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- From: nakashim@etl.go.jp (Hideyuki Nakashima)
- Subject: Summary: Re: class of planners
- In-Reply-To: nakashim@etl.go.jp's message of Fri, 31 Jul 1992 06: 52:58 GMT
- Message-ID: <NAKASHIM.92Aug14114305@uranus.etl.go.jp>
- Sender: news@etl.go.jp (News System)
- Nntp-Posting-Host: uranus
- Organization: Electrotechnical Laboratory
- References: <NAKASHIM.92Jul31155258@uranus.etl.go.jp>
- Date: Fri, 14 Aug 1992 02:43:05 GMT
- Lines: 562
-
- I asked about classes of planners in comp.ai and fj.ai.
- Here is a summary of responses I got.
-
- (1) Do not confuse class of planners with class of problems.
-
- From: Robert Baron <robert@cs.ualberta.ca>:
- > The classifications as linear/nonlinear hierarchical/nonhierarchical do
- > not refer to a type of problem but to how a planner operates; in order
- > words they are not classes of planning problems but classes of planners.
-
- > A correctly built (i.e. complete) linear and nonhierarchical planner can
- > solve all of the types of problems that you mentionned above (and below).
-
- (2) There are few work on classifying problems.
-
- (3) References
-
- Manuela M. Veloso
- "Nonlinear Problme Solving Using Intelligent Casual-Commitment"
- CMU-CS-89-210
-
- Naresh Gupta and Dana S. Nau
- "Complexity Results for Blocks-World Planning"
- AAAI-91, pp.629-633
-
- James Hendler, Austin Tate, and Mark Drummond. 1990.
- AI Planning: Systems and Techniques.
- AI Magazine (Summer);
-
- David E. Wilkins. 1988.
- Pratical Planning -- Extending the Classical AI Planning Paradigm --
- Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc;
-
- James Allen, James Hendler, and Austin Tate. 1990.
- Readings in Planning.
- Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.
-
- From: Robert Baron <robert@cs.ualberta.ca>:
-
- [PLANNER - SHORT SUMMARY]
- Bobrow, D., Raphael, B., "New Programming Languages for Artificial
- Intelligence Research," Association for Computing Machinery Computing
- Surveys, 6, 1974, 153-174.
-
- [PLANNER]
- Rulifson, J. F., Derksen, J. A., Waldinger, R. J., QA4: A Procedural
- Calculus for Intuitive Reasoning. Technical Note 73, SRI Intern., 1972.
-
- [PLANNER]
- Hewitt, C., Description and Theoretical Analysis (Using Schemata) of
- PLANNER: A Language for Proving Theorems and Manipulating Models in
- Robots. Report AI-TR-258, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1971.
-
- [PLANNER - MICRO-PLANNER]
- Sussman, G., Winograd, T., Charniak, E., Micro-Planner Reference
- Manual. Memo 203a, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1970.
-
- [PLANNER]
- Hewitt, C., "PLANNER: A Language for Proving Theorems in Robots,"
- Proc. of the First Intern. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence,
- Morgan Kaufmann, 1969, 295-301.
-
- --------------
-
- [PLANNING - SURVEY]
- Georgeff, M. P., "Planning," in Annual Review of Computer Science,
- Annual Reviews Inc., 1987, 359-400.
-
- [PLANNING - LECTURE NOTES]
- Schubert, L. K., "Planning," Personal Communication, 1988.
-
- [PLANNING - SURVEY]
- Vere, S. A., "Planning," in Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence,
- Wiley, 1986, 748-758.
-
- [PLANNING - EXECUTING]
- "Interleaving Plan formation and execution", Proc. of the Fifth
- National Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, 1986,
- 58-64.
-
- [PLANNING - EXECUTING]
- Chien, R. T., Weissman, S., "Planning and Execution in Incompletely
- Specified Environment," Proc. of the Fourth Intern. Joint Conf. on
- Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, 1975, 169-174.
-
- [PLANNING - PLAN REPRESENTATION]
- Tenenberg, J., "Planning with abstraction," Proc. of the Fifth National
- Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, 1986, 76-80.
-
- [PLANNING - PLAN REPRESENTATION]
- Hayes, P. J., "A Representation for Robot Plans," Proc. of the Fourth
- Intern. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, 1975,
- 181-188.
-
- [PLANNING - EXPERT SYSTEM]
- Crowley, J. L., "Coordination of Action and Perception in a
- Surveillance Robot," Proc. of the Tenth Intern. Joint Conf. on
- Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, 1987, 793-796.
-
- [PLANNING - EXPERT SYSTEM]
- Crowley, J. L., Coordination of Action and Perception in a Surveillance
- Robot," IEEE Expert, Winter, 1987, 32-43.
-
- [PLANNING - REPLANNING]
- Alterman, R., "An Adaptive Planner," Proc. of the Fifth National Conf.
- on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, 1986, 65-69.
-
- [PLANNING - THEORY]
- Morgenstern, L., "A First Order Theory of Planning, Knowledge, and
- Action," Proc. of the Conf. on Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning about
- Knowledge, Morgan Kaufmann, 1986, 99-114.
-
- [PLANNING - WORKSHOP REPORT]
- William, S., (ed.), "DARPA Santa Cruz Workshop on Planning," AI
- Magazine, 9(2), 1988, 115-130.
-
- --------------
-
- [ROSENSCHEIN - EPISTEMIC MACHINES]
- Rosenschein, S. J., Kaebling, L. P., The Synthesis of Digital Machines
- with Provable Epistemic Properties. Technical Note 412, SRI Intern.,
- 1987.
-
- [ROSENSCHEIN - EPISTEMIC MACHINES]
- Rosenschein, S. J., Kaelbling, L. P., "The Synthesis of Machines with
- Provably Epistemic Properties," Proc. of the Conf. on Theoretical
- Aspects of Reasoning about Knowledge, Morgan Kaufmann, 1986, 83-98.
-
- [ROSENSCHEIN - EPISTEMIC MACHINES]
- Rosenschein, S. J., "Formal Theories of Knowledge in AI and Robotics,"
- Proc. Workshop on Intelligent Robots: Achievements and Issues, 1984,
- 237-252. / * New Generation Computing, 3(4), 1985, 345-357.
-
- [ROSENSCHEIN - DYNAMIC LOGIC]
- Rosenschein, S. J., "Plan Synthesis: A Logical Perspective," Proc.
- of the Seventh Intern. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan
- Kaufmann, 1981, 331-337.
-
- --------------
-
- Doyle, R. J., Atkinson, D. J., Doshi, R. S., "Generating Perception
- Requests and Expectations to Verify the Execution of Plans," Proc. of
- the Fifth National Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann,
- 1986, 81-88.
- {Take the approach plan constructor/plan executor. Use a STRIPS-like
- planner to construct a plan for a goal. Then, the plan is augmented
- with perception requests to verify the preconditions and postcondi-
- tions of actions. So actions act with no (or little) feedback. As
- presented there is no possibility of continuous monitoring as can be
- done by action routines with SHAKEY. Intend to extend their verifi-
- cation language to incorporate continuous monitoring. Never tested
- on a real-world robot. Food for thought, especially the extension
- they propose for the verification language.}
-
- --------------
-
- [ROBOT - JASON]
- Coles, S. L., Robb, A. M., Sinclair, P. L., Smith, M. H., Sobek, R. R.,
- "Decision Analysis for an Experimental Robot with Sensors," Proc. of
- the Fourth Intern. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan
- Kaufmann, 1975, 749-757.
-
- --------------
-
- [PLANNING - ABSTRIPS]
- Sacerdoti, E. D., "Planning in a Hierarchy of Abstraction Spaces,"
- Proc. of the Third Intern. Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan
- Kaufmann, 1973, 412-422.
-
- [PLANNING - ABSTRIPS]
- Sacerdoti, E. D., "Planning in a Hierarchy of Abstraction Spaces,"
- Artificial Intelligence, 5, 1974, 115-135.
-
- --------------
-
- [PLANNING - CONDITIONAL]
- Manna, Z., Waldinger, R., "A Theory of Plans," in Reasoning about
- Actions and Plans, M. Georgeff and A. Lansky (eds.), Morgan Kaufmann,
- 1987, 11-45.
-
- --------------
-
- [PLANNING - CONJUNCTIVE GOALS]
- Waldinger, R. J., "Achieving Several Goals Simultaneously," in Machine
- Intelligence 8, E. Elcock, and D. Michie (eds.), Ellis Horwood, 1977,
- 94-136.
-
- --------------
-
- [PLANNING - DECISION THEORY - NONMONOTICS]
- Langlotz, C., Shortliffe, E. H., "Logical and Decision-Theoretic
- Methods for Planning under Uncertainty," AI Magazine, 10(1), 1989,
- 39-47.
-
- [PLANNING - DECISION THEORY]
- Feldman, J. A., Sproull, R. F., "Decision Theory and Artificial
- Intelligence II: The Hungry Monkey," Cognitive Science 1, 1977,
- 158-192.
-
- [PLANNING - DECISION THEORY]
- Coles, S. L., Robb, A. M., Sinclair, P. L., Smith, M. H., Sobek, R. R.,
- "Decision Analysis for an Experimental Robot with Sensors," Proc. of
- the Fourth Intern. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan
- Kaufmann, 1975, 749-757.
-
- [PLANNING - DECISION THEORY]
- Johnson, D. T., "Decision Theory and Automatic Planning," Tech. Rep.
- TR77-9, Dept. of Computing Science, Univ. of Alberta, Edmomton, 1977.
-
- [PLANNING - DECISION THEORY]
- Johnson, D. T., Schubert, L. K., "A Planning Control Strategy that
- Allows for the Cost of Planning," Proc. of the Sixth European Meeting
- on Cybernetics and Systems Research, 1982.
-
- --------------
-
- [PLANNING - DEVISER]
- Vere, S. A., "Splicing Plans to Achieve Misordered Goals," Proc. of
- the Ninth Intern. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan
- Kaufmann, 1985, 1016-1021.
-
- [PLANNING - DEVISER]
- Vere, S. A., "Planning in Time: Windows and Duration for Activities
- and Goals," IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
- 5, 1983, 246-267.
-
- --------------
-
- [PLANNING - ELMER]
- McCalla, G. I., Schneider, P. F., "Planning in a Dynamic Microworld,"
- Proc. of the Third Biennial Conf. of the Canadian Society for
- Computational Studies of Intelligence, CIPS National Office, 1980,
- 248-255.
-
- [PLANNING - ELMER]
- McCalla, G. I., Schneider, P. F., "The Execution of Plans in an
- Independent Dynamic Microworld," Proc. of the Sixth Intern. Joint Conf.
- on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, 1979, 553-555.
-
- [PLANNING - ELMER]
- McCalla, G. I., Reid, L., Schneider, P. F., "Plan Creation, Plan
- Execution and Knowledge Acquisition in a Dynamic Microworld," Int. J.
- of Man-Machine Studies, 16, 1982, 89-112.
-
- --------------
-
- [PLANNING - GREEN]
- Kowalski, R., Logic for Problem Solving. North-Holland, 1979.
-
- [PLANNING - GREEN]
- Green, C., "Application of Theorem Proving to Problem Solving," Proc.
- of the First Intern. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan
- Kaufmann, 1969, 219-239.
-
- --------------
-
- [PLANNING - GRIPE]
- Doyle, R. J., Atkinson, D. J., Doshi, R. S., "Generating Perception
- Requests and Expectations to Verify the Execution of Plans," Proc. of
- the Fifth National Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann,
- 1986, 81-88.
-
- --------------
-
- [PLANNING - HACKER]
- Sussman, G. J., A Computational Model of Skill Acquisition.
- North-Holland, 1975.
-
- --------------
-
- [PLANNING - INTERPLAN]
- Tate, A., "Interacting Goals and Their Use," Proc. of the Fourth
- Intern. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, 1975,
- 215-218.
-
- --------------
-
- [PLANNING - LAWALY]
- Siklossy, L., Dreussi, J., "An Efficient Robot Planner which Generates
- its own Procedures," Proc. of the Third Intern. Joint Conf. on
- Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, 1973, 423-430.
-
- --------------
-
- [PLANNING - MOLGEN]
- Stefik, M., "Planning with Constraints (MOLGEN: Part 1)," Artificial
- Intelligence, 15, 1981, 111-140.
-
- [PLANNING - MOLGEN]
- Stefik, M., "Planning and Meta-Planning (MOLGEN: Part 2)," Artificial
- Intelligence, 16, 1981, 141-170.
-
- --------------
-
- [PLANNING - NASL]
- McDermott, D., "Planning and acting," Cognitive Science, 2, 1978,
- 71-109.
-
- --------------
-
- [PLANNING - NOAH]
- Sacerdoti, E. D., A Structure for Plans and Behavior. Elsevier, 1977.
-
- [PLANNING - NOAH]
- Sacerdoti, E. D., The Nonlinear Nature of Plans," Proc. of the Fourth
- Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, 1975, 206-214.
-
- --------------
-
- [PLANNING - NONLIN - POSSIBLY RELATED]
- Tate, A., "Goal Structure," Proc. of the Sixth European Conf. on
- Artificial Intelligence, 1984, 273-276.
-
- [PLANNING - NONLIN - RESOURCE CONSUMPTION]
- Tate, A., Whiter, A. M., "Planning with Multiple Resource Constraints
- and an Application to a Naval Planning Problem," Proc. of the First
- Conf. on Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 1984, 410-415.
-
- [PLANNING - NONLIN]
- Tate, A., "Generating Project Networks," Proc. of the Fifth Intern.
- Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, 1977, 888-893.
-
- [PLANNING - NONLIN]
- Tate, A., Project Planning Using a Hierarchic Non-Linear Planner.
- Research Report 25, Univ. of Edinburgh, 1976.
-
- --------------
-
- [PLANNING - PRS]
- Georgeff, M. P., Lansky, A. L., "Reactive Reasoning and Planning,"
- Proc. of the Sixth National Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan
- Kaufmann, 1987, 677-682.
-
- [PLANNING - PRS]
- Georgeff, M. P., Lansky, A. L., "Procedural Knowledge," Proc. of the
- IEEE, 74(10), 1986, 1383-1398.
-
- [PLANNING - PRS]
- Georgeff, M. P., Lansky, A. L., Bessiere, P., "A Procedural Logic,"
- Proc. of the Ninth Intern. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence,
- Morgan Kaufmann, 1985.
-
- [PLANNING - PRS]
- Georgeff, M. P., Bonollo, U., "Procedural Expert Systems," Proc. of the
- Eighth Intern. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann,
- 1983, 151.
-
- --------------
-
- [PLANNING - RAP]
- Firby, J. R., "An Investigation into Reactive Planning in Complex
- Domains," Proc. of the Sixth National Conf. on Artificial
- Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, 1987, 202-206.
-
- --------------
-
- [PLANNING - SIPE - POSSIBLY RELATED]
- Wilkins, D. E., "Hierarchical Planning: Definition and Implementation,"
- in Advances in Artificial Intelligence II, B. du Boulay, D. Hogg and L.
- Steels (eds.), Elsevier, 1987, 659-671.
-
- [PLANNING - SIPE]
- Wilkins, D. E., "Recovering from Execution Errors in SIPE,"
- Computational Intelligence, 1, 1985, 33-45.
- {Takes the approach plan constructor/plan executor. The paper deals
- with the replanning system. Was never used to control a real-world
- robot. Provides a fair analysis of the modifications that need be
- made to a hierarchical plan when the state of the world turns out to
- be not as expected. The big assumption is that the real state of the
- world is known after executing actions -- intends to develop such a
- system. In the spirit of SIPE -- ad hoc methods to get efficiency.}
-
- [PLANNING - SIPE]
- Wilkins, D. E., "Domain-Independent Planning: Representation and Plan
- Generation," Artificial Intelligence, 22, 1984, 269-301.
-
- [PLANNING - SIPE]
- Wilkins, D. E., "Representation in a Domain-Independent Planner,"
- Proc. of the Eighth Intern. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence,
- Morgan Kaufmann, 1983, 733-740.
-
- --------------
-
- [PLANNING - STRIPS]
- Lifschitz, V., "On the Semantics of STRIPS," in Reasoning about Actions
- and Plans, M. Georgeff and A. Lansky (eds.), Morgan Kaufmann, 1986,
- 1-9.
-
- [PLANNING - STRIPS - SHAKEY]
- Nilsson, N. J., Shakey the Robot. Technical Report 323, SRI Intern.,
- 1984.
-
- [PLANNING - STRIPS]
- Nilsson, N. J., Principle of Artificial Intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann,
- 1980.
-
- [PLANNING - STRIPS - MACROP - PLANEX]
- Fikes, R. E., Hart, P. E., Nilsson, N. J., "Learning and Executing
- Generalized Robot Plans," Artificial Intelligence, 3, 1972, 251-288.
-
- [PLANNING - STRIPS]
- Fikes, R. E. and Nilsson, N. J., "STRIPS: A New Approach to the
- Application of Theorem Proving to Problem Solving," Artificial
- Intelligence, 2, 1971, 189-208.
-
- [PLANNING - STRIPS - PLANEX]
- Fikes, R. E., "Monitored Execution of Robot Plan Produced by STRIPS,"
- Proc. IFIP Congress 71, 1971.
-
- [PLANNING - STRIPS - PLANEX - RELATED]
- Munson, J. H., "Robot Planning, Execution, and Monitoring in an
- Uncertain Environment," Proc. of the Second Intern. Joint Conf. on
- Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, 1971, 338-349.
-
- --------------
-
- [PLANNING - TEMPORAL]
- Pelavin, R., Allen, J. F. "A Formal Logic of Plans in Temporally Rich
- Domains," Proc. of the IEEE, 74, 1986, 1364-1382.
-
- --------------
-
- [PLANNING - TWEAK]
- Chapman, D., "Planning for Conjunctive Goals," Artificial Intelligence,
- 32, 1987, 333-377.
-
- [PLANNING - TWEAK]
- Chapman, D., Planning for Conjunctive Goals. Technical Report 83-85,
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985.
-
- --------------
-
- [PLANNING - UNIVERSAL PLANS]
- Schoppers, M. J., "Universal Plans for Reactive Robots in Unpredictable
- Environments," Proc. of the Tenth Intern. Joint Conf. on Artificial
- Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, 1987, 1039-1046.
-
- --------------
-
- [PLANNING - WARPLAN-C]
- Warren, D. H. D., "Generating Conditional Plans and Programs," Proc.
- of the Summer Conf. on Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of
- Behavior, Univ. of Edinburgh, 1976, 344-354.
-
- [PLANNING - WARPLAN]
- Warren, D. H. D., WARPLAN: A System for Generating Plans. Memo 76,
- Univ. of Edinburgh, 1974.
-
- --------------
-
- UNCLASSIFIED REFERENCES
-
- ---- 1988 ----
-
- Chang, K.-H., Wee, W. G., "A Planning Model with Problem Analysis and
- Operator Hierarchy," IEEE Trans. on Patterm Analysis and Machine
- Intelligence, 10(5), 1988, 672-675.
-
- ---- 1987 ----
-
- Hayes, C., "Using Goal Interactions to Guide Planning," Proc. of the
- Sixth National Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, 1987,
- 224-228.
-
- [ROBOT - EXECUTION MONITOR]
- Broverman, C. A., Croft, W. B., "Reasoning About Exceptions During Plan
- Execution Monitoring," Proc. of the Sixth National Conf. on Artificial
- Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, 1987, 190-195.
-
- ---- 1984 ----
-
- Allen, "General theory of action and time," Artificial Intelligence,
- 23, 1984, 123-154.
-
- Daniel, L., "Planning and Operations Research," in Artificial
- Intelligence: Tools, Techniques, and Applications, T. O'Shea and M.
- Eisenstadt (eds.), Harper & Row, 1984, 423-452.
-
- Georgeff, M., "A Theory of Action for MultiAgent Planning," Proc. of
- the Fourth National Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann,
- 1984, 121-125.
-
- Tate, A., "Goal Structure - Capturing the Intent of Plans," Proc.
- European Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Pisa, Italy, 1984.
-
- Tate, A., "Planning and Condition Monitoring in a FMS," Conf. on the
- Development of Flexible Manufacturing Systems, London, UK, 1984.
-
- ---- 1983 ----
-
- Allen, J., Koomen, J., "Planning Using a Temporal World Model, Proc. of
- the Eighth Intern. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan
- Kaufmann, 1983, 741-747.
-
- Wilenski, R., Planning and understanding, Addison-Wesley, 1983.
-
- ---- 1982 ----
-
- Brooks, R. A., "Symbolic Error Analysis and Robot Planning," J.
- Robotics Research, 1(4), 1982, 29-68.
-
- McDermott, D. A., "A Temporal Logic for Reasoning about Processes and
- Plans," Cognitive Sciences, 6, 1982, 101-155.
-
- Sridharan, N., Bresina, J., "Plan Formation in Large, Realistic
- Domains," Proc. of the Fifth Biennial Conf. of the Canadian Society for
- Computational Studies of Intelligence, CIPS National Office, 1982,
- 12-18.
-
- ---- 1980 ----
-
- Moore, R. C., Reasoning about Knowledge and Action. Technical Note 191,
- SRI Intern., 1980.
-
- Robinson, A. E., Wilkins, D. E., "Representing Knowledge in an
- Interactive Planner," Proc. of the First National Conf. on Artificial
- Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, 1980, 148-150.
-
- Wilensky, R., "Meta-Planning," Proc. of the First National Conf. on
- Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, 1980, 334-336.
-
- ---- 1979 ----
-
- Hayes-Roth, B., Hayes-Roth, F., "A Cognitive Model of Planning,"
- Cognitive Sciences, 1979, 275-310.
-
- Hayes-Roth, B., Hayes-Roth, F., Rosenschein, S. J., Cammarata, S.,
- "Modelling Planning as an Incremental, Opportunistic Process," Proc. of
- the Sixth Intern. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan
- Kaufmann, 1979, 375-383.
-
- Sacerdoti, E. D., "Problem Solving Tactics," Proc. of the Sixth Intern.
- Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, 1979,
- 1077-1085.
-
- ---- 1977 ----
-
- Fikes, R. E., "Knowledge Representation in Automatic Planning Systems,"
- in Perspectives in Computer Science, J. K. Jones (ed.), 1977, 63-75.
-
- Schank, R. C., Abelson, R. P., Scripts, Plans, Goals and Understanding,
- Erlbaum, 1977.
-
- Wesson, R. B., "Planning in the World of the Air Traffic Controller,"
- Proc. of the Fifth Intern. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence,
- Morgan Kaufmann, 1977, 473-479.
-
- ---- 1973 ----
-
- Lewis, R. A., Bejcsy, A. K., "Planning Consideration for a Roving Robot
- with Arm," Proc. of the Third Joint Intern. Conf. on Artificial
- Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, 1973.
-
- Hendrix, G. G., "Modelling Simultaneous Actions and Continuous
- Processes," Artificial Intelligence, 4, 1973, 145-180.
-
- --
- Hideyuki Nakashima
- Cooperative Architecture
- Electrotechincal Lab.
-
-
-