io Programmo 11/IOPROG_11.ISO/docs/mini/remote~1

Text File | 1997-08-11 | 12.6 KB | 346 lines

                       HOW TO RUN REMOTE X APPLICATIONS

1. Introduction



   This is (supposed to be) a guide how to do remote X applications. The
   focus is on security issues. I have written this document for several
   reasons.

    1. Many questions have appeared on usenet on how to run a remote X
       application.
    2. I see many, many hints of use xhost +hostname or even xhost + to
       allow X connections. _This is ridiculously insecure_, and there
       are better methods.
    3. I do not know of a simple document that describes the options you
       _do_ have. Please inform me <[e-mail]> if you know more.



   This document has been written with unix-like systems in mind. If
   either your local or remote operating system are of another flavour,
   you may find here how things work. However, you will have to translate
   examples yourself to apply to your own system(s).

   A related document on WWW is What to do when Tk says that your display
   is insecure <http://ce-toolkit.crd.ge.com/tkxauth/>. It was written by
   Kevin Kenny. It suggests a similar solution to X authentication to
   that in this document (xauth). However, Kevin aims more at using xdm
   to steer xauth for you.

   The X System Window System Vol. 8 X Window System Administrator's
   Guide by O'Reilly and Associates has also been brought to my attention
   as a good source of information. Unfortunately, I've not been able to
   check it out.

   Yet another document much like this, titled Securing X Windows, is
   available at <http://ciac.llnl.gov/ciac/documents/ciac2316.html>.

   This is version 0.2.4. No guarantees, only good intentions. I'm open
   to suggestions, ideas, additions, useful pointers, (typo) corrections,
   etc... I want this to remain a simple readable document, though, in
   the best-meant HOWTO style. Flames to /dev/null.

   The most recent version of this document is always available on WWW at
   <http://www.xs4all.nl/~zweije/xauth.html>. This document is posted
   irregularly to comp.windows.x. It is also available as the Linux
   Remote X Apps mini-HOWTO at
   <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/mini/Remote-X-Apps>. Linux
   (mini-)HOWTOs are available by http or ftp from sunsite.unc.edu.


    Contents last updated on 5 August 1997 by Vincent Zweije.


     _________________________________________________________________

2. The Scene



   You're using two computers. You're using the X window system of the
   first to type to and look at. You're using the second to do some
   important graphical work. You want the second to show its output on
   the display of the first. The X window system makes this possible.

   Of course, you need a network connection for this. Preferably a fast
   one; the X protocol is a network hog. But with a little patience and
   suitable protocol compression, you can even run applications over a
   modem. For X protocol compression, you might want to check out dxpc
   <http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~zvonler/dxpc/> or lbx
   <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/mini/LBX>.

   You must do two things to achieve all this:
    1. Tell the local display (the server) to accept connections from the
       remote computer.
    2. Tell the remote application (the client) to direct its output to
       your local display.

3. A Little Theory



   The magic word is DISPLAY. In the X window system, a display consists
   (simplified) of a keyboard, a mouse and a screen. A display is managed
   by a server program, known as an X server. The server serves
   displaying capabilities to other programs that connect to it.

   A display is indicated with a name, for instance:
     * DISPLAY=light.uni.verse:0
     * DISPLAY=localhost:4
     * DISPLAY=:0



   The display consists of a hostname (such as light.uni.verse and
   localhost), a colon (:), and a sequence number (such as 0 and 4). The
   hostname of the display is the name of the computer where the X server
   runs. An omitted hostname means the local host. The sequence number is
   usually 0 -- it can be varied if there are multiple displays connected
   to one computer.

   If you ever come across a display indication with an extra .n attached
   to it, that's the screen number. A display can actually have multiple
   screens. Usually there's only one screen though, with number n=0.

   Other forms of DISPLAY exist, but the above will do for our purposes.

4. Telling the Client



   The client program (for instance, your graphics application) knows
   which display to connect to by inspecting the DISPLAY environment
   variable. This setting can be overridden, though, by giving the client
   the command line argument -display hostname:0 when it's started. Some
   examples may clarify things.

   Our computer is known to the outside as light, and we're in domain
   uni.verse. If we're running a normal X server, the display is known as
   light.uni.verse:0. We want to run the drawing program xfig on a remote
   computer, called dark.matt.er, and display its output here on light.

   If you have csh running on the remote computer:

     dark% setenv DISPLAY light.uni.verse:0
     dark% xfig &

   Or alternatively:

     dark% xfig -display light.uni.verse:0 &

   If you have sh running on the remote computer:

     dark$ DISPLAY=light.uni.verse:0
     dark$ export DISPLAY
     dark$ xfig &

   Or alternatively:

     dark$ DISPLAY=light.uni.verse:0 xfig &

   Or, of course, also:

     dark$ xfig -display light.uni.verse:0 &

5. Telling the Server



   The server will not accept connections from just anywhere. You don't
   want everyone to be able to display windows on your screen. Or read
   what you type -- remember that your keyboard is part of your display!

   Too few people seem to realise that allowing access to your display
   poses a security risk. Someone with access to your display can read
   and write your screens, read your keystrokes, and read your mouse
   actions.

   Most servers know two ways of authenticating connections to it: the
   host list mechanism (xhost) and the magic cookie mechanism (xauth).
   Then there is ssh, the secure shell, that can forward X connections.

  5.1 Xhost



   Xhost allows access based on hostnames. The server maintains a list of
   hosts which are allowed to connect to it. It can also disable host
   checking entirely. Beware: this means no checks are done, so _every_
   host may connect!

   You can control the server's host list with the xhost program. To use
   this mechanism in the previous example, do:

     light$ xhost +dark.matt.er

   This allows all connections from host dark.matt.er. As soon as your X
   client has made its connection and displays a window, for safety,
   revoke permissions for more connections with:

     light$ xhost -dark.matt.er

   You can disable host checking with:

     light$ xhost +

   This disables host access checking and thus allows _everyone_ to
   connect. You should _never_ do this on a network on which you don't
   trust _all_ users (such as Internet). You can re-enable host checking
   with:

     light$ xhost -



   xhost - by itself does _not_ remove all hosts from the access list
   (that would be quite useless - you wouldn't be able to connect from
   anywhere, not even your local host).

   _Xhost is a very insecure mechanism._ It does not distinguish between
   different users on the remote host. Also, hostnames (addresses
   actually) can be spoofed. This is bad if you're on an untrusted
   network (for instance already with dialup PPP access to Internet).

  5.2 Xauth



   Xauth allows access to anyone who knows the right secret. Such a
   secret is called an authorization record, or a magic cookie. The
   cookies for different displays are stored together in ~/.Xauthority.
   Your ~/.Xauthority must be inaccessible for group/other users.

   Xauth has a clear security advantage over xhost. You can limit access
   to specific users on specific computers. It does not suffer from
   spoofed addresses as xhost does. And if you want to, you can still use
   xhost next to it to allow connections.

    5.2.1 Making the Cookie



   If you want to use xauth, you must start the X server with the -auth
   authfile argument. If you use the startx script, that's the right
   place to do it. Create the authorization record as below in your
   startx script. If you don't have urandom, use some other means of
   generating random data. ps -axl will probably do.

   Excerpt from /usr/X11R6/bin/startx:

     dd if=/dev/urandom count=1|md5sum|sed -e 's/^/add :0 . /'|xauth -q
     xinit -- -auth "$HOME/.Xauthority"



   This is a stripped down version of my startx. See startx(1x),
   xinit(1x), xauth(1x), md5sum(1) to customise your startx script.

   If xauth complains about an illegal add line, your version of md5sum
   may be appending a dash (-) to the checksum to indicate that it was
   computed over its standard input. If you can't convince md5sum to
   forget about the dash, you can strip it with sed. Change the argument
   to the sed command as below. In fact, this ought to work with
   non-dash-appending md5sums as well, but it's less understandable.
   _(Thanks Jeffrey)_

     ... 's/^\([0-9a-f]*\).*$/add :0 . \1/' ...



   If you can't edit the startx script (because you aren't root), get
   your system adminstrator to set up startx properly, or let him set up
   xdm instead. If he can't or won't, you can make a ~/.xserverrc script.
   If you have this script, it is run by xinit instead of the real X
   server. Then you can start the real X server from this script with the
   proper arguments. To do so, have your ~/.xserverrc use the magic
   cookie line above to create a cookie and then exec the real X server:

     #!/bin/sh
     dd if=/dev/urandom count=1|md5sum|sed -e 's/^/add :0 . /'|xauth -q
     exec /usr/X11R6/bin/X "$@" -auth "$HOME/.Xauthority"



   If you use xdm to manage your X sessions, you can use xauth easily.
   Define the DisplayManager.authDir resource in /etc/X11/xdm/xdm-config.
   Xdm will pass the -auth argument to the X server when it starts, and
   all will be well. See xdm(1) for more information. For instance, my
   /etc/X11/xdm/xdm-config has the following line in it:

     DisplayManager.authDir: /var/lib/xdm

    5.2.2 Transporting the Cookie



   Now that you have started your X session on the server host
   light.uni.verse and have your cookie in ~/.Xauthority, you will have
   to transfer the cookie to the client host, dark.matt.er.

   The easiest is when your home directories on light and dark are
   shared. The ~/.Xauthority files are the same, so the cookie is
   transported instantaneously.

   If not, you can transport the cookie by means of rsh, the remote
   shell:

     light$ xauth nlist :0 | rsh dark.matt.er xauth nmerge -



   This says:
    1. Extract the cookie from your local ~/.Xauthority (xauth nlist :0).
    2. Transfer it to dark.matt.er (| rsh dark.matt.er).
    3. Put it in the ~/.Xauthority there (xauth nmerge -).



   It's possible that rsh doesn't work for you. Besides that, rsh also
   has a security drawback (spoofed host names again, if I remember
   correctly). If you can't or don't want to use rsh, you can also
   transfer the cookie manually, like:

     light$ echo $DISPLAY
     :0
     light$ xauth list $DISPLAY
     light/unix:0 MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1 076aaecfd370fd2af6bb9f5550b26926
     light$ rlogin dark.matt.er
     Password:
     dark% setenv DISPLAY light.uni.verse:0
     dark% xauth add $DISPLAY . 076aaecfd370fd2af6bb9f5550b26926
     dark% xfig &
     [15332]
     dark% logout
     light$



   See also rsh(1) and xauth(1x) for more information.

    5.2.3 Using the Cookie



   An X application on dark.matt.er, such as xfig above, will
   automatically look in ~/.Xauthority there for the cookie to
   authenticate itself with.

  5.3 Ssh



   <PLUG CLASS="shameless">
   Authority records are transmitted with no encryption. If you're even
   worried someone might snoop on your connections, use ssh, the secure
   shell. It will do X forwarding over encrypted connections. And
   besides, it's great in other ways too. It's a good structural
   improvement to your system. Just visit <http://www.cs.hut.fi/ssh/>,
   the ssh home page.
   </PLUG>

   Who knows anything else on authentication schemes or encrypting X
   connections? Maybe kerberos?