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The Linux NIS(YP)/NIS+/NYS HOWTO Andrea Dell'Amico, Mitchum DSouza, Erwin Embsen, Peter Eriksson v0.6, 14 November 1996 1. Glossary of Terms In this document a lot of acronyms are used. Here are the most important acronyms and a brief explanation: DBM DataBase Management, a library of functions which maintain key- content pairs in a data base. DLL Dynamically Linked Library, a library linked to an executable program at run-time. domainname A name "key" that is used by NIS clients to be able to locate a suitable NIS server that serves that domainname key. Please note that this does not necessarily have anything at all to do with the DNS "domain" (machine name) of the machine(s). FTP File Transfer Protocol, a protocol used to transfer files between two computers. libnsl Name services library, a library of name service calls (getpwnam, getservbyname, etc...) on SVR4 Unixes. libsocket Socket services library, a library for the socket service calls (socket, bind, listen, etc...) on SVR4 Unixes. NIS Network Information Service, a service that provides information, that has to be known throughout the network, to all machines on the network. There is support for NIS in Linux's standard libc library, which in the following text is referred to as "traditional NIS". NIS+ Network Information Service (Plus :-), essentially NIS on steroids. NIS+ is designed by Sun Microsystems Inc. as a replacement for NIS with better security and better handling of _large_ installations. NYS This is the name of a project and stands for NIS+, YP and Switch and is managed by Peter Eriksson <peter@ifm.liu.se>. It contains among other things a complete reimplementation of the NIS (= YP) code that uses the Name Services Switch functionality of the NYS library. RPC Remote Procedure Call. RPC routines allow C programs to make procedure calls on other machines across the network. When people talk about RPC they most often mean the Sun RPC variant. YP Yellow Pages(tm), a registered trademark in the UK of British Telecom plc. TCP-IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. It's the data communication protocol most often used on Unix machines. 1.1. Some General Information The next three lines are quoted from the Sun(tm) System & Network Administration Manual: "NIS was formerly known as Sun Yellow Pages (YP) but the name Yellow Pages(tm) is a registered trademark in the United Kingdom of British Telecom plc and may not be used without permission." NIS stands for Network Information Service. It's purpose is to provide information, that has to be known throughout the network, to all machines on the network. Information likely to be distributed by NIS is: ╖ login names/passwords/home directories (/etc/passwd) ╖ group information (/etc/group) So, for example, if your password entry is recorded in the NIS passwd database, you will be able to login on all machines on the net which have the NIS client programs running. Sun is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. licensed to SunSoft, Inc. 2. Introduction More and more, Linux machines are installed as part of a network of computers. To simplify network administration, most networks (mostly Sun-based networks) run the Network Information Service. Linux machines can take full advantage of existing NIS service or provide NIS service themselves. Linux machines can also (with the NYS library) act as limited NIS+ clients. This document tries to answer questions about setting up NIS(YP) on your Linux machine. It does not talk about how to set up NIS+. Don't forget to read section 5.1, The RPC Portmapper. 2.1. New versions of this document New versions of this document will be posted periodically (about every month) to the newsgroups comp.os.linux.announce and comp.os.linux.misc. The document is archived on a number of Linux FTP sites, including sunsite.unc.edu in /pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO. 2.2. Disclaimer Although this document has been put together to the best of our knowledge it may, and probably does contain errors. Please read any README files that are bundled with any of the various pieces of software described in this document for more detailed and accurate information. We will attempt to keep this document as error free as possible. 2.3. Feedback If you have any comments, questions or suggestions please email them to Erwin Embsen <erwin@nioz.nl>. Definitely contact him if you find errors or obvious omissions. 2.4. Acknowledgements We would like to thank all the people who have contributed (directly or indirectly) to this document. In alphabetical order: Andrea Dell'Amico <adellam@ZIA.ms.it> Mitchum DSouza <Mitch.DSouza@NetComm.IE> Erwin Embsen <erwin@nioz.nl> Byron A Jeff <byron@cc.gatech.edu> Peter Eriksson <peter@ifm.liu.se> Theo de Raadt <deraadt@theos.com> is responsible for the original yp- clients code. Swen Thuemmler <swen@uni-paderborn.de> ported the yp- clients code to Linux and also ported the yp-routines in libc (again based on Theo's work). 3. NIS or NIS+ ? The choice between NIS and NIS+ is easy - use NIS if you don't have to use NIS+ or have severe security needs. NIS+ is _much_ more problematic to administer (it's pretty easy to handle on the client side, but the server side is horrible). Another problem is that the support for NIS+ under Linux is still under developement - one major thing it still lacks is support for data encryption/authentication which is _the_ major thing why anyone would want to use NIS+... 3.1. Traditional NIS or the NYS library ? The choice between Traditional NIS or the NIS code in the NYS library is a choice between laziness and maturity vs. flexibility and love of adventure. The "traditional NIS" code is in the standard C library and has been around longer and sometimes suffers from it's age and slight inflexibility. The NIS code in the NYS library, on the other hand requires you either to recompile and relink all your programs to the libnsl library, or recompile the libc library to include the libnsl code into the libc library (or maybe you can go get a precompiled version of libc from someone who has already done it). Another difference is that the traditional NIS code has some support for NIS Netgroups, which the NYS code doesn't (yet). On the other hand the NYS code allows you to handle Shadow Passwords in a transparent way. 4. How it works Within a network there must be at least one machine acting as a NIS server. You can have multiple NIS servers, each serving different NIS "domains" - or you can have cooperating NIS servers, where one is said to be the master NIS server, and all the other are so-called slave NIS servers (for a certain NIS "domain", that is!) - or you can have a mix of them... Slave servers only have copies of the NIS databases and receive these copies from the master NIS server whenever changes are made to the master's databases. Depending on the number of machines in your network and the reliability of your network, you might decide to install one or more slave servers. Whenever a NIS server goes down or is too slow in responding to requests, a NIS client connected to that server will try to find one that is up or quicker. NIS databases are in so-called DBM format, derived from ASCII databases. For example, the files /etc/passwd and /etc/group can be directly converted to DBM format using ASCII-to-DBM translation software ("makedbm", it's included with the server software). The master NIS server should have both, the ASCII databases and the DBM databases. Slave servers will be notified of any change to the NIS maps, (via the "yppush" program), and automatically retrieve the necessary changes in order to synchronize their databases. NIS clients do not need to do this since they always talks to the NIS server to read the information stored in it's DBM databases. The author of the YP clients for linux has informed us that the newest ypbind (from yp-clients.tar.gz) is able to get the server from a configuration file - thus no need to broadcast (which is insecure - due to the fact that anyone may install a NIS server and answer the broadcast queries...) 5. What do you need to set up NIS? 5.1. The RPC Portmapper To run any of the software mentioned below you will need to run the program /usr/sbin/rpc.portmap. Some Linux distributions already have the code in /etc/rc.d/rc.inet2 to start up this daemon. All you have to do is uncomment it and reboot your Linux machine to activate it. The RPC portmapper (portmap(8c)) is a server that converts RPC program numbers into TCP/IP (or UDP/IP) protocol port numbers. It must be running in order to make RPC calls (which is what the NIS client software does) to RPC servers (like a NIS server) on that machine. When an RPC server is started, it will tell portmap what port number it is listening to, and what RPC program numbers it is prepared to serve. When a client wishes to make an RPC call to a given program number, it will first contact portmap on the server machine to determine the port number where RPC packets should be sent. Normally, standard RPC servers are started by inetd(8C), so portmap must be started before inetd is invoked. 5.2. Determine whether you are a Server, Slave or Client. To answer this question you have to consider two cases: 1. Your machine is going to be part of a network with existing NIS servers 2. You do not have any NIS servers in the network yet In the first case, you only need the client programs (ypbind, ypwhich, ypcat, yppoll, ypmatch). The most important program is ypbind. This program must be running at all times, that is, it should always appear in the list of processes. It's a so-called daemon process and needs to be started from the system's startup file (eg. /etc/rc.local). As soon as ypbind is running, your system has become a NIS client. In the second case, if you don't have NIS servers, then you will also need a NIS server program (usually called ypserv). Section 6 describes how to set up a NIS server on your Linux machine using the "ypserv" implementation by Peter Eriksson (<peter@ifm.liu.se>). Note that from version 0.14 this implementation supports the master-slave concept talked about in section 3. There is also another free NIS server available, called "yps", written by Tobias Reber in Germany which does support the master-slave concept, but has other limitations. 5.3. The Software The system library "/usr/lib/libc.a" (version 4.4.2 and better) or the shared library "/usr/lib/libc.sa" and its related DLL contain all necessary system calls to succesfully compile the NIS client and server software. Some people reported that NIS only works with "/usr/lib/libc.a" version 4.5.21 and better so if you want to play it safe don't use older libc's. The NIS client software can be obtained from: Site Directory File Name ftp.uni-paderborn.de /linux/local/yp yp-clients-2.2.tar.gz ftp.funet.fi /pub/Linux/BETA/NYS/clients yp-clients-?.?.tar.gz ftp.lysator.liu.se /pub/NYS/clients yp-clients-?.?.tar.gz sunsite.unc.edu /pub/Linux/system/Network/admin yp-clients-2.2.tar.gz Once you obtained the software, please follow the instructions which come with the software. 5.4. Setting up a NIS Client using Traditional NIS Assuming you have succesfully compiled the software you are now ready to install the software. A suitable place for the ypbind daemon is the directory /usr/sbin. You'll need to do this as root of course. The other binaries (ypwhich, ypcat, yppoll, ypmatch) should go in a directory accessible by all users, for example /usr/etc or /usr/local/bin. It might be a good idea to test ypbind before incorporating it in /etc/rc.d/rc.inet2. To test ypbind do the following: ╖ Make sure you have your domain name set. If it is not set then issue the command: /bin/domainname-yp nis.domain where nis.domain should be some string, _NOT_ normally associated with the domain name of your machine! The reason for this is that it makes it a little harder for external crackers to retreive the password database from your NIS servers. If you don't know what the NIS domain name is on your network, ask your system/network administrator. ╖ Start up "/usr/sbin/rpc.portmap" if it is not already running. ╖ Create the directory "/var/yp" if it does not exist. ╖ Start up "/usr/sbin/ypbind" ╖ Use the command "rpcinfo -p localhost" to check if ypbind was able to register its service with the portmapper. The rpcinfo should produce something like: program vers proto port 100000 2 tcp 111 portmapper 100000 2 udp 111 portmapper 100007 2 udp 637 ypbind 100007 2 tcp 639 ypbind 300019 1 udp 660 ╖ You may also run "rpcinfo -u localhost ypbind". This command should produce something like: program 100007 version 2 ready and waiting Finally, do not forget that for host lookups you must set (or add) "nis" to the lookup order line in your /etc/host.conf file. Please read the manpage "resolv+.8" for more details. At this point you should be able to use NIS client programs like ypcat, etc... For example, "ypcat passwd" will give you the entire NIS password database. IMPORTANT: If you skipped the test procedure then make sure you have set the domain name, and created the directory: /var/yp This directory MUST exist for ypbind to start up succesfully. If the test worked you may now want to change the files /etc/rc.d/rc.M and /etc/rc.d/rc.inet2 on your system so that ypbind will be started up at boot time and your system will act as a NIS client. Edit the file /etc/rc.d/rc.M and look for the commands which set the domain name. Change the domain name into the name of your domain. Also, edit the file /etc/rc.d/rc.inet2, comment out the lines which start up the rpc.portmap daemon, and add the following lines just after the place where rpc.portmap is started: # # Start the ypbind daemon # if [ -f ${NET}/ypbind -a -d /var/yp ]; then echo -n " ypbind" ${NET}/ypbind fi Unlike Sun's implementation of NIS you do not need to edit /etc/passwd and /etc/group to take advantage of NIS. Sun's implementation needs a line "+:*:0:0:::" in /etc/passwd and a line "+:*:0:" in /etc/group to tell NIS to search the NIS password and group databases. IMPORTANT: Note that the command finger will report "no such user" messages if you do not add the line "+:*:0:0:::" to /etc/passwd. Putting the line "+:*:0:0:::" back in /etc/passwd fixes finger. Well, that's it. Reboot the machine and watch the boot messages to see if ypbind is actually started. IMPORTANT: Note that the netgroup feature is implemented starting from libc 4.5.26. Netgroups allow access control for every machine and every user in the NIS domain, and they require an entry like: +@this_machine_users in /etc/passwd. But if you have a version of libc earlier than 4.5.26, every user in the NIS password database can access your linux machine if you run "ypbind". 6. What you need to set up NYS? 6.1. Determine whether you are a Server, Slave or Client. To answer this question you have to consider two cases: ╖ Your machine is going to be part of a network with existing NIS servers ╖ You do not have any NIS servers in the network yet In the first case you have two choices: ╖ Either you relink all client and daemon programs with the NYS library libnsl.so (or statically link them with libnsl.a). This means adding the line: LIBS=-lnsl to your Makefile signifing you want to link the Network Services Library. Basically all network deamons and the "login" program need to be recompiled. ╖ Or you can recompile the standard C library libc to include the NYS client library functions into the normal libc library, and then relink all statically linked programs (the dynamically linked programs automatically get the new version of libc). See section 6.5 below for more information about this option. Similarly like in the case of traditional NIS, if you don't have NIS servers, then you will also need a NIS server program (usually called ypserv) and you have to designate one of the machines in your network as a master NIS server. Again, you might want to set up at least one slave server as well. 6.2. The Software You need to retrieve and compile the NYS services library libnsl.so. If you don't have the DLL tools installed you may retrieve a precompiled shared, static and stub library from the same site mentioned below. Note, however, that the precompiled version may be (and probably is) older than the latest source code release. The NYS library (source and precompiled version) can be obtained from: Site Directory File Name ftp.lysator.liu.se /pub/NYS/libs nys-0.27.4.tar.gz ftp.lysator.liu.se /pub/NYS/binaries/lib libnsl.so.1.0.a26 ftp.funet.fi /pub/Linux/BETA/NYS/libs nys-0.27.?.tar.gz Precompiled "login" and "su" programs may also be fetched from Site Directory File Name ftp.lysator.liu.se /pub/NYS/binaries/bin login ftp.lysator.liu.se /pub/NYS/binaries/bin su ftp.funet.fi /pub/Linux/BETA/NYS/bin login ftp.funet.fi /pub/Linux/BETA/NYS/bin su Similarly, example configuration files may be retrieved from Site Directory File Name ftp.lysator.liu.se /pub/NYS/binaries/etc *conf ftp.funet.fi /pub/Linux/BETA/NYS/etc *conf For compilation of the nsl library, please follow the instructions which come with the software. If you wish to compile the shared DLL library you must have the DLL tools installed in the standard place (/usr/dll). The DLL tools (the package tools-2.11.tar.gz or later) can be obtained from many sites. 6.3. Setting up a NYS Client using NYS Unlike traditional NIS, there is no setting up required for a NIS client. All that is required is that the NIS configuration file (/etc/yp.conf) points to the correct server(s) for its information. Also, the Name Services Switch configuration file (/etc/nsswitch.conf) must be correctly set up. Please refer to the examples provided with the source code. 6.4. The nsswitch.conf File The Network Services switch file /etc/nsswitch.conf determines the order of lookups performed when a certain piece of information is requested, just like the /etc/host.conf file which determines the way host lookups are performed. Again, look at at the example file provided in the source distribution. For example, the line hosts: files nis dns specifies that host lookup functions should first look in the local /etc/hosts file, followed by a NIS lookup and finally thru the domain name service (/etc/resolv.conf and named), at which point if no match is found an error is returned. 6.5. Making your binaries NYS aware Instead of relinking each binary with the NYS library (libnsl.so), a cleaner solution has been achieved by providing the user with the ability to build a NYS aware libc. This means all you need to do is recompile a new libc and replace your existing /lib/libc.so.x.y.z for all (non-static compiled) programs to be NYS aware. This merge also gives you the advantage over the traditional NIS implementation in the linux libc in that it allows transparent shadow passwords support (via the /etc/nisswitch.conf file). Follow the simple steps below to rebuild a NYS aware libc. ╖ Make sure you have the latest DLL tools installed. Refer to the the GCC-FAQ for more info on where to get this. ╖ Get the latest libc sources. (again see GCC-FAQ) ╖ Get the latest nys sources from ftp.lysator.liu.se:/pub/NYS/libs and extract it under this libc-linux source directory. The current NYS distribution is "nys-0.27.4.tar.gz". ╖ Do the ./configure as before and first answer "n" to the question Values correct (y/n) [y] ? Then go thru all the other questions and the last question will now be Build a NYS libc from nys-0.27 (y default) ? answer "y" to this. ╖ Then issue the command % make The library generated after compilation is named something like libc.so.4.5.26 and placed under the directory jump/libc-nys. To install this library our advise would be copying it to /lib with a name lexiographically greater than the version number it currently has. Just appending the letter "a" should do the trick. For example: % cp jump/libc-nys/libc.so.4.5.26 /lib/libc.so.4.5.26a Alternatively, append "nys" to it so you can quickly identify it. Now run the command % ldconfig which will reset your cache to use the new library. The dynamic linker strategy may be examined with the command "ldconfig -p". That's basically it. All your programs should now be NYS aware. Please note that usually the program "login" is compiled static and thus cannot access the new NYS functions from the NYS aware libc. You must either recompile "login" without the -static flag, or else statically link it to the libnsl.a library. 7. Setting up a NIS Server 7.1. The Server Program ypserv This document only describes how to set up the "ypserv" NIS server. The "yps" server setup is similar, _but_ not exactly the same so beware if you try to apply these instructions to "yps"! The NIS server software can be found on: Site Directory File Name ftp.lysator.liu.se /pub/NYS/servers ypserv-1.1.2.tar.gz ftp.uni-paderborn.de /pub/linux/local/yp ypserv-1.1.2.tar.gz ftp.funet.fi /pub/Linux/BETA/NYS/servers ypserv-?.?.?.tar.gz The server setup is the same for both traditional NIS and NYS. Compile the software to generate the "ypserv" and "makedbm" programs. Firstly, determine what files you require to be available via NIS and then add or remove the appropriate entries to the ypMakefile. Install the file ypMakefile into /var/yp as the file Makefile. Now build the DBM files by typing: % cd /var/yp; make Make sure the portmapper (rpc.portmap) is running, and start the server "ypserv". The command % rpcinfo -u localhost ypserv should output something like program 100004 version 2 ready and waiting That's it, your server is up and running. 7.2. The Server Program yps To set up the "yps" NIS server please refer to the previous paragraph. The "yps" server setup is similar, _but_ not exactly the same so beware if you try to apply the "ypserv" instructions to "yps"! The "yps" NIS server software can be found on: Site Directory File Name ftp.lysator.liu.se /pub/NYS/servers yps-0.21.tar.gz ftp.funet.fi /pub/Linux/BETA/NYS/servers yps-0.21.tar.gz 7.3. The Program yppasswdd Whenever users change their passwords, the NIS password database and probably other NIS databases, which depend on the NIS password database, should be updated. The program "yppasswdd" is a server that handles password changes and makes sure that the NIS information will be updated accordingly. The software for "yppasswdd" can be found on: Site Directory File Name ftp.lysator.liu.se /pub/NYS yppasswdd-0.7.tar.gz ftp.funet.fi /pub/Linux/BETA/NYS/servers yppasswdd-0.7.tar.gz Once you obtained the software, please follow the instructions which come with the software. 8. Verifying the NIS/NYS Installation If everything is fine (as it should be), you should be able to verify your installation with a few simple commands. Assuming, for example, your passwd file is being supplied by NIS, the command % ypcat passwd should give you the contents of your NIS passwd file. The command % ypmatch userid passwd (where userid is the login name of an arbitrary user) should give you the user's entry in the NIS passwd file. The "ypcat" and "ypmatch" programs should be included with your distribution of traditional NIS or NYS. 9. Common Problems and Troubleshooting NIS Here are some common problems reported by various users: 1. The libraries for 4.5.19 are broken. NIS won't work with it. 2. If you upgrade the libraries from 4.5.19 to 4.5.24 then the su command breaks. You need to get the su command from the slackware 1.2.0 distribution. Incidentally that's where you can get the updated libraries. 3. You could run into trouble with NIS and DNS on the same machine. My DNS server occasionally will not bring up NIS. Haven't yet tracked down why. 4. When a NIS server goes down and comes up again ypbind starts complaining with messages like: yp_match: clnt_call: RPC: Unable to receive; errno = Connection refused and logins are refused for those who are registered in the NIS database. Try to login as root and if you succeed, then kill ypbind and start it up again. 10. Frequently Asked Questions Most of your questions should be answered by now. If there are still questions unanswered you might want to post a message to comp.os.linux.help or comp.os.linux.networking or contact one of the authors of this HOWTO.