home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- Path: sparky!uunet!dtix!darwin.sura.net!jvnc.net!rutgers!netnews.upenn.edu!netnews.cc.lehigh.edu!news
- From: padgett@tccslr.dnet.mmc.com (A. Padgett Peterson)
- Newsgroups: comp.virus
- Subject: Re: CMOS "viruses" (PC)
- Message-ID: <0004.9209031748.AA14082@barnabas.cert.org>
- Date: 1 Sep 92 02:36:55 GMT
- Sender: virus-l@lehigh.edu
- Lines: 45
- Approved: news@netnews.cc.lehigh.edu
-
- >Kevin Haney Internet: khv%nihcr31.bitnet@cu.nih.gov
-
- >About the possibility of a CMOS virus, as far as I know, the CMOS
- >memory is not in the address range of 80x86 processors, so a program
- >usually cannot access this memory directly or change it.
-
- Not quite true: a PC canot *execute* a program in the CMOS memory but
- it can be read and written to with proper assembly language
- statements. Consequently, CMOS can be corrupted by a PC virus that is
- executing (Azusa is the most common example).
-
- Since PC and XT class machines did not come with any CMOS memory and
- the amount of CMOS memory can be as little as 32 bytes, nearly all of
- which is used, and different BIOSes use the CMOS memory differently,
- it is not even a good place for a virus to store data.
-
- For the hysterically minded, CMOS memory (actually battery backed RAM)
- is a byproduct of the Motorola MC146818 (or eq.) Real Time Clock chip.
- Back in pre-AT times, people had to set the clock every time the
- system booted (even DOS 5.0 will ask if you want to set it if no
- AUTOEXEC.BAT if found on boot). Consequently, one of the first
- peripheral cards was a clock/calendar containing this chip.
-
- So that an accurate date could be maintained, the clock had to
- continue to run and the date/time stored even though the computer was
- turned off. Consequently, these cards also contained a battery to
- keep the clock running. Since the chip was constantly powered it also
- contained a small amount of RAM for storing the date. So that the
- clock could be read and set it contained read/write logic accessable
- from the CPU.
-
- The name, CMOS, stands for Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor - a
- chip manufcturing process that runs on exceptionally low power,
- necessary for the original batteries to have a decent life - today
- most batteries are rechargable lithium units that can last for several
- years so long as the PC is used regularly.
-
- Quickly, manufacturers found out that only a small part of the RAM was
- needed for the clock (10 bytes) leaving quite a bit for "other"
- activities. First exploited by the IBM AT (Advanced Technology) it
- can be used for many things. Just not viruses.
-
- More than you ever wanted to know about penguins,
-
- Padgett
-