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- Newsgroups: misc.activism.progressive
- Path: sparky!uunet!haven.umd.edu!darwin.sura.net!wupost!mont!pencil.cs.missouri.edu!daemon
- From: harelb@math.cornell.edu (Harel Barzilai)
- Subject: Chomsky (II) on GATT, Biodiversity, "Intellectual Properti" etc
- Message-ID: <1992Sep6.030059.6052@mont.cs.missouri.edu>
- Followup-To: alt.activism.d
- Originator: daemon@pencil.cs.missouri.edu
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- Organization: ?
- Date: Sun, 6 Sep 1992 03:00:59 GMT
- Approved: map@pencil.cs.missouri.edu
- Lines: 163
-
-
- While the US seeks to ensure monopoly control for the future, the
- same drug companies it protects are cheerfully exploiting the
- accumulated knowledge of indigenous cultures for products that
- bring in some $100 billion profits annually, offering virtually
- nothing in return to the native people who lead researchers to the
- medicines
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- "Before gaining its current dominance, the US did not abide by the
- rules it now seeks to impose. In the 19th century, the US
- rejected foreign claims to intellectual property rights on grounds
- that they would hamper its economic development.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-
- And on a positive note, Chomksy refers to some "countertendencies"
- in recent history:
-
- "Had the quincentennial of the Old World Order been [not in 1992
- but in] 1962, it would have been celebrated once again as the
- liberation of the hemisphere. Today, that is impossible, just as
- few can blandly talk of our task of "felling trees and Indians."
-
- =============================================
- [ . . . c o n t i n u a t i o n o f . . . ]
- =============================================
- The following article by Noam Chomsky appeared in:
- Z Magazine, July-August 1992
- and is reprinted here with the magazine's permission.
- =================================================================
- Year 501: World Orders Old and New: Part II (PART 8 of 8; 13KB)
- ===============================================================
- 6. Reshaping Industrial Policy
-
-
- [conclusion of section 6 of _Year 501..Part II_:]
-
- The US International Trade Commission estimates that US companies
- stand to gain $61 billion a year from the Third World if "intellectual
- property" rights are protected in accord with US demands, a cost to
- the South of somewhere between $100-300 billion when extrapolated to
- the other industrial countries, dwarfing the debt service flow of
- capital from South to North. The same US demands will require poor
- farmers to pay royalties to TNCs [Trans-National Corporations --HB]
- for seeds, denying them the traditional right to re-use seeds from
- their harvests. Cloned varieties of commercial crops exported by the
- South (palm oil, cotton, rubber, etc.) will also be commercial
- property, subject to increased royalties. "The main beneficiaries will
- be the core group of less than a dozen seeds and pharmaceuticals
- companies which control over 70 per cent of world seeds trade," and
- agribusiness generally, Kevin Watkins observes in a recent study for
- the Catholic Institute of International Relations in London. <<<NB:
- Watkins, _op. cit._, 93.>>>
-
- While the US seeks to ensure monopoly control for the future, the
- same drug companies it protects are cheerfully exploiting the
- accumulated knowledge of indigenous cultures for products that
- bring in some $100 billion profits annually, offering virtually
- nothing in return to the native people who lead researchers to
- the medicines, seeds, and other products they have developed and
- refined over thousands of years. "The annual world market value
- for medicines derived from medicinal plants discovered from
- indigenous peoples is US $43 billion," ethnobotanist Darrell
- Posey estimates. "Less than 0.001% of the profits from drugs that
- originated from traditional medicine have ever gone to the
- indigenous people who led researchers to them." Profits of at
- least the same scale derive from natural insecticides, insect
- repellents, and plant genetic materials, he believes. The
- international seed industry alone accounts for some $15 billion a
- year, based in large measure on genetic materials from crop
- varieties "selected, nurtured, improved and developed by
- innovative Third World farmers for hundreds, even thousands of
- years," Maria Elena Hurtado adds. <<<NB: Posey, "Intellectual
- Property Rights," _Anthropology Today_ (UK), Aug. 1990.>>>
-
- Only the knowledge of the rich and powerful merits protection.
-
- Before gaining its current dominance, the US did not abide by the
- rules it now seeks to impose. In the 19th century, the US
- rejected foreign claims to intellectual property rights on
- grounds that they would hamper its economic development. Japan
- followed the same course. <<<NB: Watkins, _op. cit._, 95.>>> And
- today, the concept of "intellectual property rights" is finely
- crafted to suit the needs of the powerful. Exactly as in the
- case of "free trade," the subjects in the new imperial age are to
- be denied any recourse to the methods that were used by the "rich
- men dwelling at peace within their habitations."
-
- This combination of plans by the rulers of the new imperial age
- is viewed from the South as "an act of unbridled piracy," Watkins
- observes, given the fact that the genetic materials used by the
- Western corporations to create their patented and protected
- products are derived from Third World crops and wild plants,
- cultivated, refined, and identified over countless generations.
- The seed and pharmaceutical companies thus "reap monopoly
- profits, while the genius of the Third World farmers, past and
- present, in selecting and developing individual seed strains goes
- unrewarded." The New World Order as a whole is described by
- Egypt's leading newspaper, _al-Ahram_, as "codified
- international piracy," referring in this case to the efforts of
- the Bush Administration to set up a confrontation with Qaddafi
- for domestic political purposes in the manner that has become
- routine since Libya's utility as a cheap punching bag was
- recognized by Reaganite PR specialists in 1981. The terminology
- is apt enough. <<<NB: David Hirst, London _Guardian_, March 23,
- 1992. "Let President Bush find some other issue for his election
- campaign," one columnist wrote.>>>
-
- The unbridled piracy takes on increased urgency as indigenous
- agriculture and knowledge are undermined in favor of ecologically
- unsustainable agroexport in the interests of the TNCs, and the
- biological resources of the South -- the world's richest by far
- -- are sharply reduced, raising the danger of disease and blight
- to potentially catastrophic levels. To whatever extent
- biotechnology may provide a remedy, the effect again will be to
- transfer power and wealth to the rulers of the new imperial age,
- if the demands of the corporations for increased protection are
- implemented. That they will be is almost a foregone conclusion,
- given the distribution of power and the insulation of
- decision-making from public interference in the new imperial age.
-
- The tendencies towards the new imperial age heralded by the
- international financial press are obvious and understandable,
- along with the extension of the North-South divide to the
- habitations of the rich. There are also countertendencies.
- Throughout the North, notably in the US, much has changed in the
- past 30 years, at least in the cultural and moral spheres, if not
- at the institutional level. Had the quincentennial of the Old
- World Order been in 1962, it would have been celebrated once
- again as the liberation of the hemisphere. Today, that is
- impossible, just as few can blandly talk of our task of "felling
- trees and Indians." The European invasion is now officially an
- "encounter," though large sectors of the population rightly
- reject that euphemism as only somewhat less offensive. The
- domestic constraints on state violence that are fully recognized
- by the US political leadership are another case in point. Many
- were depressed by the inability of the peace movement to prevent
- the Gulf war, failing to recall that perhaps for the first time
- ever, large-scale protests actually preceded the bombing, a
- radical change from the US assault against South Vietnam 30 years
- ago. The ferment of the 60's reached much wider circles in the
- years that followed, eliciting new sensitivity to racist and
- sexist oppression, concern for the environment, respect for other
- cultures and for human rights. One of the most striking examples
- is the Third World solidarity movements of the 1980s, with their
- unprecedented engagement in the lives and fate of the victims.
- This process of democratization and concern for social justice
- could have large significance.
-
- Such developments are perceived to be dangerous and subversive by the
- powerful, and bitterly denounced, often in tones of real hysteria.
- That too is understandable: these countertendencies do threaten the
- vile maxim of the masters [see earlier section of article were Chomsky
- quotes this phrase from another source] --HB], and all that follows
- from it. They also offer the only real hope for the great mass of
- people in the world, even for the survival of the human species in an
- era of environmental and other global problems that cannot be faced by
- primitive social and cultural structures that are driven by short term
- material gain, and that regard human beings as mere instruments, not
- ends.
-
-
-
-
-