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- Approved: NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
- Date: Tue, 25 Aug 1992 18:40:36 EDT
- Sender: "EDTECH - Educational Technology" <EDTECH@OHSTVMA.BITNET>
- From: stan kulikowski ii <STANKULI@UWF.BITNET>
- Subject: keyboarding curriculum
- Lines: 94
-
- ----------------------------Original message----------------------------
-
- i have been asked to comment on the recent email threads about keyboarding
- which are appearing in several mailing lists. i have been considering these
- issues recently, and i cannot escape the conclusion that keyboarding is
- essential elementary curriculum. schools which fail to provide this in the
- 3rd grade are not preparing their students for the basic requirements of
- information processing. schools have been preparing our students for textual
- difficulty for most of this century.
-
- wood and freeman (1932) studied 15,000 elementary students and determined
- that significant gains in language abilities were evident with training in the
- use of mechanical typewriters. rowe (1958) trained 3rd grade students to 42
- words per minute with a little less than 40 hours training time. results like
- these were reproduced many times, but school curriculum never developed
- systematic typing instruction except as vocational training in high school, and
- then mainly for the girl's secretarial employment. ubelacker (1992) noted that
- in today's computer environment, waiting until secondary schooling to attempt
- keyboard training as part of vocational studies is becoming useless. too many
- students have already developed hunt and peck typing strategies by this time
- and are nearly impossible to retrain in a useful length of time.
-
- touch-type keyboard output rate of 3rd graders (after 40 hrs training) is
- typically 10% higher than their speed of handwriting. legibility is no longer
- a problem for teacher reading. with computer networks, advances in automatic
- grading of elementary materials will help handle the greater written output.
-
- the curriculum logic is simple: 1st grade learn to print,
- 2nd grade cursive penmanship,
- 3rd grade touch typing.
-
- computing is not an option that schools, teachers, or students can choose to
- ignore in their future. nothing is going to replace keyboards as the most
- efficient data entry for people with 10 independent fingers-- even dictation to
- voice recognition cannot match long term input rates of 10 articulators. we
- can type faster than we can write or even talk. keyboarding is essentially
- limited by the rate of our thoughts.
-
- ***
-
- the main addition i would append to the above findings, is training in dvorak
- keyboards over qwerty is strongly indicated. not only does dvorak carry a
- strong 20% increase in productivity by matching finger strength to letter
- frequency in english... retraining from qwerty takes about 100 hrs training
- time to match output speeds. the dissonance in the keyboard patterns will be
- easier to retrain the hunt&peckers from their poor qwerty habits.
-
- dvorak (1948) qwerty (1873)
-
- 7 5 3 1 9 0 2 4 6 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
- ? , . p y f g c r l / q w e r t y u i o p
- a o e u i d h t n s a s d f g h j k l ;
- ; q j k x b m w v z z x c v b n m , . /
-
-
- it seems difficult to believe that an additional day per week is achieved
- in data entry productivity with this difference in keyboard. but this has been
- repeatedly confirmed by major studies since 1948. all have been ignored by
- curriculum developers because gregg shorthand developed touch typing as a
- standard secretarial skill in the 1930s.
-
- keyboard teachers worry that if we train dvorak, the students will be lost
- when they encounter mainly qwerty keyboards in the business world. this is a
- false concern: learning both patterns is not a difficult task, particularly
- for the young. it is well known that the common position of 'M' on both dvorak
- and qwerty keyboards causes a mild but noticeable cross-pattern interference
- for people who master both keyboard patterns. dvorak was not familiar with
- this effect and that remains the outstanding error in his key placement. with
- computers, changing the keyboard pattern of most machines is just loading a
- driver into memory during boot up. it is easy to convert whatever machine you
- encounter to efficient input patterns.
-
- now, why do schools persist in avoiding the obvious? it is very difficult to
- alter curriculum, even that designed to promote failure.
- stan
-
- references
-
- b.d. wood and f.n. freeman (1932) an experimental study of the educational
- influence of the typewriter in the elementary school classroom.
- macmillan company, NY.
-
- j.l. rowe (1959) readin, typin, and rithmetic. business education world,
- vol 39.
-
- s. ubelacker (1992) keyboarding: the universal curriculum tool for children.
- 9th international conference on technology and education; university
- of texas at austin, pp 808-810.
-
-
- . stankuli@UWF.bitnet
- ===
- ║ ║ when a thraskin puts fingers in its ears, it is polite to shout
- --- -- old venusian proverb
-