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- Path: sparky!uunet!cs.utexas.edu!rutgers!ub!acsu.buffalo.edu!kriman
- From: kriman@acsu.buffalo.edu (Alfred M. Kriman)
- Newsgroups: sci.math
- Subject: Re: Origin of Matrices??
- Summary: Matrix "origin" controversial; Cayley, Grassmann or Hamilton.
- Keywords: quaternion, matrix
- Message-ID: <Bu6I9u.DrB@acsu.buffalo.edu>
- Date: 6 Sep 92 22:53:54 GMT
- References: <43339@skye.dcs.ed.ac.uk>
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- Organization: UB = University at Buffalo = SUNYAB = State U.of NY At Buff.
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- In article <43339@skye.dcs.ed.ac.uk> Greg Wilson (gvw@epcc.ed.ac.uk) writes:
- >I am trying to find out how matrices (and linear algebra) came to be ---
- >who was the first mathematician to use matrix notation, how quickly did
- >it spread, etc.
- >Please reply directly, as I am not a regular reader of this newsgroup.
- >Thanks,
- > ========================================================================
- > Gregory V. Wilson || For in much wisdom is much
- > Technical Coordinator || grief; and he that increaseth
- > Edinburgh Parallel Computing Centre || knowledge, increaseth sorrow.
- > gvw@epcc.edinburgh.ac.uk || - Ecclesiastes
- > ========================================================================
-
- The following summary is gleaned from Section 5.1 of Max Jammer's _The
- Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics_, and in particular pp. 204-
- 206 (McGraw-Hill, 1966). Question of propagation is discussed there
- primarily in context of applications to physics (explosion of use in 1925).
-
- 1844: W. R. Hamilton introduces quaternions in article entitled "On
- quaternions; or on a new system of imaginaries in algebra." [1]
- 1850: J. J. Sylvester used the concept of a matrix as an "arrangement of
- terms" in rows and columns from which determinants can be formed,
- and the word "matrix." [2] Not clear if this was first such use.
- 1855: A. Cayley introduced the multiplication rule for matrices. [3]
- 1858: A. Cayley defined matrix as "an abbreviated notation for a set of
- linear equations." He is credited with the first rigorous treatment
- of the algebraic theory of matrices. [4]
- 1884: J. J. Sylvester credited Cayley as exclusive discoverer of matrices.
- subsequent years: P. G. Tait (in letter to Cayley), H. Taber (1890), and
- (indirectly, while championing H. Grassmann) J. W. Gibbs claim the crown
- for Hamilton. (Ironically, it was Cayley who showed that quaternions
- could be represented as 2x2 self-adjoint matrices.) A scuffle breaks out,
- involving W. K. Clifford, A. N. Whitehead, A. Buchheim and T. J. I'A.
- Bromwich. Humor gets a bad bump on the head.
-
- Refs.: (Much of this is reprinted. See Jammer for details.)
- [1] Phil. Mag. _25_, 10-13, 241-246, 480-495 (1844). [I guess we would
- call this LPU publication today.]
- [2] Phil. Mag. _37_, 363-370 (1850).
- [3] J. f. d. reine u. angewandte Mathematik (Crelle) _50_, 272-317 (1855).
- [4] Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. (London) _148_, 17-37 (1858).
-
- ec: gvw@epcc.ed.ac.uk (Greg Wilson)
-
- "Beware the man of one book." -- Would someone please inform me of the
- source of this quote?
-