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- From: harelb@math.cornell.edu (misc.activism.progressive co-moderator)
- Subject: Somoza's Kingdom (Addendum)
- Message-ID: <1992Sep13.084326.29095@mont.cs.missouri.edu>
- Followup-To: alt.activism.d
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- Organization: misc.activism.progressive on UseNet ; ACTIV-L@UMCVMB
- Date: Sun, 13 Sep 1992 08:43:26 GMT
- Approved: map@pencil.cs.missouri.edu
- Lines: 158
-
- Somoza's Kingdom (Addendum)
-
- In Honduras, plantation workers have been jailed by government
- troops for organizing unions. In Nicaragua, the new government is
- helping peasants and factory workers to set up their own
- organizations, with leaders elected by the members.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- In Guatemala an El Salvador, nuns and priests have been killed by
- the army after they helped villagers to organize farming
- cooperatives and reading classes. In Nicaragua, large number of
- clergy are working in government-sponsored health, literacy, and
- agricultural co-op programs.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-
-
- [text preceding "Alongside this impoverishment of the majority"
- follows. Use GET command as per above for full Oxfam Report]
-
- In July, 1979, the 45-year dictatorship of the Somoza family was
- overthrown and a new era in Nicaraguan history began. In the first
- year after the revolution, half a million adults learned to read.
- After three years, Nicaraguans were eating 30 to 40 percent more rice,
- beans, and corn than before. Today, infant mortality has been reduced
- from 120 to 88 deaths per every 1000 babies under one year old.
-
- These changes have come about in the face of tremendous obstacles.
- When Somoza left the country, the majority of its people were living
- close to the edge of survival. A major earth-quake and the
- revolutionary war had devastated the cities. The U.S. imposed a
- partial economic blockade and is now financing a "covert" armed
- invasion. Despite all this, reconstruction continues. What makes it
- possible is the direct involvement of the poor in the process of
- making change. An Oxfam America Board member who recently toured the
- country remarked, "We heard directly from the campesinos, over and
- over again, that this is *their* revolution, not just a revolution of
- their government."
-
- ============================
- The Threat of a Good Example
- ============================
-
- During the Somoza era in Nicaragua, "government" meant the system used
- by the wealthy to extend their power and suppress dissent. This is
- still what government means in most other countries of central
- America.
-
- In Honduras, plantation workers have been jailed by government troops
- for organizing unions. In Nicaragua, the new government is helping
- peasants and factory workers to set up their own organizations, with
- leaders elected by the members. In Guatemala an El Salvador, nuns and
- priests have been killed by the army after they helped villagers to
- organize farming cooperatives and reading classes. In Nicaragua, large
- number of clergy are working in government-sponsored health, literacy,
- and agricultural co-op programs.
-
- In the view of the U.S. government, the Nicaraguan revolution poses a
- threat to its neighbors. But what is this threat? It can only be, in
- the phrase of Nicaraguan Interior Minister Toma's Borge, "the threat of
- a good example." Nicaragua shows that genuine social reform is
- possible in Central America, even in a small country with meager
- resources. And, because the new Nicaragua has refused to allow its
- domestic or international policies to be dictated by Washington, it
- shows that revolution can be the basis for political independence.
- What U.S. policy makers apparently fear is that the poor of Honduras,
- Guatemala, and El Salvador will be inspired and made bold by
- Nicaragua's new model of development. The result could be a Central
- America that is no longer economically and politically subordinate to
- the U.S.
-
- Roots of the Revolution
- =======================
-
- The poverty and repression which led to the revolution have deep roots
- in Nicaraguan history. The country was colonized by Spain in the 16th
- century and remained under the Spanish flag until 1821. During the
- early years of colonial rule, most of the native Indians were killed
- in the wars of conquest or by disease, or were sent out of the country
- as slaves. In the 19th century, cattle ranches owned by the wealthier
- colonists coexisted with small farms where peasant farmers, the
- campesinos, grew their own food. While these small farmers were far
- from well off, they did have a degree of self-sufficiency. But this
- did not last.
-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- [ Photo: "Not only the very poor support the revolution. Noel
- Velazquez, shown here with his family, is a bank employee and head
- of the Sandinista Defense Committee in his neighborhood in
- Esteli'. ``My family, even my children, are ready to fight for
- this revolution,'' he says. ``For centuries we liveed under the
- boot. Now for the first time, we control our own history.'' ]
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-
- During the world coffee boom of the 1880's, the Nicaraguan economic
- elite used a combination of self-serving legislation and violence to
- force peasants off the most fertile land. Without enough land to
- support their families, the displaced campesinos had no alternative
- but to work for below-subsistence wages on the new coffee plantations.
- The condition of the rural population grew worse during the twentieth
- century, as increasing amounts of land were taken over for the
- production of export crops: cotton, sugar, beef, and bananas as well
- as coffee. By the eve of the revolution, 60% of the people in the
- countryside had no land at all. More than half the country's land was
- in the hands of 1% of the landowners. The majority of the population
- lived in dire poverty. 50% of children over five suffered from
- malnutrition. 46% died before the age of four.
-
- Alongside this impoverishment of the majority, the other theme
- [...]
- [see previous post and/or Oxfam Report]
-
-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- --> [Send the 1-line message GET OXFAM84 NICARAG ACTIV-L to ]
- [LISTSERV@UMCVMB.BITNET for a copy of the complete file ]
- --> [Send GET ACTIV-L ARCHIVE ACTIV-L to above address for a ]
- [listing with brief descriptions of other files available]
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-
-
-
- =============================================
- T h e " N i c a r a g u a L i b r a r y "
- =============================================
-
- *
- * =========
- * Nicaragua
- * =========
- *
- WHO-WERE CONTRAS Contras' origins; make-up; practices - documented
- FSLN H-RIGHTS Documented HRs comparison w/Somoza,Guat,ES,others
- FSLN MISKITOS Sandinista treatment of Miskitos;Charges & Realit
- FSLN NICAJEWS Debunks charges of Sandinista 'Anti-Semitism'
- *
- OXFAM84 NICARAG Oxfam America's 1984 report on Nicaragua, in full
- FSLN ACHIEVE Documented: achievements of the Nica. revolution
- *
- NICA-84 ELECTION Documented: Fair under Sandinistas; US subversion
- FAIRNESS NICA-USA Flwup:`Is Nicaragua More Democratic than the US?'
- NICRAGUA ELECTION Study in US subversion of '90 Nicaraguan election
-
- NOTE:
-
- ======================================
- To get a file named FILE NAME from the
- archiver (files are two words separa-
- ted by a space), send the 1-line message
-
- GET FILE NAME ACTIV-L
-
- to: LISTSERV@UMCVMB.BITNET
- [or: LISTSERV@UMCVMB.MISSOURI.EDU]
- ======================================
-
- Use GET with the file ACTIV-L ARCHIVE for a listing of
- files available with the GET command.
-
-
-