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- Xref: sparky sci.math:11163 rec.puzzles:6098 comp.theory:1899
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- From: holmes@opal.idbsu.edu (Randall Holmes)
- Subject: Re: more on .999... = 10.0
- Message-ID: <1992Sep9.152234.15552@guinness.idbsu.edu>
- Sender: usenet@guinness.idbsu.edu (Usenet News mail)
- Nntp-Posting-Host: opal
- Organization: Boise State University Math Dept.
- References: <18dmplINNe0o@matt.ksu.ksu.edu>
- Date: Wed, 9 Sep 1992 15:22:34 GMT
- Lines: 67
-
- In article <18dmplINNe0o@matt.ksu.ksu.edu> kodiak@matt.ksu.ksu.edu (Bryan D. Nehl) writes:
- >Sorry for having taken so long to follow up on this subject.
- >
- >Proof that 10.0 = 9.9999...
- >using algebra:
- >
- > x = 9.999...
- > 10x = 99.999...
- >10x-x = 99.999... - 9.999...
- > 9x = 90.0
- > x = 10
- >
- > 10.0 = x = 9.999...
- >
- >using geometric series:
- >
- >x = 9 + 9/10 + 9/100 + ...
- >x = 9/10^0 + 9/10^1 + 9/10^2 + ... + 9/10^n + ...
- >x = 9 summation of 1/10^n from n = 0 to +infinity
- >
- >this is a geometric series a + ar + ar^2 + ... + ar^n + ...
- >a = 9 r = 1/10
- >
- >if -1<r<1 then the series = a/(1-r)
- > 9/(1-1/10) = 9/(9/10) = 9 * 10/9 = 10
- >
- >someone emails me using the above algebraic method that
- >999... is equal to -1.
- >
- >why is it that 999.... != -1?
- >
- >...999 != 1
- >...999 is the series 9 + 9(10) + 9(10)^2 + ... + 9(10)^n + ...
- >a = 9, r = 10
- >iff -1 < r < 1 then the series converges
- >since -1 < 10 !< 1 the series does not converge
- >also recall that if the limit as n->+inf Sn != 0 then the summation of Sn
- >diverges.
- >Sn = 9(10)^n
- >
- >Bryan
- >
- >/* === Bryan Nehl ========== kodiak@Kodiakpc.Manhattan.KS.US =========+
- >[ USDA-ARS-NPA-WERU ][ bdn@chepil.weru.ksu.edu ]
- >[ 913.532.6233 or 913.532.6495 ][ kodiak@matt.ksu.ksu.edu ]
-
- The point is that the algebraic method is invalid without reference to
- issues of convergence. In the "10-adic numbers", where the sequence
- of positive powers of 10 converges to zero and the sequence of
- negative powers of 10 does not, it is indeed the case that ...9999.0 =
- -1. The 10-adic numbers are not often considered, as the system
- contains divisors of zero, but analogous results hold in the p-adic
- numbers, p prime, which do make up a field.
-
- 10-adic numbers are represented by decimal expressions which may have
- infinitely many digits to the LEFT of the decimal point but must have
- finitely many to the RIGHT. Experiment should convince one that one
- can compute with them much as one computes with real numbers.
- Division is not always successful. The idea is that the _positive_
- powers of 10 are "small", not the negative ones.
-
-
- --
- The opinions expressed | --Sincerely,
- above are not the "official" | M. Randall Holmes
- opinions of any person | Math. Dept., Boise State Univ.
- or institution. | holmes@opal.idbsu.edu
-