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<?XML version="1.0"?>  <user_manual>  <info> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252"/> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 97"/> <meta name="subject" content="XML Spy User Manual"/> <meta name="keywords" content="XML, DTD, Editor, Windows, Parser"/> <meta name="Template" content="E:\Data\Icon\Dot-Files\Dokumentation.dot"/> <title>Spy Manual</title> </info> <manual> <div class="c5"> <img src="shots/splash.gif" width="406" height="337"/> Version 1.3 <h2 class="c3">A powerful - yet simple- tool for structured editing of XML and DTD files on the Windows platform.</h2> </div> ⌐1998-99 Icon EDV Informations-Systeme GmbH. All rights reserved. <h1 class="c8">Contents</h1> 1. Introduction <a href="#_Toc441258490">*</a> 2. XML Overview <a href="#_Toc441258491">*</a> 2.1 XML Documents <a href="#_Toc441258492">*</a> 2.2 XML Tools <a href="#_Toc441258493">*</a> 3. Using XML Spy <a href="#_Toc441258494">*</a> 3.1 Installation <a href="#_Toc441258495">*</a> 3.2 Opening XML Files <a href="#_Toc441258496">*</a> 3.3 Viewing XML Files <a href="#_Toc441258497">*</a> 3.3.1 Tree View <a href="#_Toc441258498">*</a> 3.3.2 Enhanced Grid View <a href="#_Toc441258499">*</a> 3.3.3 Navigating <a href="#_Toc441258500">*</a> 3.4 Editing XML Files <a href="#_Toc441258501">*</a> 3.4.1 Modifying items <a href="#_Toc441258502">*</a> 3.4.2 Adding items <a href="#_Toc441258503">*</a> 3.4.3 Converting items <a href="#_Toc441258504">*</a> 3.4.4 Copying items <a href="#_Toc441258505">*</a> 3.4.5 Pasting items <a href="#_Toc441258506">*</a> 3.4.6 Rearranging <a href="#_Toc441258507">*</a> 3.4.7 Finding Text <a href="#_Toc441258508">*</a> 3.4.8 Replacing Text <a href="#_Toc441258509">*</a> 3.5 Printing XML Files <a href="#_Toc441258510">*</a> 3.6 Editing DTD Files <a href="#_Toc441258511">*</a> 3.7 Examples <a href="#_Toc441258512">*</a> 4. Reference <a href="#_Toc441258513">*</a> 4.1 Toolbar <a href="#_Toc441258514">*</a> 4.2 Command Reference <a href="#_Toc441258515">*</a> 4.2.1 File Menu <a href="#_Toc441258516">*</a> 4.2.2 Edit Menu <a href="#_Toc441258517">*</a> 4.2.3 XML Menu <a href="#_Toc441258518">*</a> 4.2.4 Item Type Submenu <a href="#_Toc441258519">*</a> 4.2.5 View Menu <a href="#_Toc441258520">*</a> 4.2.6 Window Menu <a href="#_Toc441258521">*</a> 4.2.7 Mouse Menu <a href="#_Toc441258522">*</a> 5. Background Information <a href="#_Toc441258523">*</a> 5.1 Shareware Notice <a href="#_Toc441258524">*</a> 5.2 About the authors <a href="#_Toc441258525">*</a> 5.3 XML Parsing <a href="#_Toc441258526">*</a> 5.4 OS & Memory Requirements <a href="#_Toc441258527">*</a> 5.5 Unicode Support <a href="#_Toc441258528">*</a> <ol> <li class="c11"> <a name="_Toc441258490"/> Introduction </li> </ol> <div class="c5"> With the acceptance of XML as a new standard for data distribution and information engineering on the Internet, the need for a simple tool to quickly open and edit any XML document arises. Just like any common text editor does its job for plain ASCII files, such a tool must contain a bunch of simple to use commands that allow the user to browse through XML files and modify them as needed. <img src="shots/mainframe.gif" width="484" height="389"/> XML Spy is exactly that kind of tool. With its structured approach it allows you to quickly view and edit any XML or DTD document on your PC. Unlike the many Java-based XML editors available today, XML Spy is written entirely in C++ and is targeted specifically at the Windows platform. This results in a series of benefits for the PC user: </div> <div class="c5"> <ul> <li class="c12">it is a lot faster than any Java-based editor</li> <li class="c12">it fully exploits the Windows user interface possibilities (e.g. drag & drop)</li> <li class="c12">it has rich structure views for the screen and many printing options</li> <li class="c12">it offers unlimited levels of "Undo"</li> <li class="c12">it contains detailed find & replace capabilities</li> </ul> </div> <div class="c5"> XML Spy is shareware: you may evaluate the software for a period of up to 20 days free of charge. If you find XML Spy useful and would like to continue using the program after the evaluation period, you have to register with Icon (for further details please refer to the separate Shareware Notice at the end of this document). </div> <ol> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258491"/> XML Overview </li> <li> The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a subset of SGML that has been defined by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml">http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml</a> . Its goal is to enable generic SGML to be served, received, and processed on the Web in the way that is now possible with HTML. XML has been designed for ease of implementation and for interoperability with both SGML and HTML. <ol> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258492"/> XML Documents </li> <li> XML documents are made up of storage units called entities, which contain either parsed or unparsed data. Parsed data is made up of characters, some of which form character data, and some of which form markup. Markup encodes a description of the document's storage layout and logical structure. XML provides a mechanism to impose constraints on the storage layout and logical structure. A data object is an XML document if it is well-formed, as defined in the XML specification. A well-formed XML document may in addition be valid if it meets certain further constraints. Each XML document has both a logical and a physical structure. Physically, the document is composed of units called entities. An entity may refer to other entities to cause their inclusion in the document. A document begins in a root or document entity. Logically, the document is composed of declarations, elements, comments, character references, and processing instructions, all of which are indicated in the document by explicit markup. A document type definition (DTD) may define some rules for checking for the validity of XML documents. </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258493"/> XML Tools </li> </ol> There are already a couple of tools available on the market that allow editing or creation of XML documents. Each one uses a slightly different approach and therefore may be suitable differently for different tasks. XML Spy is a non-validating XML editor and is focused on the structured display and manipulation of an XML or DTD file. It checks each document for well-formedness and displays its contents in a tree and enhanced grid view. Therefore, XML Spy is also an ideal companion to many large-scale commercial XML publishing suites, because it allows viewing and low-level editing once the documents have been produced by the publishing system. </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258494"/> Using XML Spy </li> <li> XML Spy comes with an integrated setup program that installs the XML Spy application, documentation, samples, and required files. An uninstaller is also included and can be used to remove XML Spy from your computer if you do not need the software any longer. <ol> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258495"/> Installation </li> <li> When you run the setup program, you are asked to specify an installation directory as well as a program folder in your "Start" menu. The setup program will then copy the entire software and samples to the designated installation directory and register XML Spy to be the default editor for all files with extensions "*.xml" and "*.dtd". </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258496"/> Opening XML Files </li> <li> To start XML Spy you can either double-click on any XML file or select XML Spy from the program folder on the "Start" menu. While XML Spy starts up you'll see a splash screen with the program logo followed by a brief shareware reminder message (in the unregistered version only). On the "File" menu you will find commands to open a file from your computer ("Open...") or directly from the Internet ("Open URL..."). The "Open..." command brings up the common Windows Dialog that allows you to choose a file from any drive and directory available on your PC. <img src="shots/OpenFile.gif" width="412" height="251"/> The extension "*.xml" or "*.dtd" automatically determines if the file will be interpreted as an Extended Markup Language (XML) or Document Type Definition (DTD) document. ┬á To open a file directly from the Internet, you may use the "Open URL..." command: <img src="shots/OpenURL.gif" width="419" height="104"/> Since the specific kind of a file on the Internet can't always be determined from the URL, you must specify if the document is to be interpreted as an XML or DTD. You can also choose to load the file using a local cache or proxy server, or force a reload from its original source on the Internet. Whenever a file is opened, it is automatically checked for well-formedness and parsed according to the XML grammar specification. If an error is detected by XML Spy, the error message and document source is displayed inside a text editor window and the offending item is hilited: <img src="shots/error.gif" width="558" height="320"/> You can now easily correct the error and click on the "Reparse" button to check the modified document for well-formedness and try to open it again. As with any other XML editor, only well-formed XML documents can ever be opened and edited by XML Spy in the structured tree and enhanced grid display. The "Edit and Reparse" function upon opening of a malformed file does, however, dramatically reduce the time required to get a bad XML file fixed! If an XML document is stored in a file using the UCS-16 encoding format, the current Shareware version 1.3 of XML Spy will be unable to open the file (please see the section Unicode Support for more details). </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258497"/> Viewing XML Files </li> <li> XML Spy displays each document as a window with a tree view on the left and an enhanced grid view on the right. The tree view outlines the overall structure (i.e. element hierarchy) of the file, while the grid shows each entity with as many details, as requested: if an element acts as a container for other elements, it can be expanded or collapsed by clicking on the tiny down-arrow button to the left of the element name. For each element the attributes are shown first, followed by child elements and any character data the element may contain. In addition to the elements, all other entities (e.g. processing instructions, comments, document type definitions, and even the "<?xml" version info at the beginning of each file) are also shown in the enhanced grid where they can be edited as well. <ol> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258498"/> Tree View </li> <li> Just like the familiar directory tree in the Explorer, the tree view in XML Spy gives you an overview of the overall structure of an XML document and lets you quickly browse to any element of interest. Each element that contains child elements is automatically included in the tree view. <img src="Image1.gif" width="162" height="371"/>The element hierarchy can be expanded and collapsed using the small + and ΓÇô symbols in front of each element name. In addition, the "Expand", "Collapse" and "Expand Fully" commands in the "View" menu are available for navigation in the tree. Three toolbar buttons serve as a shortcut to these commands as well. Double-clicking on any element will navigate to the corresponding element in the enhanced grid view, where the element details can be viewed and edited. The elements that form the hierarchical structure of an XML document, can also be directly modified in the tree view. Elements can easily be renamed, moved to a new position, copied to the clipboard or deleted. If you right-click on any element in the tree view, you can furthermore insert or append new entities on the same level or add child entities for the currently selected item. Please refer to the section Editing XML Files for more details. Please note that for DTD documents there is no tree view, as document type definitions do not contain elements. </li> <li class="c17"> <a name="_Toc441258499">Enhanced Grid View</a> </li> <li> The main portion of any XML Spy window is occupied by the enhanced grid view. All entities contained in an XML document are displayed in a structured way that allows for easy manipulation of contents and structure at the same time. Any hierarchical entity (such as the XML declaration, document type declaration, or any element that contains child elements) is represented with a gray side bar and a tiny arrow at the top that can be expanded and collapsed as needed. <img src="shots/grid.gif" width="581" height="382"/> The contents of such a hierarchical entity depend on its kind and ΓÇô in the case of elements ΓÇô mostly consist of attributes, character data, comments and child elements. To emphasize the strong coupling between attributes and the respective parent element, all attributes are always listed first and cannot be preceded by comments, character data or child elements. The order of the individual attributes is, however, preserved from the input file and can me modified if necessary. Following the attributes, the remaining entities within an element appear exactly in the order found in the file and can be rearranged without limitations using drag & drop. If an element contains only character data, the data will be shown in the same line as the element and the element will not be considered hierarchical by nature (and will therefore not be included in the tree view). The character data for any other element will be shown indented with the attributes and potential child elements and will be labeled as "Text" (see example screenshot above). The grid view can easily be customized using the mouse to adjust column widths. The "Optimal widths" command on the "View" menu automatically adjusts all columns so that the currently visible contents of all items can be fully displayed. The heights of the cells are determined by their contents alone and cannot be adjusted by the user. As an orientation aide, a special "Synchronize" command is also available on the "View" menu that will automatically synchronize the tree and grid views of the document. ┬á </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258500"/> Navigating </li> </ol> In addition to moving about with the mouse, you can also use the keyboard for navigating through an XML document. The arrow keys move the selection in the tree and grid views and the + and ΓÇô keys on the numeric keypad allow you to expand and collapse items. In the tree view only one item at a time can be selected and the keys only expand and collapse the selected item. In the grid view, however, the selection can encompass many items at once. Therefore, when expanding an item, all subitems are automatically selected. This enables you to press the + key once more to expand all items on the second level, and so forth.... </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref440644291"/> <a name="_Toc441258501"/> Editing XML Files </li> <li> When editing files with XML Spy, several commands are available that facilitate the creation and manipulation of all entities permitted by the XML 1.0 specification. These commands and operations are described in detail in this chapter. While editing an XML document, it is possible to modify the entities in such a way that the corresponding XML file would not be well-formed according to the XML specification. XML Spy does, however, strictly prohibit the saving of such a malformed document and will flag any error and ask you to correct it. It is also possible to check a document for well-formedness anytime by using the "Validate" command on the "XML" menu. Please keep in mind that the Shareware version of XML Spy does not perform any validity checking in the sense of the XML specification (i.e. check the XML document against the rules set forth in its document type definition). This means that you can create a (well-formed) XML document with XML Spy, that will later be rejected by a validating XML processor. <ol> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258502"/> </li> <li class="c17">Modifying items</li> <li> You can easily modify any item by clicking on the element name or its contents in the tree view or enhanced grid view. If you have been navigating inside the grid view using the keyboard, you can also use the <ENTER> or <RETURN> keys to start editing. A blinking text cursor will appear and you may change the text. While editing an item, the arrow keys operate within the text of that element. You can also use the <Home> and <End> keys to jump to the beginning or end of a line. By pressing and holding down the <Ctrl> key the effect of the other navigation keys is modified according to this table: <div class="c22"> <table border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="4" width="415"> <tr> <td width="22%" valign="TOP"> Key </td> <td width="39%" valign="TOP"> Normal </td> <td width="39%" valign="TOP"> Ctrl + Key </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="22%" valign="TOP"> Left arrow </td> <td width="39%" valign="TOP"> Left one character </td> <td width="39%" valign="TOP"> Left one word </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="22%" valign="TOP"> Right arrow </td> <td width="39%" valign="TOP"> Right one character </td> <td width="39%" valign="TOP"> Right one word </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="22%" valign="TOP"> Down arrow </td> <td width="39%" valign="TOP"> Down one line </td> <td width="39%" valign="TOP">┬á</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="22%" valign="TOP"> Up arrow </td> <td width="39%" valign="TOP"> Up one line </td> <td width="39%" valign="TOP">┬á</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="22%" valign="TOP"> Home </td> <td width="39%" valign="TOP"> Start of line </td> <td width="39%" valign="TOP"> Start of text </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="22%" valign="TOP"> End </td> <td width="39%" valign="TOP"> End of line </td> <td width="39%" valign="TOP"> End of text </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="22%" valign="TOP"> Return/Enter </td> <td width="39%" valign="TOP"> Enter/Leave editing mode </td> <td width="39%" valign="TOP"> Insert carriage return char </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="22%" valign="TOP"> Tab </td> <td width="39%" valign="TOP"> Jump to next editable item </td> <td width="39%" valign="TOP"> Insert Tab character </td> </tr> </table> </div> To select text, you can use the mouse as usual or any of the above navigation keys while holding down the <Shift> key. The selected text can be cut, copied and deleted by using the familiar commands on the "Edit" menu. The "Undo" command is supported for all modifications and keeps track of an unlimited number of steps. This means that you can easily step back and forth through all your modifications using the "Undo" and "Redo" commands, if you wish to check or review the changes you have made. To quit editing, simply press the <RETURN> or <ENTER> key to commit your changes or press <ESC> to cancel any modifications you have made. You can also use <TAB> to jump to the next editable item in sequence and immediately enter the editing mode there. As you would expect, <Shift>-<TAB> jumps to the previous editable item. If you need to insert a line-break (i.e. <CR>, <LF>, or both) inside the text of an element, you'll have to use <Ctrl>-<RETURN>. The actual characters stored in the resulting file are determined by the line-break options in the Settings... dialog. In a similar way you must use <Ctrl>-<TAB> to insert a Tab character into the text, because <TAB> alone is used for navigating between the different items in the grid view, when you want to edit each item in sequence. Please note that the original function of <Ctrl>-<TAB> (i.e. switching between open document windows) is, of course, still available when you are not in editing mode! </li> <li class="c17"> <a name="_Toc441258503">Adding items</a> </li> <li> To add a new item, first select an existing item or location where you want the new item to be added. Then use one of these commands on the XML menu which are also available on the context-menu of the right mouse button. <ol> <li class="c23">Insert item</li> <li> Inserts the specified item before the location of the selected one. The kind of item inserted can be chosen from a submenu. Depending on the position in the XML document, not all item types can be inserted in all places (e.g. an Attribute-List, which is part of the DTD, can only be inserted inside the DTD). Please note that in case of an attribute, the inserted item may appear to be inserted some lines above the current selection if an element or text item was selected as the location for the insertion operation. This is due to the fact that attributes always appear first below the parent element and can not be physically appear in any other place inside an element according to the XML specifications. The Structure Normalization function of XML Spy ensures that these constraints are also applied while editing an XML document. </li> <li class="c23">Append item</li> <li> Appends the item to the end of the parent's item list. This is useful if you want to add a large number of items in sequence and would like to add an item as the last one in the list. </li> <li class="c23">Add child</li> </ol> Adds the item as a child of the currently selected item. This allows you to directly add attributes and child-elements to an item without having to select another one of its child-items first. Please note that an element that contains only character data (i.e. text) is shown in one line only to reduce the amount of space required to display that item. <img src="shots/element_plain.gif" width="445" height="20"/> Therefore, when you choose to add a child attribute or element to such an element, that element will henceforth have to be displayed in a hierarchical manner, so that the child items can be shown. The previous text of the element will now appear in a sub-item that is entitled "Text". <img src="shots/element_hierarchical.gif" width="521" height="59"/> ┬á </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258504"/> Converting items </li> <li> Under rare circumstances you will also find that you have created an item of the wrong type but have already entered some data so that you simply don't want to delete it and create it anew. Or you may find that in your application you are sometimes modifying the structure so that it becomes necessary to change sub-elements into attributes. To enable such operations, the "XML" menu as well as the context-menu (using the right mouse button) contain a command for converting the type of an item. Please note, however, that not all conversions are possible at all times. It is simply impossible to convert an element, that already contains child-items into any other type of item, because that operation would result in the loss of all child-item data. Sometimes you may also receive a warning that the name or contents of an item will be lost in the conversion process (e.g. when converting from attribute to comment). </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref441255194"/> <a name="_Toc441258505"/> Copying items </li> <li> You may at any time use the clipboard to copy items to and from an XML document. While copying and pasting items within XML Spy, all information about content and structure is retained in an internal format. If you would like to use the items in any outside application (such as your word processor or spreadsheet) you can choose to copy the items as tagged XML-text or in a structured, TAB-separated form that is suitable for pasting into tables. The format used by the copy command can be adjusted in the Settings... dialog. </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref441245512"/> <a name="_Toc441258506"/> Pasting items </li> <li> If you want to paste an item within XML Spy, the item is per default just pasted at the specified location as you would intuitively expect. Sometimes, however, this behavior can be undesirable. As an example consider this XML document: <drawing> <shapelist> <rect color="black"> <point x="10" y="50"> <point x="80" y="90"> </shapelist> </drawing> If you copied just the attribute color="black" and were later to paste it directly at the top-level on another drawing element, XML Spy would insert it as an attribute of the <drawing> element ΓÇô which could potentially be in violation of the DTD. Therefore XML Spy can optionally be instructed to insert an item with the appropriate parent structure for the location that you pasted it into (this is selectable in the Settings... dialog). Activating this function for the above example would automatically create an new empty <rect> element inside a new <shapelist> element inside the <drawing> and paste the attribute into the <rect> element ΓÇô thereby attempting to preserve the parent structure of the element that was originally copied (it was, after all, a color attribute of a <rect>, not of a <drawing>). </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258507"/> Rearranging </li> <li> There are two options for rearranging items in an XML document: using the clipboard (Cut/Copy/Paste) menu commands or using the mouse to drag and drop items. Please note that XML Spy does not check for conformance with any DTD when you are restructuring your document. XML Spy is a non-validating editor and therefore can only enforce the well-formedness of the resulting document. It does, however, try to help you in keeping a document conforming to a DTD when you move or duplicate items by inserting as many parent elements as necessary (depending on the target location) together with the item actually copied. <ol> <li class="c23">Cut & Paste</li> <li> Moving items about with Cut & Paste has the one benefit of being accessible by keyboard alone. In most other circumstances it is easier to use the mouse to drag and drop items in a graphic fashion. Also, drag & drop allows for more fine control when deciding what is to be dropped in the target location, whereas with pasting you can only adjust one global setting to determine whether you intend to paste with the parent structure or without (see Pasting items for details). </li> <li class="c23">Drag & Drop</li> </ol> To move items about, just drag them to their new location with the mouse and drop them there. To duplicate an item, hold down the <Ctrl> key while dropping the item: <img src="shots/dragdrop.gif" width="524" height="388"/> While dragging an item, the current target location for the "drop" is always hilited using a cross-hair that shows the exact spot where the item will be inserted. This gives you precise control over the position where the item is moved to and thereby reduces the amount of work incurred by unsuccessful attempts. When dropping an item, it is again created "as is" or with the required parent element structure to fit into the target hierarchy ΓÇô depending on the options in the Settings... dialog (see Pasting items for details). If you need more fine-control over the insertion process, you can drag an item using the right mouse button (with or without the <Ctrl> key depending on whether you intend to move or copy the item). When you drop off an item using the right mouse button, a small menu appears that allows you to select exactly up to what level the parent elements should be created for the item: <img src="shots/dragdropchoice.gif" width="524" height="388"/> This way you can easily keep a document conforming to its DTD and furthermore save a lot of time which would normally be spent on creating elements within elements within elements. </li> <li class="c17"> <a name="_Toc441258508">Finding Text</a> </li> <li> While any text editor will allow you to find a string inside a file, only XML Spy offers you the precision controls to find exactly what you are looking for. To quickly locate any text inside an XML file, the "Find" command on the "Edit" menu offers a multitude of options for specifying where the text should be located and what is to be considered a match. <img src="shots/find.gif" width="344" height="221"/> You can restrict the search operation to certain types of entities and can specify whether you want to find matches in names, contents or both. Furthermore it is possible to search for the any item of a specified type (e.g. the first Processing instruction) by leaving the "Find what" field empty. The other options are familiar from most development tools and are explained in detail in the Reference section. If the find window should ever obstruct the found item in the grid view, the find window will automatically be relocated to a different position on the screen, so that you can easily continue to search for further occurrences with the "Find Next" button. </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258509"/> Replacing Text </li> </ol> Sometimes the need arises to replace some or all occurrences of a certain word or phrase with another text. Again XML Spy offers many options for replacing the text. <img src="shots/replace.gif" width="344" height="238"/> As a security precaution the "Replace all" command shows each individual replacement operation in the grid view so that you can interrupt the operation by pressing <ESC> anytime. Furthermore, each replacement is recorded as one operation that can be undone individually. </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258510"/> Printing XML Files </li> <li> While XML documents are normally used for electronic distribution, sometimes there is still a need for producing a printed copy for meeting notes, documentation or other presentation purposes. To aid in this task, XML Spy offers several flags that can be set to control what is to be printed and in which form. <img src="shots/Print.gif" width="433" height="231"/> Each type of item can be turned on and off individually to select just what kind of information is to appear on the printed page. You can choose to print the element tree only or the whole contents of the file and you can expand all levels as necessary. Depending on your objective for the printout, you may split larger documents over several pages in order to glue them together to produce an impressive poster, or you can reduce the size of the printout to shrink the whole document down to exactly one page. To save the environment and preserve natural resources, XML Spy includes a "Preview" command right in the Print dialog that lets you view the final result before committing it to paper. <img src="file:///\\Melange/dfs/proj/akt/XML Spy/manual/shots/preview.gif" width="546" height="422"/> In this preview you can view any page in various zoom levels and directly print the document once you are satisfied with your results. </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258511"/> Editing DTD Files </li> <li> Document type definitions (DTDs) can be embedded inside XML documents or can be contained in external DTD files. XML Spy can edit DTDs in either place, but does not include support for structured display of element-type, attribute-list or other DTD declaration items. These are all, of course, checked for well-formedness according to the XML specification, but otherwise have to be edited as text. Experimental support for editing full SGML-type DTDs is available separately for registered users. Please send an e-mail message to <a href="mailto:support@xmlspy.com">support@xmlspy.com</a> to request a grammar description file that accepts these extended DTDs. </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258512"/> Examples </li> </ol> We have now guided you through the main features of XML Spy. Included with the application are a couple of example documents to get you started with XML editing. For further information, please refer to the following Reference section of this manual or send an e-mail message to <a href="mailto:support@xmlspy.com">support@xmlspy.com</a> . </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref440644641"/> <a name="_Toc441258513"/> Reference </li> <li> The reference section contains a complete description of all XML Spy commands and explains their use in general. We've tried to make this user manual as comprehensive as possible. In many cases, however, the operation of a command is rather self-evident so we've kept the description to a minimum in order to reduce the time required to study this documentation. If you have questions which are not covered by this documentation and you are a registered user, please don't hesitate to contact us at <a href="mailto:support@xmlspy.com">support@xmlspy.com</a> . <ol> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258514"/> Toolbar </li> </ol> </li> </ol> <div class="c5"> The XML Spy toolbar contains symbols for the most frequently used menu commands. For each symbol you'll get a brief "tool tip" explanation when the mouse cursor is directly over the item. You can also drag the toolbar from its standard position to any location on the screen, where it will be available as a floating palette window. <img src="shots/toolbar.gif" width="539" height="47"/> The commands available on the toolbar are (in order from left to right): </div> <div class="c5"> <ul> <li> New Create a new XML file </li> <li> Open... Open an existing XML file </li> <li> Save Save current file </li> <li> Validate Check current file for well-formedness </li> <li> Print... Print current file </li> <li> Undo (multi-level) Undo last command </li> <li> Redo (multi-level) Redo the command last undone </li> <li> Cut Cut selected text/entities </li> <li> Copy Copy selected text/entities </li> <li> Paste Paste contents of clipboard </li> <li> Find... Find text </li> <li> Find Next Repeat last find command </li> <li> Replace... Replace text </li> <li class="c12">Synchronize Synchronize tree and grid views</li> <li> Expand Expand one level of selected entities </li> <li> Collapse Collapse selected entities </li> <li> Expand fully Expand all levels of selected entities </li> <li> Optimal widths Adjust column widths for optimal display </li> <li> Move left Move entity to the left </li> <li> Move right Move entity to the right </li> <li> Help Show "About" dialog </li> </ul> </div> <div class="c5"> <ol> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258515"/> Command Reference </li> <li> XML Spy supports all standard Windows commands on the "File" and "Edit" menus to enable the user to quickly exploit all capabilities of the program. Wherever appropriate, additional commands have been added to support special XML- or Internet-related features (such as opening documents directly from an URL). <ol> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258516"/> File Menu </li> <li> The "File" menu contains all commands required to manipulate XML and DTD file in XML Spy. Furthermore a list of the nine most recently used files (MRUs) is kept on the "File" menu to facilitate the quick opening of frequently used documents in a project. <img src="shots/m_file.gif" width="227" height="372"/> ┬á <ol> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref440646535"/> New </li> <li> Creates a new empty XML document window. For your convenience the following XML version info tag is automatically inserted: <?XML version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> This information can, of course, be edited or deleted later on. </li> <li class="c23">New DTD</li> <li> Creates a new empty document type definition window. While this command is here for the sake of completeness, we don't currently recommend that you create DTDs from scratch using XML Spy. Writing a DTD is a different form of art and there are tools coming from the SGML market that are (currently) more adept for this task. XML Spy lets you edit DTDs embedded in XML files as well as standalone DTD documents. This editing is, however, somewhat limited because most elements inside a DTD are displayed as text only. While they are, of course, checked for well-formedness, there is no user-interface support for comfortably creating attribute-lists, element declarations and other DTD items. If you register for XML Spy, we will, however, automatically keep you informed about both new product versions that can better handle DTDs and future offers. </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref440646554"/> Open... </li> <li> Opens an XML or DTD file from your PC. The familiar Windows "Open" dialog will appear and allow you to select one ore more files for editing. <img src="shots/OpenFile.gif" width="439" height="267"/> You can select which kind of files you want to be displayed in the dialog (XML, DTD or all files). </li> <li class="c23">Open URL</li> <li> If you don't have the required file on your hard disk, you can also open a document directly from a URL (uniform resource locator) address. <img src="shots/OpenURL.gif" width="477" height="119"/> Due to the nature of URLs it is not possible to detect the file type by looking at the extension. You will, therefore, have to specify if the targeted file is an XML or DTD document. To give you more control over the loading process, you can choose to load the file through the local cache or a proxy server (which will considerably speed up the time required for opening the file, if it has already been loaded before). Under other circumstances you may want to reload the file anew in every case (e.g. when you are working with an electronic publishing or database system and wish to view the life output from the software using XML Spy). ┬á </li> <li class="c23">Close</li> <li> Closes the frontmost document. If the file has been modified (i.e. the window title show the file name with an asterisk [*] in the end), you will be asked if you wish to save the file first. </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref440646570"/> Save </li> <li> Saves the contents of the frontmost document window to the file it has been opened from. If the document has been opened from a URL, the "Save as..." dialog is presented instead. When saving a document, it is automatically checked for well-formedness, because all XML documents must be well-formed ΓÇô otherwise they could not be interpreted by any other XML application. </li> <li class="c23">Save as...</li> <li> Shows the familiar Windows "Save as..." dialog to ask for the name and location of the file that is to be saved. Then it proceeds to the Save operation as described above. ┬á </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref440646606"/> Print... </li> </ol> </li> </ol> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="c5"> Bring up the "Print" dialog where you can adjust certain options to control what appears on the printed representation. <img src="shots/Print.gif" width="443" height="236"/> </div> <ul> <li class="c12">In the "Types" area you can select what kind of items you wish to appear in the output. This allows you to hide comments as well as processing instructions or DTD items. For an explanation of the item types, please refer to the XML specification.</li> <li class="c12">In the "What" area you can choose to print the entire file or just the current selection.</li> <li class="c12">In the "Expand" area you can elect to print the document as it has been expanded on the screen, or to print the entire document with all child elements expanded fully.</li> <li class="c12">In the "Contents" area you can decide to print the contents of all elements in a document, or you may also print only those elements that form the hierarchical "tree" structure of the document. This should, however, not be confused with the tree view on the left side of each document window, wich is only used as a navigation aide on the screen and cannot be printed.</li> <li class="c12">In the "If contents is wider than page" area you can decide what to do if the document is larger than one page of paper.</li> <li> <ul> <li class="c26">The "Split pages" option will print the entire document in its regular size and split the contents on as many pages (both horizontally and vertically) as are required. These pages can later be glued together to form a huge poster of the document.</li> <li class="c26">The "First page" option is especially useful if you believe that your page is only a bit too narrow and that most of the important information is contained on the left side, anyway. This will result in a printed output that is split into pages vertically (as necessary), but will only print the first page horizontally so that the document is printed as one huge vertical strip.</li> <li class="c26">The "Shrink horizontally" option reduces the size of the printed output, until it fits on one page horizontally. The output may, however, still span several pages vertically and is split accordingly.</li> <li class="c26">The "Shrink both" option shrinks the document in both directions until it fits exactly on one sheet, thus making it useful for overviews.</li> </ul> </li> <li class="c12">The "Print" button prints the document with the selected options.</li> <li class="c12">The "Preview" button opens a print preview window that lets you view the final output before committing it to paper.</li> <li class="c12">The "Print Setup" button opens the "Print Setup" dialog and allows you to adjust the paper format, orientation, and other printer options for this print job only.</li> </ul> ┬á <div class="c5"> <ol> <li class="c23">Print Setup</li> <li> Shows the printer-specific "Print Setup" dialog to allow setting the paper format, orientation, and other printer options for all further print jobs. ┬á </li> <li class="c23">Most recently used files (MRU)</li> <li> Shows the file name and path information for the nine most recently used files so that they can be accessed more quickly and easily the next time XML Spy is started. ┬á </li> <li class="c23">Exit</li> </ol> </div> <div class="c5"> Closes all open windows ΓÇô asking to save their contents, if necessary ΓÇô and quits the XML Spy application program. ┬á </div> <div class="c5"> <ol> <li class="c17"> <a name="_Toc441258517">Edit Menu</a> </li> <li> The "Edit" menu contains all necessary commands used for manipulating item text or XML items. The Cut, Copy, Paste, Delete and Select All commands can be applied while editing text as well as while operating on whole items or even selections of more than one item. For a discussion of the clipboard contents in foreign applications and the parent element hierarchy upon pasting please refer to the sections Copying items and Pasting items . <img src="shots/m_edit.gif" width="131" height="202"/> ┬á <ol> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref440646618"/> Undo </li> <li> XML Spy contains support for unlimited levels of Undo! Every action in XML Spy can be undone and it is possible to undo one command after another. The Undo history is even kept after using the "Save" command, so you can still go back to a state the document was in before you saved your changes. </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref440646629"/> Redo </li> <li> Until you don't apply any other new changes, the previously undone commands can also be redone again ΓÇô thereby giving you a complete history of the work you have completed. You can step back and forward through this history using the Undo and Redo commands. </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref440646641"/> Cut </li> <li> The Cut command copies the selected text or items to the clipboard and then deletes them from their present location. </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref440646657"/> Copy </li> <li> The Copy command copies the selected text or items to the clipboard. </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref440646668"/> Paste </li> <li> The Paste command inserts the contents of the clipboard at the current insertion point. </li> <li class="c23">Delete</li> <li> The Delete command removes the currently selected text or items without placing them on the Clipboard first. </li> <li class="c23">Select All</li> <li> The Select All command selects all the text of an item or all the items in an XML document so that forthcoming commands can operate on the entire text or document at once. </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref440646678"/> Find... </li> </ol> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="c5"> The Find command allows you to quickly locate any occurrence of a text string in your XML document. <img src="shots/find.gif" width="453" height="287"/> </div> <ul> <li class="c12">Enter the text to be searched for in the "Find what:" field. For your convenience the corresponding combo-box popup contains the last ten terms that have been searched for. You can also leave this field empty to search for any item of the specified type.</li> <li class="c12">In the "Types" area you can select what kind of items you wish to have included in the search. This allows you to e.g. skip comments as well as processing instructions or DTD items. For an explanation of the item types, please refer to the XML specification.</li> <li class="c12">In the "Search in" area you can specify whether you want to search for the specified text in the names of items, in their contents, or in both.</li> <li class="c12">In the "Settings" area you can choose to perform a case-sensitive search and to match the entered string as any part of an item or as the whole item only.</li> <li class="c12">In the "Where" area you may optionally restrict your search to the current selection.</li> <li class="c12">In the "Direction" area you can specify the direction of your search.</li> </ul> ┬á <div class="c5"> <ol> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref440646704"/> Find Next </li> <li> This repeats the last Find command to find the next occurrence of the requested text. ┬á </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref440646718"/> Replace... </li> </ol> </div> <div class="c5"> The Replace command features the same options as the Find... command and allows you to replace the found text by any other text string of your choice. <img src="shots/replace.gif" width="453" height="314"/> You may replace each found item individually, or you can use the "Replace All" button to perform a global search and replace operation. As a security precaution the "Replace all" command shows each individual replacement operation in the grid view so that you can interrupt the operation by pressing <ESC> anytime. Furthermore, each replacement is recorded as one operation that can be undone individually. ┬á </div> <div class="c5"> <ol> <li class="c17"> <a name="_Toc441258518">XML Menu</a> </li> <li> The XML menu contains all commands specific to the Extensible Markup Language (XML). <img src="shots/m_xml.gif" width="119" height="203"/> ┬á <ol> <li class="c23">Insert</li> <li> Inserts a new item directly before the currently selected one. In case of an attribute, the new item may appear a few lines before the current item because all attributes must immediately follow their parent element. </li> <li class="c23">Append</li> <li> Appends a new item as the last item inside the parent of the currently selected item. This is handy whenever you want to add more than one item in sequence. </li> <li class="c23">Add child</li> <li> Adds a child item to the currently selected element. This is especially useful for adding attributes to an item or creating child elements. </li> <li class="c23">Convert to</li> <li> Converts an item to a different item type. Depending on the location of the item (not on its current kind), some or all options on the item type submenu may or may not be available. This operation can only be performed on one individual item, not on an element that contains many children. If the operation would result in the loss of data (e.g. converting an attribute to a comment looses the attribute name), a brief warning dialog will appear. </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref440646795"/> Move left </li> <li> Moves the current element to the left one level, thereby turning a child element into a sibling of its parent. This is also often referred to as the "Promote" command. </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref440646806"/> Move right </li> <li> Moves the current element to the right one level, thereby turning it into a child element to the element directly above. This is also often referred to as the "Demote" command. </li> <li class="c23">View XML-Text</li> <li> Opens a text editor window and views the entire file in its current state as XML text. This is especially useful if you want to check on the final XML output once in a while, or if you are still learning XML and would like to see how some construct looks in the final XML document. </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref440646585"/> Validate </li> <li> The "Validate" command checks the document for well-formedness. It does not ΓÇô in the strictest sense of the XML specification ΓÇô validate the document, because a "valid" XML document conforms to its DTD and XML Spy is by the very definition of it a non-validating XML editor. We could, however, think of no other possible simple title for this menu command and "Well-formedness Check" just didn't ring the bell.... </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref441208407"/> Settings... </li> </ol> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="c5"> The Settings command allows you to adjust the global program setting in the following dialog: <img src="shots/settings.gif" width="456" height="244"/> </div> <ul> <li class="c12">The window title for each document window can be shown using the file name only, or using the full path name.</li> <li class="c12">Line-break encoding in the document file can be preserved so that the same characters will be used that were found when opening the file. Alternatively you can elect to always encode line breaks in any of the three possible forms (CR&LF for PCs, CR for the MacOS, or LF for Unix).</li> <li> If structure normalization is turned on, XML Spy will enforce several structure rules so that a document looks exactly the same when it is saved to disk and reopened. Please refer to Structure Normalization for further details. </li> <li class="c12">You can choose the format in which data will be exported to foreign applications using the clipboard. If you select XML-Text the contents of the clipboard will be formatted and tagged just like the resulting XML file itself. The structured text mode attempts to format the clipboard contents as a table so that it can easily be used in a spreadsheet or database application. This option does, however, not effect the internal clipboard format that XML Spy uses for copying and pasting within the application itself.</li> <li class="c12">The Paste/Drop setting determines how an item will be created when pasted or dropped into a different location. You can choose to either create the new item as it is or you can let XML Spy automatically create the required element parent structure to match the location the item is being created in.</li> <li class="c12">The Font settings allow you to select the font being used for displaying text and keywords in the enhanced grid view. The same fonts are also being used for printing and consequently only TrueType fonts can be selected.</li> </ul> <div class="c5"> <ol> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref441428150"/> Structure Normalization </li> </ol> </div> <div class="c5"> In order to make sure that a document looks exactly the same after being saved and reopened, XML Spy performs several automatic "normalization" adjustments to its structure during editing: </div> <ul> <li class="c12">An element that contains only text and one other item (e.g. an attribute) will automatically be converted from a hierarchical element to a plain element, whenever you happen to delete that one other item.</li> <li class="c12">If an element between two text items is deleted the text items are automatically being merged into one.</li> <li class="c12">Attributes are automatically inserted above all child elements.</li> <li> The XML Declaration ( <?xml version=....?> ) always is the first item in a file. </li> <li> The Document Type Declaration ( <!DOCTYPE ....> ) always is located before the first element. </li> </ul> <div class="c5"> This automatic normalization process can be turned off in the Settings... dialog. </div> <div class="c5"> <ol> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258519"/> </li> <li class="c17">Item Type Submenu</li> <li> When inserting, appending, adding a child, or converting an item, the item type submenu is shown when the mouse pointer hovers over the main command in the menu. <img src="shots/m_sub.gif" width="138" height="232"/> This menu allows you to choose what kind of item you wish to add to the document. For your convenience we have added several keyboard shortcuts for the most frequently used items on this menu. Depending on the current selection or insertion point, some or all choices may not be available in the menu and are displayed in gray. The items are grouped by their importance and typical frequency of use when editing documents. For an explanation of the various item types, please refer to the XML specification. </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258520"/> View Menu </li> <li> The "View" menu controls the display of the frontmost document window as well as certain global options. <img src="shots/m_view.gif" width="108" height="177"/> ┬á <ol> <li class="c23">Toggle Toolbar & Status Bar</li> <li> If you are working with a small monitor and wish to use more screen real-estate for the contents of the document view, you may turn off the status bar and toolbar displays. </li> <li class="c23">Startup screen</li> <li> This allows you to turn off the startup screen with the XML Spy logo. </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref440646734"/> Synchronize </li> <li> To quickly locate an item in a larger document, the combination of tree and grid view can be very helpful in navigating. The "Synchronize" command allows you to quickly locate the selected item in the other view by opening the element hierarchy in the other view to exactly the same level and hiliting the selected item. As a shortcut you may also double-click on an element in the tree view to navigate to that very item in the enhanced grid view. </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref440646751"/> Expand </li> <li> Expands the selected element by one level. This command can be used in the tree and grid views and can also be used from the keyboard by using the + key on the numeric keypad. In the grid view the element and all its children remain selected after expansion. This allows you to repeatedly expand a large element one level after another by pressing the + key on the keyboard again and again. </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref440646762"/> Collapse </li> <li> Collapses the selected element in the tree or grid view. The ΓÇô key on the numeric keypad can be used as a shortcut for this command. </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref440646772"/> Expand fully </li> <li> Expands all child items of the selected element down to the last level of nesting. While this command does not have a keyboard shortcut, it is available on the toolbar and can also be achieved by repeatedly using the + key on the numeric keypad on an element in the grid view. </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref440646784"/> Optimal widths </li> </ol> Adjusts the widths of all columns so that the text of the entire document comfortably fits into the designated columns. If you expand and collapse several elements, it can be helpful to again choose the "Optimal widths" command, because only those items visible through expansion are used when calculating the optimum column widths. ┬á </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258521"/> Window Menu </li> <li> To organize the individual document windows in an XML Spy session, the "Window" menu contains some standard commands that we are all familiar with from many other applications. <img src="shots/m_window.gif" width="113" height="133"/> You can cascade all open document windows, place them on the screen as tiles or arrange document icons once you have minimized them. Furthermore you can switch to each open window directly from the menu. ┬á </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258522"/> Mouse Menu </li> </ol> </div> <div class="c5"> Whenever you right-click in the tree or enhanced grid views, you'll get a "mouse menu" that allows you to directly manipulate the currently selected entities. ┬á <img src="shots/rightmouse.gif" width="133" height="237"/> ┬á This menu contains the most frequently used commands from the "Edit", "View", and "XML" menus to let you modify entities in a document without having to move the mouse to the menu bar each time you select an entity in the display. The commands available on the mouse menu are explained in detail in the corresponding menu sections above. </div> <ol> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258523"/> Background Information </li> <li> <ol> <li> <a name="_Ref440565995"/> <a name="_Toc441258524"/> Shareware Notice </li> <li> XML Spy is sold as shareware: you may download, install and evaluate the software for a period of up to 20 days free of charge. During this evaluation period the software will remind you every once in a while that it has not been registered yet. If you find XML Spy useful and would like to continue using the program after the evaluation period, you have to register with Icon for the small fee of 39,- (Euro). You can register on-line using the "Order" button at <a href="http://www.xmlspy.com/order/">http://www.xmlspy.com/order/</a> . As a registered user you are entitled to free technical support via e-mail and automatically will be notified of any updates or new versions. You will also get a substantial discount on the forthcoming commercial DTD-aware validating XML editor that Icon is planning to release in the future. If you want to share XML Spy with others, please make sure that only the installation program is ever distributed. It contains the application program, grammar description, sample files, and this online manual as well as a quick Read-Me file in one neat package. If you try to use an unregistered version of XML Spy after the end of the evaluation period, you will be asked to register upon every attempt to open or save a file. Furthermore the number of files you are allowed to open or save after the end of the evaluation period is limited to restrict abuse of unregistered versions of our software. </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258525"/> About the authors </li> </ol> </li> </ol> <div class="c5"> XML Spy has been produced by Icon EDV Informations-Systeme GmbH, an independent software development and consulting company based in Vienna, Austria (EU). Icon offers custom Software, Hardware and CD-ROM solutions for the innovative information-technology products of tomorrow. Please visit our web-site at <a href="http://www.icon-is.com/">http://www.icon-is.com</a> for more information. The development team for XML Spy is: </div> <div class="c5"> <ul> <li class="c12">Vladislav Gavrielov C++ Development</li> <li class="c12">Alexander Falk C++ Dev, Grammar, User Manual</li> <li class="c12">Thomas Kefer Software Quality Management</li> <li class="c12">Joachim Legat Graphic Design & Web-Development</li> </ul> </div> <div class="c5"> For comments and suggestions about this product and for technical assistance (registered users only) please use the on-line support form at <a href="http://www.xmlspy.com/supprt/">http://www.xmlspy.com/supprt/</a> . </div> <div class="c5"> <ol> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258526"/> XML Parsing </li> <li> When opening any XML or DTD file, XML Spy uses a parsing module called "Parso" to interpret the structure of the document. Parso is a very fast parser written in C++ that is entirely controlled by an EBNF-like grammar description file. Please refer to the file "grammar.txt" for an example of such a grammar description. If you need to open and parse XML documents in you own application, or if you need to parse any other computer language (SQL, etc.) you can license the "Parso" source-code from Icon. Please visit <a href="http://www.icon-is.com/parso/">http://www.icon-is.com/parso/</a> for more details. ┬á </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Toc441258527"/> OS & Memory Requirements </li> <li> XML Spy is a modern 32-bit Windows application that runs on Windows 95, 98 and NT. It assumes a fair amount of memory to be installed in the system, because it loads each document fully into memory. This is necessary in order to completely parse and analyze each document and also greatly improves the viewing and editing speed during normal work. While editing a small to medium sized document (up to 512kB) is possible in as little as 2MB of RAM, opening a 5MB document can consume up to 20MB during the initial parsing process. Memory requirements are also influenced by the unlimited Undo history. When repeatedly cutting and pasting large selections in huge documents, memory can rapidly be exhausted. </li> <li class="c12"> <a name="_Ref440650721"/> <a name="_Toc441258528"/> Unicode Support </li> </ol> </div> <div class="c5"> We apologize for the inconvenience, but the Shareware version of XML Spy does not include full Unicode support at this time. When opening an XML file, the encoding format is auto-detected by XML Spy according to the XML 1.0 recommendation, but any file in UCS-16 format will be rejected with an error message. Opening an UTF-8 encoded XML document is, however, possible ΓÇô although while editing the document, all characters that are encoded with more than one byte will be displayed with their respective encoding bytes as individual characters. Such a file can safely be edited and saved back as long as the multi-byte characters are not touched in any way. </div> </manual> </user_manual>