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- Newsgroups: sci.physics
- Path: sparky!uunet!sun-barr!cs.utexas.edu!usc!sdd.hp.com!hplabs!nsc!voder!pad
- From: pad@galaxy.nsc.com (Paul Denny x8349)
- Subject: fluxgate compasses
- Message-ID: <1992Sep4.165143.29277@voder.nsc.com>
- Keywords: how it works
- Sender: news@voder.nsc.com
- Organization: National Semiconductor, Santa Clara
- Date: Fri, 4 Sep 1992 16:51:43 GMT
- Lines: 72
-
- I recently asked here how fluxgate compasses work and received the
- following explanation by email from Franklin Antonio. I felt that
- it was an elegant explanation that would be of interest to sci.physics
- and as such I have reproduced his explanation. All credit for this
- posting are due to him and any errors remain mine - flame me not him.
-
- enjoy! (I did)
-
- From: Franklin Antonio <ANTONIO@qualcomm.com>
-
- In a recent sci.physics posting, you ask how fluxgate compasses work.
-
- The trick that requires explanation is how you can get a coil to produce
- a signal which is proportional to the strength of one component of a
- STATIC magnetic field. (ie the Earth's magnetic field) Obviously, if you
- can pull that off, you can do it twice, with two coils oriented 90 degrees
- apart, then take the 4-quadrant arctangent of the two signal levels, and get
- the direction of the static field. (or if you prefer doing it in 3d, you
- can do the same with three coils.)
-
- To make a signal which is a measurement of a static magnetic field, the
- fluxgate compass gates the flux of the earth's magnetic field.
-
- In the absence of local magnetic materials, the earth's magnetic field
- looks locally uniform. That is to say the lines of force are curved
- but gently so, so that locally you can think of them as uniform and
- straight, like the lines on a piece of writing paper. Now, consider
- a piece of magnetic material of high permeability. Perhaps a piece of
- iron or ferrite. Put this into the previously uniform field, and now
- the lines of force bend, because the lines would rather go thru the
- high permeability material than thru free space. If we had a way to
- gate the permeability of that hunk of iron, that is to vary it in a
- regular patern high/low/high/low/... then we would make the lines of
- force of the earth's magnetic field move in and out of the iron. Now
- we would have a varying (rather than static) magnetic field which
- is proportional to the strength of the static (Earth's) magnetic field
- which we were trying to measure. Of course, now that it's varying, we
- can measure it easily.
-
- How to make the permeability of that magnetic material gate on and off?
- Since permeability is in general a nonlinear function of total field,
- you can do this with bias. Consider a toroidal magnetic core (iron or
- ferrite) with two coils wound on it. One coil is for bias, the other
- for sensing. Put a large gated signal into the bias winding. Here
- large means large enough so that the nonlinear properties of the magnetic
- material come into play. When the bias signal is off, the core has a
- high permeability. When the bias signal is on, the core has a lower
- permeability. Now observe the sense winding. On it, we will see two
- signals. One is the bias signal obviously, and we need to filter that
- out. The bias frequency is chosen to be high enough that we can easily
- lowpass filter the sense output to eliminate the bias. The second
- component in the sense winding will be caused by some of the earth's
- magnetic field being alternately pulled into the core (by the permeability
- of the core material), and displaced (when the permeability drops).
- This signal is then rectified, and measured.
-
- This is usually done using two (or three) cores, oriented at right angles,
- so that the resulting signals are the components of the field in the
- corresponding directions.
-
- In a practical implementation, the bias might be something like a 100 kHz
- sine wave, which is gated on/off at a rate of a few per second. Bias level
- would be many ampere-turns, so to put the core well into saturation when
- bias is on.
-
- Accuracy is limited by your ability to wind a very uniform (symmetrical)
- sense coil, and other such non-ideal characteristics of the implementation.
-
- There is a NASA patent. I had a copy once, but no longer have it handy.
- Check your favorite patent database, and search on "flux-gate".
-
-
-