NetNews Usenet Archive 1992 #19/NN_1992_19.iso/spool/sci/physics/fusion/2091

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From: [e-mail] (Paul L Schauble)
Newsgroups: sci.physics.fusion
Subject: FASER theory
Message-ID: <[e-mail]>
Date: Tue,  1 Sep 92 21:43:38 PDT
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The author of this paper asked me to repost it to this group. He though it
might have some interesting connections with the Ying theory. He welcomes
comments.

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technology/long.messages #119, from david42, 14183 chars, Sun Jun  3 21:21:45 1
990
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TITLE: Reposting of FASER Theory


        Fusion Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation


            Copyright (C) June 4, 1989  by David H. Mitchellp



Introduction:

The recent high level of interest in fusion (1,2) has generated more questions
regarding the basic nature of the phenomenon than has been answered. Indeed,
there appears to be no present theory to explain it. Recent breakthroughs
in high temperature superconductors have again outstripped available theories.
Could there be a relation between the wave/particle nature of matter that,
when explored from the point of view of standing waves and electromagnetic
theories, could explain aspects of fusion and superconducting experiments?
It is the author's contention that the evolution of knowledge from standing
waves that led to the MASER, and later LASER, theories may point the way to
an understanding of recent breakthroughs and also indicate new areas of re-
search.



Background:

There are several different areas that should be covered in order to fully
explore the potential for finding a common explanation of newly discovered
phenomenon.

First, let us explore some of the recent history in Amplification by Stim-
ulated Emission of Radiation. The concept of standing waves and resonance in
solid, liquid and gaseous matter has been explored for centuries. Resonant
effects of tuning forks on various materials are used in beginning science
experiments for children. In the field of electronics, basic formulas for
transmission lines, waveguides, communications systems and analog systems
in general are well known. (The recent conversion to digital forms has
greatly reduced the general knowledge of this information - except to de-
signers of high frequency hardware which requires designing around limit-
ations imposed by wave properties.) The 1964 Nobel Prize for physics was
shared by Townes, Basov and Prochorov for maser (Microwave Amplification
by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) theory. Initially, masers operated
intermittently and had to be pumped in order to raise the energy level of
the electrons to provide a microwave emission. Bloembergen was able to use
a three level system which provided the first continuous maser. Note that
this is a method of achieving a resonance and standing wave phenomenon with
microwaves. Next, T. Maiman constructed the classic ruby Laser, which has
higher energy levels of emission. Higher energy levels mean that emission
is in the visible portion of the spectrum. A. Javan proceeded to develop
the Helium/Neon Laser. Notice that the effect can occur in either solids
rich in electrons or in gases which also allow for richness of electrons.
Chemical lasers followed and breakthroughs in Free-Electron Lasers (3) that
use magnetic fields to allow electrons to directly impart energy to light
waves. Again note that in all these devices, the basic electromagnetic
concept that a moving electron creates an electromagnetic field that pro-
pagates through space which can then move an electron is exploited. Also,
note that a moving electromagnetic wave can also be expressed as a photon.
In short, it is beneficial to be aware that the present understanding of
the universe makes it necessary for the reader to keep in mind that at any
time we may refer to particles as waves and vice versa. So, light may be
units of photons or electromagnetic waves. Likewise, an electron, proton
or neutron may be considered as a particle or a wave. By recognizing that
a particle or wave is only an approximation of reality, we may open up new
areas of thinking.

Second, fusion phenomenon appear to have been more abundant than previously
thought (2). Aside from stellar processes and hydrogen bombs, new areas
being explored include the work of Pons and Fleischman and Jones. Addition-
ally, the author has evidence that "ball lightning" may indeed be a fusion
phenomenon (4). Research by Tesla at his laboratory in Colorado show he
observed ball lightning on several occasions (5) but he attributed it to
hot air expansion which created a short lived plasma ball. The author has
analyzed the apparent energy output and behavior and sees evidence that a
standing wave or resonance may be occurring which enhances the fusion rate
in the "ball". Lack of positive feedback and/or fusing material prevents
long term stability and the ball lightning event collapses. Reported sight-
ings where the ball has gone through solid barriers without collapsing in-
dicates a fusion effect on an atomic scale. A plasma would either burn a
hole or self-extinguish. Reported sightings where burn-holes are present
could support either fusion or plasma. A likely explanation is that the
speed of travel through a barrier would determine the amount of heat trans-
fer from the fusing material. Hence, fusion could account for both reported
sightings while a plasma ball could not. Indeed, it is clear that sightings
would at first appear to a trained scientific observer as illusions, fab-
rications or outright mystical aberrations. However, the explanation of
ball lightning as a naturally occurring form of fusion explains the phen-
omenon in a manner consistent with the apparently incredible observations.
Also, the decrease in sightings of unusual phenomenon in general is us-
ually attributed to better ability to rule out false claims. Hence, any
item that appears to be reported less in recent years is assumed to be
folklore and/or false claims. In the case of ball lightning, this may
not be true. The migration of populations away from rural areas and the
widespread use of nitrogen based fertilizers may have reduced the number
of sightings possible. It is likely that methane is the fusing material
in ball lightning or methane in which one or more hydrogen atoms are re-
placed with deuterium. Current farming practices would prevent accum-
ulation of methane pockets where observations would be likely to take
place. It is interesting to note that experiments at Sandia Laboratories
did produce what appears to be a ball lightning event. A single experiment
that involved destruction of the test apparatus did produce a visible ball
which left the field of vision at high speed. The author does not know the
details of the experiment but did see a video tape of the resulting ball.
In naturally occurring ball lightning, sightings are almost always before,
during, or immediately after a lighting storm. In Tesla and Sandia exper-
iments, large electro-static fields were created. It is important for the
reader to know that large electro-static fields naturally occur in the
atmosphere and during electrical storms theses fields intensify and then
collapse with lightning as the result. All of these man-made and natural
events may create conditions where the electrical potential is strong
enough to propel ions together with enough force to fuse. However, the num-
ber of ions fusing is too small for any practical use.

Third, as demonstrated by Free-Electron Lasers and present fusion reactor
design, powerful magnetic fields do exert very large and meaningful forces
on the medium of interaction. The fact that Free-Electron Lasers exist and
work shows that standing waves of high energy content can be achieved and
controlled. The fact that high temperature containment structures where
near breakeven fusion energy is occurring indicates that controlled fusion
is possible.



Statement of Theory:

Fusion Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation is a resonant or
standing wave effect that may be created by electron injection into solids
or magnetic or electromagnetic injection into gases. As the name implies,
the purpose of a FASER device is to produce output energy greater than the
input energy by creating a resonant area at the proper wavelength to allow
for fusion of the desired material. The concept involves energy injection to
create a condition where electric field potential is sufficient to create a
fusion reaction. A properly tuned medium will then resonate, producing more
fusion. In a metallic medium, low energy photons should be produced, in
either the microwave or infra-red (heat) range; experimental evidence for
this is the Pons/Fleischman experiment. Visible light would occur in an
intermittent medium temperature plasma; evidence for this is the orange/
yellow color of ball lightning. Very high energy would occur in a high
temperature fusion explosion (gamma rays). In simple terms, the resonant
effect known in lasers is the key to high energy output in fusion. FASER
theory is therefore the theory that meaningful fusion occurs when energy
is pumped into a resonant medium for the materials to be fused. If the
wavelengths of the resonant medium and the material to be fused are pro-
perly balanced, then energy injection will create a resonant state that
results in amplification of the fusion effect. This means that energy of
any reasonable wavelength can be achieved using the proper resonant cavity,
fusion material and method of pumping. A possible corollary to this is
that superconductivity occurs when a resonant state exists due to a proper
balance between resonant cavity, material and energy pumped in. This would
explain why there are various limits to how much energy can be pumped into
a high temperature superconductor before it loses its properties. Since
superconductors can lose their properties in the presence of strong mag-
netic fields, this would indicate a loss of resonance due to pumping im-
balance. By doing calculations of an entire system using wave properties
for all materials involved, it may be possible to predict optimum combin-
ations for various fusion results. The basic concept in calculation and
design is to treat all particles as waves of a specific wavelength of
correct magnitude based on the particle's mass and energy components, then
proceed to determine the resonant frequency of the entire system. A simple
way to state the theory is that an entire system should be viewed as one
massive particle having one wavelength. Proper pumping of energy into the
system enhances resonance at the characteristic frequency of the system.


Areas of Exploration:

Several areas of exploration present themselves. One is the construction
of high intensity electro-static fields, modulated by microwaves, into
which CD4 or CH4 gas may be injected to test for fusion effects. Also,
injection of gases into properly tuned FEL lasers may yield positive
results. Since there may be a relation between superconductor behavior
and resonance, metallic fusion may be optimized by analysis of the system
with the intent of optimizing resonance. Also, large solar flares are a
major electro-magnetic effect. If FASER processes account for some fusion in
the stellar environment, then observable effects should manifest them-
selves in the form of areas of lesser and greater fusion due to resonant
disruption during a flare. Is this a possible cause of sun spots?



Conclusion:

Fusion Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation may be a unifying
concept to help in the development of detailed theories of various aspects
of fusion and possibly super-conductivity. Many observed phenomenon can be
accounted for by analysis of entire systems not as groups of particles but
as standing sets of waves. Optimization of fusion systems should be achieved
by resonant analysis of the entire system: fusion cavity, fusion material
and pumping method.



References:

1. Pons and Fleischman. Electrochemically Induced Nuclear Fusion of
   Deuterium. March 11, 1989

2. Jones. Observation of Cold Fusion in Condensed Matter.
   March 24, 1989

3. Freund and Parker. Free-Electron Lasers.
   Scientific American. April 1989

4. Mitchell. Global Impact of Small Scale Thermonuclear Fusion Furnaces.
   (Unpublished). June 8, 1986

5. Tesla. Colorado Springs Notes 1899-1900. (pages 368-370)
   Nolit. (Beograd, Yugoslavia). 1978



Appendice 1:

       Use of common formulas to compute the wavelength of a system.

   Practical considerations would dictate reducing the system to the small-
   est working unit. In a metallic fusion system, it may be possible to
   analyze only one lattice point with all its attendant particles and
   pumping energies.

   E  = energy
   Eo = rest energy of a particle
   M  = mass
   Mo = rest mass of a particle
   c  = speed of light
   Ep = total energy of a particle
   Ek = kinetic energy of a particle
   Ee = electropotential energy applied to a particle by pumping
        using electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields.
   h  = Planck's constant (6.625 x 10E-34 Js)
   W  = wavelength of particle
   Ws = wavelength of system
   f  = frequency
   Es = energy of system


   1. E = M x c^2  or  Eo = Mo x c^2 for rest energy equivalent of rest mass
                                     of a particle

   2. W = 1 / f  relation of wavelength to frequency

   3. E = h x f  relation of frequency to energy (Normally used for photon
                 energy. Used here for all particles)

   4. W = h / E  derived from 2 and 3 above.

   5. Ws= h / Es from theory.

   6. Ep=Eo+Ek+Ee  As the ion accelerates before fusion collision, Ee drops
                   as Ek increases. In all cases Ek+Ee is constant. Since
                   Ek is essentially zero, we can use Ee which is the energy
                   applied by pumping. Therefore, Ep is the particle's energy
                   plus the pumping energy, both of which should be relatively
                   easy to determine.

   7. Es=summation of Ep  for all particles in chosen system.

   8. Or Es= summation of rest energies of all particles plus total pumping
             energy. This allows Es to be computed in bulk.

   9. Once Es is obtained, then Ws is obtained using #5 above. From this
      point, current formulas for standing waves, resonant cavities and
      laser design may be used for optimal system design. It should be
      possible to generate FASER output throughout most of the electro-
      magnetic spectrum using Free-Electron laser techniques and at micro-
      wave/infra-red frequencies in metallic solids.