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- Newsgroups: comp.ai
- Path: sparky!uunet!mcsun!sun4nl!rlmix1.rulimburg.nl!cs.rulimburg.nl!allis
- From: allis@cs.rulimburg.nl (Victor Allis)
- Subject: Re: 8 Puzzle (Is it connected)
- Message-ID: <1992Sep10.082350.10442@cs.rulimburg.nl>
- Organization: University of Limburg
- References: <babraham.3.715849833@unpcs1.cs.unp.ac.za> <1992Sep7.155720.19507@CSD-NewsHost.Stanford.EDU> <mgv.715889137@ash.cs.scarolina.edu>
- Date: Thu, 10 Sep 92 08:23:50 GMT
- Lines: 40
-
- >The proof goes like this:
-
- >1) A single move is an exchange between the empty space and one other
- > piece.
-
- >2) The empty space will, in a single move, change from a black square
- > to a white or vice versa.
-
- >3) Thus any sequence of moves that leaves the empty space on the same
- > colour will have to be even.
-
- >4) An even number of moves corresponds to an even number of exchanges
- > of pieces (including the empty space).
-
- >5) This can be seen from a result about permutations, stating that if
- > the permutation can be achieved by an even number of exchanges, no
- > odd number of exhanges will achieve the same permutation (and vice
- > versa). The permotation is said to have even or odd parity.
-
- >Thus, a solution exist if the empty space starts and ends on the same
- >colour and an even number of exchanges is required or the empty space
- >starts and ends on opposite colours and an odd number of exchanges is
- >required.
-
- The five steps shown above just state that there are AT LEAST two classes
- of positions which are closed to the operation of making moves, not that
- there are EXACTLY two classes. The conclusion thus is premature.
-
- Note that a similar argument applies to Rubik's Cube, where there are not
- two but twelve classes. Or look at a variation of the 8-puzzle, where we
- have 4 squares on a line, with one of them empty. Clearly, we can only achieve
- four positions, while there are 24 possible permutations, thus there are
- six classes.
-
- I remember once proving that if the board has a form such that it can be fully
- covered by 2x2 squares, with each of these small squares covering exactly
- four squares of the original puzzle (thus not extending over the edge of the
- puzzle), then there are EXACTLY two classes of positions.
-
- Victor Allis.
-