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- From: kling@ics.uci.edu (Rob Kling)
- Subject: Incorporating Org Behaviour into Systems Analysis
- Message-ID: <9208161314.aa20255@q2.ics.uci.edu>
- Newsgroups: comp.groupware,comp.infosystems
- Lines: 169
- Date: 16 Aug 92 20:14:50 GMT
-
- A couple of people who have read or scanned "Behind
- the Terminal: The Critical Role of Computing Infrastructure In
- Effective Information Systems' Development and Use" have
- characterized some of the arguments as misrepresenting
- "traditional" methods of systems analysis. I don't use
- the term "traditional" when referring to a relatively narrow
- form of systems analysis (which I call "discrete entity
- models.").
-
- Discrete entity models *do not* treat computerized
- systems as only the physical system, but they do focus on
- formal organizational goals, resources, and reporting
- relationships. (see below). DE models do emphasize information
- engineering.
-
- I'm extracting (below)
- the characterization of discrete entity models and socially
- richer web models form the paper so that readers can better see
- the characterizations that I do make. These models are
- both "ideal types."
-
- I suspect that most critics of the paper would like to see
- organizationally/socially rich forms of systems analysis in
- practice. I strongly agree with this sentiment. Some of the
- information engineering representations, such as dataflow
- diagrams, can be helpful. But they don't go far enough.
-
- We seem to differ, in part, on what systems analysis methods are
- frequently taught in universities and the nature (and diversity)
- of common practices in *end user* organizations today. The high
- end of practice is often very socially attuned. Unfortunately,
- less socially sensitive approaches also still seem to be
- common.
-
- In response to my posting, I received several supportive
- messages, including one from a manager whose organization is
- going through a " business process redesign effort using a tool
- called IDEF (Integration Definition Language). The premise
- behind it is that we first model the organization from the
- strategic level, incorporating all critical mission elements and
- goals into the analysis of existing functions. ..... This
- approach does not take into account physical contraints and
- social relationships ..." This seems much closer to a discrete
- entity approach than a web approach.
-
- I encourage net readers who find this contrast useful to print
- and read the article (rather than trying to comprehend it
- through online scanning).
-
- I would also be interested in learning of any good cases
- which can be used to help teach organizationally/socially
- rich forms of systems analysis.
-
- Best wishes,
-
- Rob Kling
- UC-Irvine
-
- ========================================
- Table 1
-
- Assumptions of Discrete-Entity Models
-
- D1. A computing resource is best conceptualized as a particular
- piece of equipment, application, or technique which provides
- specifiable information processing capabilities.
- a. Each computing resource has costs and skill requirements
- which are largely identifiable.
- b. Computer-based technologies are tools, and are socially
- neutral.
-
- D2. Role of Infrastructure:
-
- a. The infrastructure for supporting the focal computing
- resource and the organizational procedures by which it is
- organized and sustained are critical elements.
-
- b. Each computer-based service is provided through a set of
- structured computing resources and organized
- infrastructure. Deploying, managing, and setting
- procedures for these infrastructural resources is
- separable from deployment of the focal computer-based
- technology. Infrastructure, either technical or
- administrative, is a neutral resource.
-
- c. "Human factors" must be taken into account to ensure that
- people are well trained and motivated to do what is
- required. But "human factors" are "organizational
- problems" which are separable from "technical problems."
-
- D3. Control over Infrastructure: Organizations have ample
- resources to support all of their computing developments and
- uses simultaneously. Elements of infrastructure are necessary
- for making the equipment or technique available to developers
- or users, and they can be counted on to be of adequate quality
- and available as necessary.
-
- D4. The focal computing resource and any element of infrastructure
- can be analyzed independently of:
- a. its interactions with other computing resources;
- b. the social or organizational arrangements within which
- computer-based services are developed and provided
- (infrastructure and macrostructures).
-
- D5. Social Action:
-
- a. Organizational behavior is best described by the formal
- goals, procedures, and administrative arrangements of the
- acting units.
-
- b. The use of a computing resource is best described by its
- formal purposes and features.
-
- ==================================================
- Table 2 -- Assumptions of Web Models
-
- W1. A computer system is best conceptualized as an ensemble of
- equipment, applications, and techniques with identifiable
- information processing capabilities.
- a. Each computing resource has costs and skill requirements
- which are only partially identifiable.
- b. In addition to its functional capabilities as an
- information processing tool, computer-based technologies
- are also social objects which may be highly charged with
- meaning.
-
- W2. Role of Infrastructure:
- a. The infrastructure for supporting the focal computing
- resource and the organizational procedures by which it is
- organized and sustained are critical elements.
- b. Each computer-based service is provided through a set of
- structured computing resources and organized
- infrastructure. This organization of essential resources
- makes computer-based systems into a form of social
- organization. Like any organization or institution, it is
- not necessarily neutral.
- c. There is no "human factor" which is specially separable
- from the delivery of computer-based information services.
- Much of the development and routine operations of
- computer-based technologies hinge on many human judgments
- and actions carried out within complex, organized social
- settings.
-
- W3. Control over Infrastructure:
- a. Organizations have limited resources. Not all necessary
- infrastructural resources are available (in adequate
- quality) as needed.
- b. Computer-using organizations rarely have complete
- administrative or political control over all their
- requisite infrastructure. Infrastructural resources may
- be spread across several organizational units or
- nominally independent organizations.
-
- W4. The information processing leverage provided by a focal
- computing resource, and its other costs and benefits, social
- and economic, are contingent upon:
- a. its interactions with other computing resources;
- b. the social or organizational arrangements within which
- computer-based services are developed and provided
- (infrastructure and macrostructures).
-
- W5. Social Action:
- Political interests, structural constraints, and participants
- definitions of their situations often influence organizational
- action. Use naturalistic open systems organizational model,
- such as a negotiated order or institutional model of social
- activities, to best describe the social relations among key
- participants.
-
-