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- Posted-Date: Tue, 25 Aug 92 09:46:45 PDT
- Message-ID: <199208251646.AA04631@aerospace.aero.org>
- Newsgroups: bit.listserv.csg-l
- Date: Tue, 25 Aug 1992 09:46:45 PDT
- Sender: "Control Systems Group Network (CSGnet)" <CSG-L@UIUCVMD.BITNET>
- From: marken@AERO.ORG
- Subject: CONTROL OF PERCEPTION!!!!!
- Lines: 103
-
- [From Rick Marken (920825.0930)]
-
- PCT has been around for quite some time. The basic idea of PCT
- is rather easy to state:
-
- Organisms are closed-loop negative feedback systems that control various
- aspects of their own perceptual experience. Observable actions are the
- visible means by which organisms influence their own perceptions and
- compensate for those influences of the environment (disturbances)
- that would tend to move perceptions from reference levels specified
- by the organism itself. Thinking, planning, memory and imagination
- are pocesses that involve controlling perceptions without going through the
- external environment. Learning is the processes of reorganizing the existing
- means of controlling perceptions.
-
- Basic PCT is still best summarized by the title of Powers' classic:
- Behavior: The control of perception.
-
- We have been hearing a lot in the last year about many of the "hot" new
- approaches to understanding the behavior of living systems. Some are
- schools of thought, others are the approaches of individuals or labs.
- Examples are: Beer's bug, Artificial life, interactionism, Agre/Chapman
- Pengi system, Brooks' subsumption architecture (and general approach to
- robotics), fuzzy logic, chaos, dynamical systems, Artificial Intelligence,
- etc, etc.
-
- What ALL these approaches (and many, many others) have in common is
- that NONE of them explicitly recognizes the basic organizing principle
- underlying the behavior of living systems -- that they CONTROL
- PERCEPTUAL INPUT VARIABLES. Thus, the essential insight of PCT
- is missing from EVERY ONE of these hot approaches. In fact, many times
- it seems like these investigators are going OUT OF THEIR WAY to avoid
- concluding that organisms control perceptions. This hit me while reading
- the Agre/Chapman paper. A&C said at lot of things that were consistent
- with PCT. For example, they correctly pointed out the problems for
- programmed output type models -- 1) unpredictable changes in the
- environment, 2) complexity of computing all required outputs [we'd call
- that the "inverse kinematics" problem] and 3) the unpredictable effects of
- planned activities (I'm being generous -- it sounds to me like A&Cs
- problems 1 and 3 are the same). So A&C state (albeit quite unclearly) the
- basic reason why programmed output systems will not produce life-like
- behavior -- [the reason. of course, is disturbances, in PCT terms]. They even
- say that behavior cannot be generated by a plan that "determines an agent's
- actions" -- which is EXACTLY what PCT says. But after all that they end
- up proposing a model that is described as one that generates actions -- when
- it is, in reality, one that generates perceptions. They just won't even SAY
- IT; the model acts to produce intended PERCEPTIONS.
-
- A&C claim that their model doesn't control actions -- but they won't say
- what it controled What they do say is that the model has a mental plan that
- "serves as a resource that an agent can use in deciding what to do". How
- does the system use this resource? It turns out that it generates predicted
- outcomes (intended perceptions -- but they don't say it), it then generates
- actions and compares the actual outcome (as PERCEIVED) to the predicted
- outcome. The plan is a resource in the same sense that a reference signal
- is a resource -- it specifies an intended state of its own inputs.
-
- So the A&C model (after all the verbal nonsense) is a control model -- and it
- acts to produce intended perceptual outcomes. But C&A don't realize this.
- The same was largely true of the Beer model and, as I recall, Beer seemed
- quite ademantly opposed to the suggestion that his bug was controlling
- perceptions.
-
- Does it matter that these hot modellers don't understand that their models
- are controlling perceptions (when they are)?? Or is it just a verbal quirk --
- PCTers like to say that behavior is the control of perception and hot research-
- ers like to say things like "behavior is the result of a communication process
- between plans and outcomes". I think the failure to even SAY that behavior
- is controlled perception IS a FUNDEMENTALLY IMPORTANT error --
- not just a linguistic quirk. By failing to point to this important aspect of
- behavior (or by refusing to notice it it) those working on these hot
- approaches to behavior 1) fail to see all the great work that already has
- been done on modelling the control of perception 2) don't understand that the
- behavior of the system depends largely on how they design the perceptual
- functions 3) get lost with attempts to program output once the lower level
- perceptual control systems have been built and 4) don't understand how
- much of their own understanding of the situation is going into their
- modelling.
-
- The moral: I just don't think there is much to be gained by trying to sift
- through the chaf of the hot approaches to understanding behavior in the
- hope of finding much wheat. Why do it anyway, when you have all the
- flour you need sitting right there in front of you with PCT?
-
- The question: Why is there such reluctance on the part of those working on
- the hot approaches to behavior to even consider the possibility that behavior
- is the control of perception? Why do people in all these areas seem to
- ACTIVELY avoid even MENTIONING this as a possibilty? Has anyone
- ever seen the phrase "control of perception" used anywhere but in a paper by a
- PCTer -- whether it has been used correctly or not? What's the problem
- here?
-
- Regards
-
- Rick
-
- **************************************************************
-
- Richard S. Marken USMail: 10459 Holman Ave
- The Aerospace Corporation Los Angeles, CA 90024
- E-mail: marken@aero.org
- (310) 336-6214 (day)
- (310) 474-0313 (evening)
-