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- Newsgroups: sci.math
- Path: sparky!uunet!newsgate.watson.ibm.com!yktnews!admin!yktnews!victor
- From: victor@watson.ibm.com (Victor Miller)
- Subject: Re: not unique factorization
- Sender: news@watson.ibm.com (NNTP News Poster)
- Message-ID: <VICTOR.92Aug27111142@terse4.watson.ibm.com>
- In-Reply-To: rose@fsu1.cc.fsu.edu's message of 26 AUG 92 23:10:07
- Date: Thu, 27 Aug 1992 15:11:42 GMT
- Reply-To: victor@watson.ibm.com
- Disclaimer: This posting represents the poster's views, not necessarily those of IBM
- References: <1992Aug27.032241.21816@mailer.cc.fsu.edu>
- Nntp-Posting-Host: terse4.watson.ibm.com
- Organization: IBM, T.J. Watson Research Center
- Lines: 59
-
- >>>>> On 26 AUG 92 23:10:07 , rose@fsu1.cc.fsu.edu (Kermit Rose) said:
-
- Kermit> Hello anyone.
-
- Kermit> I had read that the integers extended by the sqrt(-5) did not
- Kermit> have unique factorization into primes. The example was given
-
- Kermit> 6 = 2 * 3 = (1+sqrt(-5)) * (1 - sqrt(-5))
-
- Kermit> I considered whether or not this ring could be fixed up by additional
- Kermit> extension. Perhaps in a larger ring we could have
-
- Kermit> 6 = a * b * c * d where
-
- Kermit> a * b = 2
- Kermit> c * d = 3
- Kermit> a * c = 1 + sqrt(-5) and
- Kermit> b * d = 1 - sqrt(-5).
-
- Kermit> This gives
-
- Kermit> b = 2/a
-
- Kermit> c = (1 + sqrt(-5))/a
-
- Kermit> d = (1 - sqrt(-5))/b = (1 - sqrt(-5)) * (a/2)
-
- Kermit> One way to have a,b,c,d to be elements of the ring is to
- Kermit> define a = 1/2 to be an element of the ring. Then all powers
- Kermit> of 2 becomes units, and the factorization 6 = 2 * 3 does not
- Kermit> count since 2 is not prime.
-
- Kermit> Now for my question. Does this fix solve all the cases of non-unique
- Kermit> factorization in the ring of integers extended by sqrt(-5)?
-
- Kermit, You are correct about this. There are basically two ways to
- fix this up: 1) Localize at a finite set of primes, which generate the
- ideal class group (this is a group which measures in a precise way how
- unique factorization fails). In your case of sqrt(-5), the ideal
- class group is of order two and generated by the prime 2. So you have
- done exactly that. 2) Go to an extension field: the Hilbert class
- field has the property that every ideal downstairs, "capitulates":
- i.e. becomes principal.
-
- As an intersting aside, fields with class number 2 (one of which is
- given by your example), are characterized by the property that they
- don't have unique factorization, but that every factorization into
- prime ideals has the same NUMBER of factors.
-
- Kermit> rose@fsu1.cc.fsu.edu To be sure I see your response, use e-mail.
- Kermit> -----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Kermit> You may post, repost, or publish ANY communication received from me.
- Kermit> To mend an undesirable barrier is to destroy the barrier.
- --
- Victor S. Miller
- Bitnet: VICTOR at WATSON
- Internet: victor@watson.ibm.com
- IBM, TJ Watson Research Center
- "Great artists steal; lesser artists borrow" Igor Stravinsky
-