its arrow factors through its claim. Sentences
- are PF's whose arrows have domain 1. We provide a general
- recursive construction of the objects and arrows of E (hence of
- the PF's in particular) which is derived from the similar
- recursive construction for initial algebras of FLS sketches
- given by Barr and the second author in [8]. Our thesis is that
- this recursive definition constitutes the rules of inference
- corresponding to item 2 above.
-
- An E-sketch is a sketch that allows the specification of any
- kind of construction that can be made in an E-category. This
- greatly enhances the expressive power of sketches when compared
- to Ehresmann's original definition. An E-sketch is a global
- element adjoined freely to E ([5] and [7]). The codomain of this
- adjoined arrow may be perceived as a description of the graph,
- diagrams and other constructions of the sketch. Adjoining such
- an arrow constitutes the axioms of a theory, and the
- factorization of arrows through subobjects in the polynomial
- category E[s] obtained by adjoining such an arrow constitute the
- formulas and sentences that can be inferred from the sketch. The
- resulting system of inference is sound with respect to models.
- This type of logic fits some of the abstractions of logic that
- have been given, such as that of Meseguer in [4] and the
- formulation in terms of closures given by Tarski [6].
-
- As a kind of worked example, the paper will also contain a
- detailed description of the relationship between finite-product
- sketches and multisorted equational logic as given by Goguen and
- Meseguer [3]. It is intended that this translation be
- sufficiently algorithmic as to be implementable, for example in
- Mathematica. The equations of equational logic will be seen
- to correspond to a specific subset of the set of PF's; indeed,
- in the classifying topos of E, there is a specific object and
- subobject that is the common codomain and claim of the all the
- PF's. We will give explicit proofs of the correctness of the
- rules of inference given by Goguen and Meseguer in terms of the
- deductive system described above (the recursive construction of
- E).
-
- References
- [1]M. Barr and C. Wells, Category theory for computing science.
- Prentice-Hall International (1990).
- [2]J. A. Goguen and R. M. Burstall, A study in the foundations of
- programming methodology: specifications, institutions, charters and
- parchments. In D. Pitt et al., eds., Category Theory and
- Computer Programming. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 240,
- Springer-Verlag (1986), 313-333.
- [3]J. A. Goguen and J. Meseguer, Completeness of many-sorted
- equational logic. Technical Report CSL-135, SRI International
- Computer Science Laboratory, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park,
- CA 94025, USA (1982).
- [4]J. Meseguer, General Logics. Report SRI-CSL-89-5, SRI
- International, Computer Science Laboratory, 333 Ravenswood Ave.,
- Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA (1989).
- [5]A. J. Power and C. Wells, A formalism for the specification of
- essentially-algebraic structures in 2-categories. Mathematical
- Structures in Computer Science 2 (1992), 1-28.
- [6]A. Tarski, On some fundamental concepts of metamathematics. In
- Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics, Oxford University Press,
- 1956.
- [7]C. Wells, A generalization of the concept of sketch. Theoretical
- Computer Science 70 (1990), 159-178.
- [8]C. Wells and Michael Barr, The formal description of data types
- using sketches. In M. Main, A. MElton, M. Mislove and D. Schmidt,
- editors, Mathematical Foundations of Programming Language
- Semantics, Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science 298.
- Springer-Verlag, 1988.
-
- Atish Bagchi
- Department of Mathematics
- Case Western Reserve University
- University Circle
- Cleveland, OH 44106-7058, USA
- axb35@po.cwru.edu
-
- Charles Wells
- Department of Mathematics
- Case Western Reserve University
- University Circle
- Cleveland, OH 44106-7058, USA
- cfw2@po.cwru.edu
-