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- Path: sparky!uunet!decwrl!sgi!cdp!tgray
- From: Tom Gray <tgray@igc.apc.org>
- Newsgroups: sci.environment
- Date: 20 Aug 92 05:27 PDT
- Subject: --Energy and Sustainability
- Sender: Notesfile to Usenet Gateway <notes@igc.apc.org>
- Message-ID: <1466601742@igc.apc.org>
- Nf-ID: #N:cdp:1466601742:000:8132
- Nf-From: cdp.UUCP!tgray Aug 20 05:27:00 1992
- Lines: 180
-
-
- From: Tom Gray <tgray>
- Subject: --Energy and Sustainability
-
- /* Written 5:17 am Aug 20, 1992 by tgray in cdp:en.energy */
- /* ---------- "--Energy and Sustainability" ---------- */
- ENERGY SUPPLY IS KEY PROBLEM FOR
- SUSTAINABLE FUTURE, EXPERT SAYS
-
- The current system of global energy production and consumption must
- undergo significant change if humanity is to achieve a sustainable
- society in the future, according to Professor John Holdren of the
- University of California-Berkeley.
-
- Holdren spoke on "Energy, Environment and Sustainability" at a
- seminar May 2 at Dartmouth College in Hanover, N.H. The event
- marked the 20th anniversary of the publication of Limits to Growth,
- a book by global experts of an organization called the Club of
- Rome. Limits to Growth was highly controversial when published and
- launched a debate that continues today about global resources and
- their ability to meet rising human demands.
-
- Energy is central to the problem of designing a human society that
- is sustainable in the long run, Holdren said in a wide-ranging talk
- that emphasized the need to increase energy efficiency and the use
- of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar.
-
- Energy, he said, has been characterized by three difficulties:
-
- o Historically, there has been too little of it to meet basic
- needs for all.
-
- o At times, it has also been too costly, leading to reductions
- in the standard of living, recession and an increase in debt.
-
- o It's too risky, posing dangers to human health and the
- environment and leading to political instability because of
- the uneven distribution of energy resources (e.g., large
- amounts of world oil reserves being concentrated in the Middle
- East).
-
- Current world industrial energy supply is more than three-quarters
- (77 percent) dependent on fossil fuels, Holdren said. Of a global
- supply of 11.7 Terawatts (average) (TWa) (trillion watts), 4.5 TWa
- comes from oil, 3.2 TWa from coal, and 2.5 TWa from natural gas --
- all fossil fuels -- while hydro supplies 0.8 TWa and nuclear 0.7
- TWa.
- The world will not run out of fossil fuels any time soon, he added,
- since known reserves still will last hundreds of years. "But we
- are running out of other things, including: cheap oil and gas;
- cheap hydropower; the absorptive capacity of our natural
- environment; the tolerance of the world's poor for the current
- inequity in supply; money to fund the development of alternative
- energy technologies; time to adjust; and resolve to act."
-
- The world's energy supply system, Holdren said, is just too large
- in scale for rapid change: "This is an industry with $8-9 trillion
- worth of installed production capacity. Changing it is going to be
- like steering a supertanker -- it will take time, and respond
- slowly." At the same time, he said, energy policymakers are
- paralyzed. While there is talk of using market mechanisms to deal
- with problems, "we haven't had a properly functioning energy market
- for the last 100 years -- instead, we have a terribly complicated
- system of subsidies and tax breaks that distort decisions."
-
- Of the series of problems facing the world in the energy area
- today, Holdren said, environmental degradation is the "most
- intractable," with the composition of the atmosphere, climate
- processes, water supply, soils, and biological diversity all being
- affected by energy.
-
- "A hundred years ago, you could say most human activity was still
- on a small scale compared with natural processes, but that is no
- longer the case. Humans have become a global chemical force."
-
- Holdren identified a number of chemical processes in which human
- actions now have reached a scale roughly comparable to nature,
- including:
-
-
- o Atmospheric lead flow: human contribution is 15 times that
- from natural processes, with 63 percent of it coming from
- energy production-related activities.
-
- o Ocean oil flow: human contribution 10 times natural, with 60
- percent coming from energy production.
-
- o Cadmium: human contribution eight times natural, with 20
- percent coming from energy.
-
- o Sulfur oxides: human contribution 1.5 times natural, with 85
- percent from energy.
-
- o Methane (a leading greenhouse gas): human contribution
- roughly equal to natural, with 25 percent from energy.
-
- o Carbon dioxide (the most important greenhouse gas): human
- contribution 3/10 of natural, with 80 percent from energy.
-
- During the past 20 years alone, Holdren noted, the world's
- population has increased by 45 percent, and its total energy
- production has risen by 90 percent. At the same time, a variety of
- environmental problems, ranging from acid rain to a rising rate of
- species extinction, have become apparent.
-
- What are the main elements of a global energy policy to address
- these problems? According to Holdren, they are:
-
- o Increase efficiency of end use. U.S. energy use per capita,
- he said, should be cut by at least 50 percent.
-
- o Reduce the environmental impacts of today's energy sources
- through better pollution control, nuclear safety, and biomass
- harvesting techniques.
-
- o Begin the transition to alternative energy sources, including
- fusion, geothermal, solar and wind.
-
- o Expand international cooperation and assistance. "We may
- solve these problems in the U.S. and Europe without
- international cooperation, but we won't solve them in India,
- China and the former Soviet Union."
-
- o Stop world population growth at a level of 10 billion. "This
- is going to be tough. The average woman today has 3.5
- children, and we'll need to reduce that to 2.1 by the year
- 2025 to reach this goal."
-
- What difference could a strong effort to put these policies into
- effect make during the next 100 years?
-
- o World population would be held to 10 billion instead of a
- projected business-as-usual (BAU) level of 13.4 billion by the
- year 2090, a 25 percent reduction.
-
- o World energy use would be held to 30 TWa (about three times
- today's consumption), a reduction of 70 percent below a BAU
- level of 100 TWa (nearly nine times current use). (At the
- same time, global per-capita energy use would be stabilized at
- 3 kW/person, or about one-fourth of present U.S. usage per
- person.)
-
- o World fossil energy use would be reduced to 5 TWa (about half
- the current level), a reduction of more than 90 percent from
- the BAU scenario level of 60 TWa (six times present
- consumption).
-
- The problem is "worse than economists and politicians think,"
- Holdren said, because of several ways in which the real world
- differs from what they assume: humanity is more dependent on the
- environment; the environment is more easily damaged; the growth in
- human needs is greater; the forces of the market are less powerful
- (unless noneconomic costs are taken into account); and the time
- lags in diagnosing problems are greater.
-
- Because decisionmakers are off base in their assumptions, he added,
- the U.S. is today underinvesting in energy efficiency and new
- sources of energy, and is "sabotaging" efforts to reach an
- international agreement to guard against the possibility of climate
- change.
- ===============================
-
- The American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) has authorized me to offer
- an electronic edition of its newsletter, _Wind Energy Weekly_, from
- which the above article is excerpted, at no cost.
-
- For those of you who have not previously seen excerpts from back issues
- on Usenet or Bitnet, the _Weekly_ reports on the outlook for renewable
- energy, energy-related environmental issues, and renewable energy
- legislation in addition to wind industry trade news. The electronic
- edition normally runs about 10kb in length.
-
- If you would like a free electronic subscription, send me an e-mail
- request. Please include information on your position, organization,
- and reason for interest in the publication.
-
- *******************************************************************
- Tom Gray EcoNet/PeaceNet: tgray@igc
- Internet/Bitnet: tgray@igc.apc.org UUCP: uunet!pyramid!cdp!tgray
-
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