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MDB Command Syntax Summary Command keywords that are longer than 3 letters may be uniquely specified by their first three characters or the letters shown in upper case. ! - Invokes an operating system command or shell. # - Indicates a variable outside the current scope or a line number. ## - Indicates a procedure outside the current scope. $ - Prefix to distinguish module names from other symbol names. & - Prefix to get the address of a symbolic name. // - Specifies a comment line. : - Invokes a macro or defines an address label. :: - Allows for line continuation when placed at the end of a line. ? - Displays a symbol or expression, including assignments. @ - Executes commands from a command file. Same as INClude. B - Displays, sets, clears, enables or disables breakpoints. BINary - Sets the default input radix to binary. BREak - Causes an immediate exit from a control loop or block. BYTe - Displays or sets byte (8-bit) object memory. CALlstack - Displays current chain of procedure calls. CASe - Specifies a choice in a SWITCH statement. CAUse - Displays reason for breaking execution. CHAr - Displays or sets char (ASCII) object memory. CLOse - Closes previously opened file. COMpare - Compares two regions of memory. CONtinue - Causes the next iteration of a control loop to begin. COPy - Copies a block of contents from one location to another. CW - Displays or sets the value of the 80387 control word. DASm - Disassembles machine code. DECimal - Sets the default input radix to decimal. DEFault - Specifies the default choice in a SWITCH statement. DIRectory MACro - Displays directory of macros. DIRectory MODule - Displays directory of object modules. DIRectory STRucture - Displays directory of structures. DISplay MACro - Displays contents of macro body. DISplay STRucture - Displays members of data structure. DISplay TRAce - Displays contents of the trace buffer. DOUble - Displays or sets double (64-bit floating point) object memory. DOWn - Walks down the call stack. DT - Displays or sets segment descriptors in descriptor tables. DWOrd - Displays or sets dword (32-bit) object memory. E - Enters a symbol examination window. Same as EXAmine. ED - Edits a file. Same as EDIT. ED MACro - Edits or creates a file or macro. Same as EDIT MACro. EDIT - Edits a file. Same as ED. EDIT MACro - Edits or creates a file or macro. Same as ED MACro. EFOr - Terminates a FOR loop. EIF - Terminates an IF statement. ELSe - Specifies an alternate path in an IF statement. EMAcro - Terminates a macro definition. ENV - Displays or saves parameters of the configurable environment. ESCape - Aborts processing of macro. ESWitch - Terminates a SWITCH statement. EWHile - Terminates a WHILE loop. EXAmine - Enters a symbol examination window. Same as E. EXIt - Exits the debugger. FINd - Searches for a value or string in memory. FLAg - Displays or sets the 80386 flags register. FLOat - Displays or sets float (32-bit floating point) object memory. FOR - Starts a FOR loop. FREe - Displays remaining free memory. GDT - Displays or sets descriptors in the global descriptor table. GLObal - Displays all global symbols. Go - Starts program execution. GOTo - Transfers macro control to a label. HALt - Halts remote execution. HELp - Invokes command line help. HEX - Sets the default input radix to hexadecimal. IDT - Displays or sets descriptors in the interrupt descriptor table. IF - Starts a conditional statement. INClude - Executes commands from a command file. Same as @. INPut - Reads contents from the specified input port. IStep - Single-steps a program instruction (through calls). Same as IS. JOUrnal - Records keyboard commands in a journal file. LDT - Displays or sets descriptors in the local descriptor table. LNE - Converts an address to a linear address. LISt - Creates a text file to record console display. LOAd - Loads an object file from the host into the target memory. LOCal - Displays all active local symbols and their values. MACro - Begins a macro definition. MEMory - Enters memory window. NO JOUrnal - Closes the journal file. NO LISt - Closes the session log file. OCTal - Sets the default input radix to octal. OPEn - Opens a text file. ORIf - Specifies alternate decision path in an IF statement. OUTput - Assigns a value to the specified output port. PD - Displays page directory. PHYsical - Converts an address to a physical address. POInter - Displays or sets pointer (16/32/48-bit) object memory. PUT - Writes macro definitions to a specified file. QUIt - Exits the debugger leaving the remote monitor running. QWOrd - Displays or sets qword (64-bit) object memory. R287 - Displays 80287 status. R387 - Displays 80387 status. REAd - Reads in symbol values from an opened file. REGister - Displays or sets 80386 register values. RELoad - Reloads the program, leaving breakpoints set. REMove MACro - Deletes a macro definition. REPeat - Starts a REPEAT loop. RERun - Restarts a program with the same arguments as the last RUN. RESet - Resets the processor registers to CPU reset values. RUN - Sets command-line arguments for a program and executes. S - Executes one source statement at a time. Same as STEp. SCReen - Displays the application output screen. SET - Associates a source file with an object module. SET BEEp - Controls the error beeper. SET CODe - Controls hex code display during disassembly. SET CPP - Controls C++ code debugging SET CRRepeat - Controls repeating commands with C/R. SET EDItor - Specifies an editor for use with EDIt commands. SET EGA - Controls EGA-43 or VGA-50 line display. SET FLIp - Controls automatic display of application output on execution. SET HELpdir - Specifies the help file directory. SET HOMe - Sets the home window for command input. SET KEEpheap - Sets the minimum initial heap size for a program. SET MAIn - Controls starting execution at main(). SET MLIst - Controls display of macro content during macro processing. SET MOUse - Controls mouse support. SET NUMber - Controls line number display in the source window. SET PAUse - Controls scrolling in the dialog window. SET PROlog - Controls the automatic execution of function prolog code. SET RADix - Sets input radix. SET REEvaluate - Controls expression reevaluation for EXAmine. SET SENsitive - Controls case sensitivity for searches. SET SOUrcepath - Sets search path for source files. SET SYMbol - Controls symbolic disassembly. SET TAB - Sets tab expansion size. SET TANdem - Controls dual-monitor debugging. SET TEMpdir - Specifies the directory for temporary files. SET VERify - Controls memory segment accesses verification. SHOw - Shows the status of any or all SET command parameters. SOUrce - Enters source window. ST - ST0 to ST7. Displays or sets the 80387 stack elements and tag words. STEp - Executes one source statement at a time. Same as S. STEp INto - Single-steps into a program statement. STRucture - Defines a data structure. SW - Displays or sets the value of the 80387 status word. SWItch - Starts a SWITCH control statement. SYMbol - Displays symbols. TIMe - Displays the current time and date. TRAce - Enables or disables execution trace. TREal - Displays or sets treal (80-bit) object memory. TSS - Displays or sets contents of a task state segment. TW - Displays or sets the value of the 80387 tag word. TYPe - Declares or redefines symbols. U - Disassembles machine code. Same as DASm. UNTil - Terminates a REPEAT loop. UP - Walks up the call stack. USE - Selects 16- or 32-bit code disassembly. VERsion - Displays debugger and target monitor version number. VIEw - Displays or sets mode of source display in source window. VIRtual - Converts an address to a virtual address. WAIt - Pauses command processing for input from keyboard. WHIle - Starts a WHILE loop. WIDth - Selects 16- or 32-bit code disassembly. Same as USE. WORd - Displays or sets word object (16-bit) memory. WRIte - Writes values to opened file. Syntax: ! [command_string] The ! command lets you escape to the operating system's command shell. To leave the shell and return to the debugger, type EXIT from the shell. You can directly spawn a command by specifying the command after the !. Examples: ->! //Escapes to DOS shell. C>dir //DOS command to display file directory. C>exit //Returns to the debugger. ->!cc test.c //Spawns "cc test.c" directly. Syntax: [$module_name][##procedure_name]#variable_name [$module_name]#number # is a parser operator which can be used to access a variable outside of the current scope. It is also used as a prefix for line- numbers. When used as a variable name prefix with no other prefix, i.e., "#variable", the variable is searched for using the normal scoping rules. This provides a method to circumvent conflicts with commands or keywords. A module name and procedure name may be optionally specified in order to access a specific variable outside of the current scope. To access a global symbol, use the root module $, e.g., $#foo refers to the public instance of variable foo. Finally, when used as a numeric prefix, # indicates a line-number. Examples: ->#USER = 4 // Assigns 4 to a variable called USER. ->$#USER = 4 // Assign to the global variable USER. ->? $MOD1##PROC1#VAR1 // Display a local variable to a procedure. ->$MOD1#STATIC1 = 3 // Assign to a variable local to a module. ->G #14 // Go to line 14 in the current module. ->B $MOD1#14 // Break at line 14 in another module. See Also: ##, $, &, ?, SYMbol, EXAmine Syntax: [$module_name]##procedure_name[#variable_name] ## is a parser operator which allows the specification of a procedure name outside of the current scope. If a module name precedes the ## operator, only procedure names within that module are searched. If no leading module name is specified, only procedure names in the current module are searched. Typically, ## is needed only if two or more modules have local procedures with the same name. Examples: ->B $MODULE1##PROC3 // set a breakpoint at proc3 in module1 ->GO FROM $##foo // go from global procedure foo See Also: #, $, &, SYMbol, Go, B Syntax: $module_name $ is a parser operator which distinguishes module names from other symbolic names. If no module_name is specified and $ is used in conjunction with # or ##, then $ refers to the root module containing only global symbols. Examples: ->SET $mod2 = source.c // Associate a source file with a module. ->? $MOD1##PROC1#VAR1 // Display a local variable to a procedure. See Also: #, ##, $, &, ?, SYMbol, DIRectory MODule, SET Syntax: &symbol & is an address operator which gives the address of a symbolic object. Examples: ->GO FROM &START FOREVER ->POINTER &POINTER_BUF LENGTH 20 ->TYPE long *ptr_to_long, long_buf[8] at &buf See Also: #, ##, $, &, ?, SYMbol, Go, B Syntax: // comment Indicates that everything that follows // till the end of a line is a comment, and should not be interpreted as part of the command. Examples: ->// A comment line ->DIR MAC // display directory of macros Syntax: :macro_name [actual_parameter_list] Executes the specified macro. "<*" and "*>" can be used as parentheses in the actual parameter list. The colon character is also used in macro definitions to specify a label. You can also execute a macro by entering the macro name without the colon prefix. Examples: ->:AA 34, <* AX,BX,CL *>, #20 //3 actual parameters ->:BB //No parameter ->:AA :BB, <* AL,5,3.5*BX *>, :CC ->MACRO TEST1 //Define a macro. MD>a = 8; MD>aa: MD>if( c >= 999 ) MD> goto aa MD>orif( c <= 0 ) MD> goto bb MD>eif MD>bb: //Specify a label called bb. MD>EMACRO -> See Also: MACro, DIRectory MACro, DISplay MACro, REMove MACro, PUT, INClude, EDIT, MLIst Syntax: command_line :: continuation_of_line Allows the continuation of a command line to the next line. Examples: ->BYT &array[12] = 1941, 42, 1776, 1812, :: ::>1492, 2001 Syntax: ? expression Displays the type, value, and address of an lvalue, any expression which can be used on the left-hand side of an assignment statement. Rvalues are displayed as numeric values in multiple radices. An rvalue is any expression which can apprear on the right-hand side of an assignment statement. Example: ->? *(char *)0 ->? foo ->? 'A' ->? ++data ->? *(byte *)ptr_to_short + *val ->? _AX+1 ->? _AX=1 See Also: EXAmine, SYMbol Syntax: @ filename [LISt] Executes the commands from the specified file. If LISt is specified, the commands in the command file are displayed on the console as they are being executed (default is NO LIST). This command is identical to the INClude command. Examples: ->@ "INIT.MAC" LIS ->@ C:\TMP\GR1.INC See Also: MACro, JOUrnal, LISt Syntax: B [n] [OFF ] [ON ] [CLEar] B [n] [=] addr [type] [COUnt num] [IF expr ] [THEN command] where n = 0 to 31, and type = {REAd,WRIte,ACCess,EXEcute} Breakpoints are used to specify addresses at which program execution is halted. The breakpoints are effective in all execution commands except for GO FOREVER. B by itself will display all breakpoints; specifying n alone will display a specific breakpoint. OFF, ON, and CLEar are used to disable, enable, or remove a breakpoint, respectively. A disabled breakpoint will be inactive until enabled. Normally, a breakpoint is enabled when first set, but if an error occurs when setting a breakpoint, the breakpoint may be defined but disabled. If no breakpoint number is specified when setting a breakpoint, the first unused breakpoint is allocated. If no breakpoint number is specified with the CLEar qualifier, the breakpoint at the current execution pointer is cleared. If no breakpoint number is specified with the ON or OFF qualifiers, all breakpoints are enabled or disabled. The assignment operator (=) is only required when the distinction between a breakpoint number and an address is ambiguous. The REAd and ACCess types are equivalent and cause a break if data is read or written at the specified address. The default access type is EXEcute. If COUnt is specified, a break does not occur until an event is detected num times. A conditional breakpoint condition may be specified using the IF qualifier. The condition can be any valid C expression. If the expression evaluates to non-zero after the rest of the break condition is satisfied, then execution will be halted, otherwise execution continues. A command may be specified which is executed after a breakpoint is hit using the THEN qualifier. IF and THEN qualifiers are not evaluated until after all other conditions are satisfied, including the COUnt condition. Complex command sequences may be invoked after a breakpoint by invoking a macro in the THEN statement. Examples: ->B // Display all breakpoints. ->B 0 // Displays contents of breakpoint 0. ->B 0 CLE // Clears contents of and disables breakpoint 0. ->B 0 OFF // Disables breakpoint 0 but leaves it defined. ->B 0 ON // Re-enables breakpoint 0. ->B 0 = 100h // Sets breakpoint 0. ->B #12 // Sets an arbitrary breakpoint to line 12. ->B &FOO WRI COUNT 2 // Breaks after FOO is written twice. ->B subr1 IF i > 3 // Breaks if i > 3 when entering subr1 ->B cs:100h THEN ? i // Display i before executing at 100h ->B subr3 IF i > 3 THEN :mac1 a,42 See Also: Go, STEp, CAUse Syntax: BINary Sets the default input radix to binary. Example: ->BIN See Also: DECimal, HEX, OCTal, SHOw Syntax: BREak Causes an immediate exit from the REPEAT-UNTIL, WHILE-EWHILE, FOR-EFOR loop or SWITCH-ESWITCH block. Examples: ->MACRO TEST1 //Define a macro. MD>switch( c ) MD> case 30: MD> case 20: MD> c = a + b * c; MD> d = d / c + 8; MD> break; MD> default: MD> c >>= 1; MD>eswitch MD>EMACRO ->WHILE 1 CD> C = A - 1 CD> IF !C CD> BREAK CD>EWHILE See Also: CONtinue, GOTo Syntax: BYTe [address] [= expression [, expression]...] [= "string" ] [[TO] address [= expression ]] [LENgth n [= expression ]] Displays or alters memory contents in byte scope. The base of two addresses that define an address range must be the same. For example, BYT 200:40 TO 300:300 is invalid. Examples: ->BYT 40 //Display byte content of address DS:40 ->BYTE 100:40 TO 100:200 ->BYTE &BUF LENGTH 20 ->BYTE DS:SI = 23, 234Q, 4+6, AL, 38T ->BYT ARRAY LEN 100 = 0 ->BYTE &string = "\tThis is a test program\n" See Also: CHAr, WORd, DWOrd, FLOat, DOUble, QWOrd, POInter, TREal Syntax: CALlstack [n] For use with high-level languages. Displays the current chain of procedure calls in the program being executed. A CALLSTACK is a fully qualified list of references to procedures. The reference listed first is the current execution address. The second entry is the current address for the procedure that called the current procedure, etc. CALLSTACK shows the dynamic, run-time nesting of the program as opposed to the static, lexical nesting. The CALLSTACK display may be incorrect if invoked before a valid stack frame is built. Example: ->CAL See Also: Go, TRAce, UP, DOWn Syntax: SWItch [(] expression [)] CASe constant expression: [command] . . [CASe constant expression:] [command] . . [DEFault:] [command] . . ESWitch The CASe command is used in the SWItch command. Examples: ->MACRO TEST1 //Define a macro MD>SWITCH A MD> CASE 0: MD> B = 10H MD> BREAK MD> CASE 1: MD> B = B * B MD> BREAK MD> DEFAULT: MD> STEP 5 //Execute 5 lines MD>ESWITCH MD>EMACRO -> See Also: SWItch, DEFault Syntax: CAUse Reports the cause of the last break in execution. Example: ->CAUse See Also: Go, B Syntax: CHAr [address] [= expression [, expression]...] [= "string" ] [[TO] address [= expression ]] [LENgth n [= expression ]] Displays or alters memory contents in byte scope. The base of two addresses that define an address range must be the same. For example, CHA 200:40 TO 300:300 is invalid. Examples: ->CHA 40 //Display byte content of address DS:40 ->CHAR 100:40 TO 100:200 ->CHAR &BUF LENGTH 20 ->CHAR DS:SI = 23, 234Q, 4+6, AL, 38T ->CHA ARRAY LEN 100 = 0 ->CHAR &string = "\tThis is a test program\n" See Also: BYTe, WORd, DWOrd, FLOat, DOUble, QWOrd, POInter, TREal Syntax: CLOse [n [, n]...] where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 Closes previously opened file. If no file number n is specified, all the opened files are closed. Files are opened using the OPEN command. Examples: ->CLOSE 1,2 //Closes file 1 and 2. ->CLOSE //Closes all opened files. See Also: OPEn, REAd, WRIte Syntax: COMpare addr1 addr2 [[TO] addr3] [LENgth n ] Compares two regions of memory and reports all differences. Examples: ->COM &byte1 &char1 // Compare char1 to byte1 ->COM 200:200 30:50 TO 30:300 // Compare memory from between -> // 30:50 and 30:300 inclusive to that at 200:200 to 200:450. ->COM ARRAY_BUF 40:50 len 50 ->COM &STRING1 &STRING2 LEN 20 See Also: COPy, FINd Syntax: CONtinue Causes the next iteration of the REPEAT-UNTIL, WHILE-EWHILE, FOR-EFOR loop to begin. In the REPEAT-UNTIL and WHILE-EWHILE loop, the test part is executed immediately. In the FOR-EFOR loop, control passes to the re-initialization step. Examples: ->MACRO TEST1 //Define a macro. MD>while a MD> b = subr( &c, d ); MD> if( b == a ) MD> continue; MD> else MD> c = c << 3; MD> d = d % 3; MD> eif MD>ewhile MD>EMACRO ->WHILE I-- CD> IF A != SUB( I, D ) CD> CONTINUE CD> ORIF CD> D = A CD> EIF CD>EWH See Also: BREak, GOTo Syntax: COPy dest_addr = src_start_addr [[TO] src_end_addr] [LENgth n ] Copies a block of memory contents from one location to another. Examples: ->COPY &byte1 = &char1 //Copy one byte from char1 to byte1 ->COPY 200:200=30:50 TO 30:300 //Copy from memory between -> //30:50 and 30:300 inclusive to destination starting at -> //200:200. ->COPY ARRAY_BUF = 40:50 len 50 ->COPY &STRING1=&STRING2 LEN 20 See Also: COMpare, FINd Syntax: CW Displays or changes the value of the 80387 control word. The value of the control word is displayed followed by a slash. The contents can be altered by entering a new hexadecimal value. A carriage return alone will preserve the contents. Examples: ->CW CONTROL WORD = 0000H / 1324H ->CW CONTROL WORD = 1324H / <CR> See Also: R387, ST, SW, TW Syntax: DASm [addr1 [TO addr2]] [MIX] [LENgth n ] Displays a block of memory in 80386 assembly mnemonic form. The MIX qualifier causes source to be mixed in with the disassembly display. This command is identical to the U command. Examples: ->DASM //Default address is CS:EIP ->DASM CS:(EIP+5) MIX ->DASM &MAIN LEN 20 See Also: VIEw, SOUrce, USE Syntax: DECimal Sets the default input radix to decimal. Example: ->DEC See Also: BINary, HEX, OCTal, RADix Syntax: SWItch [(] expression [)] CASe constant expression: [command] . . [CASe constant expression:] [command] . . [DEFault:] [command] . . ESWitch The DEFault command is used in the SWItch command. Examples: ->MACRO TEST1 //Define a macro MD>SWITCH A MD> CASE 0: MD> B = 10H MD> BREAK MD> CASE 1: MD> B = B * B MD> BREAK MD> DEFAULT: MD> STEP 5 //Execute 5 lines MD>ESWITCH MD>EMACRO -> See Also: SWItch, CASe Syntax: There are three kinds of "DIRECTORY" commands: DIRectory MACro, DIRectory MODule, DIRectory STRucture. Please enter the command again. See Also: DISplay Syntax: DIRectory MACro Lists the names of all defined macros. Example: ->DIR MAC See Also: :, DISplay MACro, MACro, PUT, INClude, REMove MACro, EDIT, MLIst Syntax: DIRectory MODule Lists all module names and corresponding source filenames. Example: ->DIR MODULE See Also: $, SET, SOUrce, SYMbol Syntax: DIRectory STRucture Lists all structure names which have been defined or loaded. Example: ->DIR STR See Also: STRucture, DISplay STRucture Syntax: There are three kinds of "DISPLAY" commands: DISplay MACro, DISplay STRucture, DISplay TRAce. Please enter the command again. See Also: DIRectory, TRAce Syntax: DISplay MACro [macro_name [, macro_name]...] Displays all or some macro definitions. Examples: ->DIS MAC //Displays all macro definitions. ->DIS MAC AA, BB, CC //Displays macros AA, BB, CC. See Also: :, MACro, DIRectory MACro, REMove MACro, PUT, INClude, EDIT, MLIst Syntax: DISplay STRucture [structure_name [, structure_name]...] Lists the contents of the specified structures. If no structure name is specified, all structure definitions in the structure directory are listed. Examples: ->DISPLAY STRUCTURE //Lists all structure definitions. ->DIS STR STR1, STR2 See Also: STRucture, DIRectory STRucture Syntax: DISplay TRAce [LINe ] [ALL] [INStruction] [n] Displays the trace buffer. LINe and INStruction displays execution history in high level language statements and assembly language mnemonics, respectively. The default is LINe. ALL displays the entire trace buffer. n displays the last n steps. The default is ALL. Note that tracing is enabled by the TRACE command. Examples: ->DIS TRA ALL //Prints the whole trace buffer in line mode. ->DIS TRA INS 6 //Prints last 6 machine instructions. See Also: TRAce Syntax: DOUble [address] [= expression [, expression]...] [[TO] address [= expression ]] [LENgth n [= expression ]] Displays or alters memory contents in double scope. The base of two addresses that define an address range must be the same. For example, DOUBLE 200:40 TO 300:300 is invalid. Examples: ->DOUBLE 40 ->DOUBLE 100:40 TO 100:200 ->DOUBLE &double_buf LENGTH 20 ->DOUBLE DS:SI = 9.9, 8.8, 1.2+3.5 ->DOUBLE double_array LEN 100 = 0.0 See Also: BYTe, CHAr, WORd, DWOrd, FLOat, QWOrd, POInter, TREal Syntax: DOWn [n ] [HOMe] Walks down the call stack allowing access to the source and local variables of any active procedure. If no argument is specified, the stack is walked down one level. If HOMe is specified, the active scope returns to what it was before any UP or DOWN command was issued. If any execution command or command that directly changes the CS:EIP or EBP is given by the user while an UP or DOWN command is in effect, a DOWN HOME action is automatically performed before the command is executed. Examples: ->DOWN // walk down one level ->DOWN 3 // walk down three levels ->DOWN HOME // return to the initial scope See Also: UP, CALlstack, SOUrce, SYMbol Syntax: DT \[selector_expr\] [.seg_element [= expr] ] where selector_expr is an expression that computes to a 16-bit number or the name of a 16-bit register (such as TR, LDTR, CS, DS, etc.) which is interpreted as a selector; seg_element is BASe, LIMit, G, B, P, D, DPL, C, R, W, A, E, V, WCO, SOFf, SSEl, or TYPe; expr is an expression. The notations \[ and \] indicate that the square bracket pair is part of the required syntax. Displays or modifies descriptors, descriptor components or descriptor tables. The descriptor components are as follows: Name Size Description --------------------------------------------------------------- BASe 32 bits Segment base linear address LIMit 20 bits Segment limit G 1 bit Segment granularity, 0 = byte; 1 = page B 1 bit Stack pointer size, 0 = 16 bits P 1 bit Segment present, 1 = present D 1 bit Default operand lengths, 0 = 16 bits DPL 2 bits Descriptor privilege level C 1 bit Conforming segment R 1 bit Readable segment W 1 bit Writable segment A 1 bit Segment accessed E 1 bit Expand down segment V 1 bit User definable WCO 5 bits Gate dword count SOFf 32 bits Gate segment offset SSEl 16 bits Gate segment selector TYPe 5 bits Descriptor type Examples: ->DT[0CH] //Displays the descriptor referenced by a //selector value of 0CH. ->DT[cs] //Displays the descriptor referenced by cs register. ->DT[cs].base //Displays the base value of segment referenced by //cs register. ->DT[ldtr] //Displays the LDT descriptor referenced by ldtr register. ->DT[tr] //Displays the task state segment (TSS) referenced by //the TR register. See Also: GDT, IDT, LDT, TSS, PD, REGister Syntax: DWOrd [address] [= expression [, expression]...] [[TO] address [= expression ]] [LENgth n [= expression ]] Displays or alters memory contents in double word scope. The base of two addresses that define an address range must be the same. For example, DWORD 200:40 TO 300:300 is invalid. Examples: ->DWORD 40 //Display double word at address DS:40 ->DWORD 100:40 TO 100:200 ->DWORD &unsigned_long_buf LENGTH 20 ->DWORD DS:SI = 23, 234Q, 4+6, AL, 38T ->DWORD unsigned_long_array LEN 100 = 0 See Also: BYTe, CHAr, WORd, FLOat, DOUble, QWOrd, POInter, TREal Syntax: E expression EXAmine expression Opens a symbol examination window. Example: ->e *(char *)0 ->e foo See Also: ?, SYMbol, = Syntax: ED filename Invokes the editor defined in the debugger EDITOR environment variable to edit the specified file. It should be noted that editing a source file of the program being debugged can cause source line- number information to be rendered incorrect. Example: ->ED foo.c See Also: SOUrce, SET EDItor, ENV Syntax: ED MACro name Invokes the editor defined in the debugger EDITOR environment variable for the creation or editing of a macro. Note: You should not use macro names that conflict with the debugger's commands or symbol names in your program. Otherwise, the macro definitions will override them. You can execute macros by typing the macro names with or without the colon prefix. Example: ->ED MAC FOO See Also: :, MACro, DIRectory MACro, DISplay MACro, REMove MACro, PUT, INClude, MLIst, ENV, SET EDItor Syntax: EDIT filename Invokes the editor defined in the debugger EDITOR environment variable to edit the specified file. It should be noted that editing a source file of the program being debugged can cause source line- number information to be rendered incorrect. Example: ->EDIT foo.c See Also: SOUrce, SET EDItor, ENV Syntax: EDIT MACro name Invokes the editor defined in the debugger EDITOR environment variable for the creation or editing of a macro. Note: You should not use macro names that conflict with the debugger's commands or symbol names in your program. Otherwise, the macro definitions will override them. You can execute macros by typing the macro names with or without the colon prefix. Example: ->EDIT MAC FOO See Also: :, MACro, DIRectory MACro, DISplay MACro, REMove MACro, PUT, INClude, MLIst, ENV, SET EDItor Syntax: FOR [expression1-1,...];[expression2];[expression3-1,...] [command] : EFOr The EFOr command is used to terminate a FOR loop. Example: ->MACRO TEST2 //Define macro TEST2 MD>FOR (A=0,B=0; A<=0; A++) MD> C=ABC(&B, *PTR) MD> C = C >> 4 MD>EFOR MD>EMACRO See Also: FOR, EIF, EWHile, ESWitch Syntax: IF expression [command] . . [ORIf expression] [command] . . [ELSe] [command] . . EIF The EIF command is used to terminate an IF statement. Example: ->MACRO TEST1 MD>IF A>0 MD> IF B++ != 0 MD> C-- MD> ORIF B < 3 MD> D += 2 MD> EIF MD>ELSE MD> A=0 MD>EIF MD>EMACRO -> See Also: IF, EFOr, EWHIle, ESWitch Syntax: IF expression [command] . . [ORIf expression] [command] . . [ELSe] [command] . . EIF The ELSe command is used in the IF statement. Example: ->MACRO TEST1 MD>IF A>0 MD> IF B++ != 0 MD> C-- MD> ORIF B < 3 MD> D += 2 MD> EIF MD>ELSE MD> A=0 MD>EIF MD>EMACRO -> See Also: IF, ORIF, EIF Syntax: MACro macro_name [command] : EMAcro The EMAcro command is used to complete a macro definition. Example: ->MAC AA //Define macro AA MD>%0 MD>STEP %1 MD>BYT 50:3 to %2 MD>GO TIL %3 MD>EMA -> See Also: :, MACro, DIRectory MACro, DISplay MACro, REMove MACro, PUT, INClude, EDIt, MLIst Syntax: ENV [filename] ENV displays parameters of the configurable environment, and optionally allows the environment to be saved to a file. Environment parameters displayed include: BAUD = n baud rate for remote debugging PORT = n communications port number for remote debugging BARLINE = n vertical position of Source/Dialog separator bar DIALOG = n maximum depth of the dialog window HISTORY = n maximum depth of the history window TAB = n tab expansion size KEEPHEAP = n minimum start-up heap size in 4 Kbyte pages STARF = file start-up command filename COLOR = file color values file for windows EDITOR = file editor to be used for macro editing SOURCEPATH path source file search path (semicolon separated) HELPDIR dir helpfile directory TEMPDIR dir temporary file directory REGWN = win register window size and position MEMWN = win memory window size and position RTRACEWN = win run-trace window size and position CSTACKWN = win call-stack window size and position BREAKWN = win break window size and position REEVALUATE bool re-evaluate watched expressions setting SENSITIVE bool case-sensitive symbol matching setting MLIST bool macro list setting BEEP bool audible error beep setting PROLOG bool automatic prolog execution setting CRREPEAT bool command repeat on C/R setting SYMBOL bool symbolic disassembly setting CODE bool source-window object code display setting NUMBER bool source-window line-number setting MAIN bool start-debugging-at-function-main setting PAUSE bool pause-in-full-dialog-window setting MOUSE bool mouse support setting EGA bool EGA-43/VGA-50 line mode setting FLIP bool display program output during execution setting TANDEM bool dual-monitor debugging setting HOME name home window, name can be SOURCE or COMMAND RADIX base input number base setting (HEX, DEC, OCT, or BIN) <key> = string key macro definitions The start-up environment file's name can be set in the MDBENV MS-DOS environment variable. The default name is MDB.ENV. Examples: ->ENV ->ENV FOO.ENV See Also: SET, SHOW Syntax: ESCape The ESCape command stops macro processing. It is used in macro definitions to abort processing. Example: ->IF AX > 0 CD>ESCAPE //Returns to command mode. CD>ELSE CD>AX++ CD>EIF -> See Also: BREak, CONtinue, GOTo Syntax: SWItch expression CASe constant expression: [command] . . [CASe constant expression:] [command] . . [DEFault:] [command] . . ESWitch The ESWitch command is used to terminate a SWItch statement. Examples: ->MACRO TEST1 //Define a macro MD>SWITCH A MD> CASE 0: MD> B = 10H MD> BREAK MD> CASE 1: MD> B = B * B MD> BREAK MD> DEFAULT: MD> STEP 5 //Execute 5 lines MD>ESWITCH MD>EMACRO -> See Also: SWItch, EFOr, EIF, EWHile Syntax: WHIle expression [command] . . EWHile The EWHile command is used to terminate a WHIle statement. Example: ->MACRO TEST1 //Define a macro MD>WHILE A MD> STEP MD> A MD>EWHILE MD>EMACRO -> See Also: WHIle, EFOr, EIF, ESWitch Syntax: E expression Opens a symbol examination window. Example: ->e *(char *)0 ->e foo See Also: ?, SYMbol, = Syntax: EXAmine expression E expression Opens a symbol examination window. Example: ->e *(char *)0 ->e foo See Also: ?, SYMbol, = Syntax: EXIt Exits from the debugger. This command closes all opened files and deletes all temporary files that are created by the debugger. When in remote mode, unlike QUIT, EXIT causes the remote monitor to terminate. Example: ->EXIT See Also: QUIt Syntax: FINd addr1 {[TO] addr2} {"string" } {LENgth n } {expr [,expr]...} Searches the specified memory range for the specified value or string of values. Examples: ->FIN &buf[12] LEN 8192 "Copyright" ->FIN DS:100H TO DS:0FFFFH 1941,2001 See Also: COMpare, COPy Syntax: FLAg status_flag [= value] [, status_flag [= value]]... where status_flag may be: AF, CF, DF, IF, IOPL, NT, OF, PF, RF, SF, TF, VM, or ZF. Displays or alters the 80386 flags register. When a new flag value is specified, any non-zero value is treated as 1. Note that IOPL is two bits; the other flags are one bit. Examples: ->FLA //Display all flags ->CF, OF, PF //Display CF, OF, PF ->CF = 1, IF = 1, AF = 1 //Set flag value See Also: REGister Syntax: FLOat [address] [= expression [, expression]...] [[TO] address [= expression ]] [LENgth n [= expression ]] Displays or alters memory contents in float scope. The base of two addresses that define an address range must be the same. For example, FLOAT 200:40 TO 300:300 is invalid. Examples: ->FLOAT 40 ->FLOAT 100:40 TO 100:200 ->FLOAT &float_buf LENGTH 20 ->FLOAT DS:SI = 9.9, 8.8, 1.2+3.5 ->FLOAT float_array LEN 100 = 0.0 See Also: BYTe, CHAr, WORd, DWOrd, DOUble, QWOrd, POInter, TREal Syntax: FOR [expression1];[expression2];[expression3] [command] : EFOr The FOR-EFOr loop command is equivalent to: [expression1] : WHILE expression2 [command] : [expression3] : EWHILE Note: If expression2 is not specified, it is taken as TRUE. Examples: ->MACRO TEST1 //Define a macro. MD>for( a=0,b=0; a<=0; a++ ) MD> c=abc( &b, *ptr ) MD> c = c >> 4 MD> d |= b MD>efor MD>EMACRO ->MACRO TEST2 //Define a macro. MD>for(;;) MD> if( !( c = get_data() ) ) MD> break; MD> else MD> buf[i++] = c; MD> eif MD>efor MD>EMACRO ->FOR I = 0; I < 10; I++ CD> BUF[I] = 0; CD>EFOR See Also: IF, WHIle, REPeat, EFOr, MACro, INClude Syntax: FREe Displays the size of remaining free memory. In remote mode, FREe displays both the host's and target's free memory. Example: ->FRE See Also: LOAd Syntax: GDT [ \[index_expr\] [.LDT\[expr\] ] [.seg_element [= expr] ] ] where index_expr is an index into the table; seg_element is BASe, LIMit, G, B, P, D, DPL, C, R, W, A, E, V, WCO, SOFf, SSEl, or TYPe; expr is an expression. The notations \[ and \] indicate that the square bracket pair is part of the required syntax. Displays or modifies descriptors or descriptor components of the global descriptor table. The index value is the upper 13 bits of a 16-bit selector. A selector that references the GDT has bit 2 equals 0. You can obtain the corresponding table index by dividing the selector by 8. The descriptor components are as follows: Name Size Description --------------------------------------------------------------- BASe 32 bits Segment base linear address LIMit 20 bits Segment limit G 1 bit Segment granularity, 0 = byte; 1 = page B 1 bit Stack pointer size, 0 = 16 bits P 1 bit Segment present, 1 = present D 1 bit Default operand lengths, 0 = 16 bits DPL 2 bits Descriptor privilege level C 1 bit Conforming segment R 1 bit Readable segment W 1 bit Writable segment A 1 bit Segment accessed E 1 bit Expand down segment V 1 bit User definable WCO 5 bits Gate dword count SOFf 32 bits Gate segment offset SSEl 16 bits Gate segment selector TYPe 5 bits Descriptor type Examples: ->GDT //Displays all the entries in the GDT. ->GDT[1T].P=1 //Writes the present bit of GDT[1]. ->GDT[CS/8] // Displays the entry in GDT referenced by // the CS register. ->GDT[10]=GDT[5].LDT[7] //Makes one table entry the same //as another. ->GDT[7T].LDT //Displays the LDT whose descriptor is the //seventh entry in the GDT. ->GDT[7].LDT[4].LIMIT=12345H //Writes the limit field of //entry four in the LDT whose descriptor is entry //seven in the GDT. See Also: IDT, LDT, DT, TSS, PD, REGister (GDTLIM, GDTBAS) Syntax: GLObal Displays all global symbols. Example: ->GLOBAL See Also: ?, EXAmine, SYMbol, LOCal Syntax: G [FROm address] [FORever] [[TILl] address] [[TILl] RETurn [level]] [[TILl] CALl] Starts target program execution. If no argument is specified, program execution begins from the current program counter. Program execution will be halted if a breakpoint is reached. The "FROM address" parameter is used to specify the starting address for program execution. The address must be a virtual address or an offset into the current code segment. It can neither be a physical nor a linear address. If the argument is FORever, all previously specified breakpoints (see B) are disabled, and the CPU executes forever (or until the program is killed). If RETurn is specified, execution terminates after the code has returned from the specified number of levels of call nesting. The default is to return from the current procedure (i.e., 1 level). If CALl is specified, execution continues until a CALL or INT instruction is executed. Examples: ->G FROM &START FOREVER ->G TIL #40 ->G RET ->G CALL See Also: B, Step, IStep, CALlstack, LOAd, RUN Syntax: GO [FROm address] [FORever] [[TILl] address] [[TILl] RETurn [level]] [[TILl] CALl] Starts target program execution. If no argument is specified, program execution begins from the current program counter. Program execution will be halted if a breakpoint is reached. The "FROM address" parameter is used to specify the starting address for program execution. The address must be a virtual address or an offset into the current code segment. It can neither be a physical nor a linear address. If the argument is FORever, all previously specified breakpoints (see B) are disabled, and the CPU executes forever (or until the program is killed). If RETurn is specified, execution terminates after the code has returned from the specified number of levels of call nesting. The default is to return from the current procedure (i.e., 1 level). If CALl is specified, execution continues until a CALL or INT instruction is executed. Examples: ->GO FROM &START FOREVER ->GO TIL #40 ->GO RET ->GO CALL See Also: B, Step, IStep, CALlstack, LOAd, RUN Syntax: GOTo macro_label Causes program execution to be transferred to the specified macro-label. Note that GOTO command cannot be used to jump into REPEAT-UNTIL, WHILE-EWHILE, FOR-EFOR loop, or IF-EIF, SWITCH-ESWITCH block, but can be used to jump out of these loops or blocks. Examples: ->MACRO TEST1 //Define a macro. MD>a = 8; MD>aa: MD>if( c >= 999 ) MD> goto aa MD>orif( c <= 0 ) MD> goto bb MD>eif MD>bb: MD>EMACRO -> See Also: BREak, CONtinue, ESCape, MACro Syntax: HALt In remote execution mode, halts the remote program. Example: ->HALt See Also: Go, CAUse Syntax: HELp ["command_keyword"] [ command_keyword ] Shows you how to use debugger commands. If no parameter is specified, the command summary will be displayed. If a command keyword is given, the syntax and example of usage of the command will be displayed. Examples: ->HELP ->HELP GO ->HELP "BYTE" Syntax: HEX Sets the default input radix to hexadecimal. Example: ->HEX See Also: BINary, DECimal, OCTal, SHOw Syntax: IDT [ \[index_expr\] [.seg_element [= expr] ] ] where index_expr is an index into the table; seg_element is BASe, LIMit, G, B, P, D, DPL, C, R, W, A, E, V, WCO, SOFf, SSEl, or TYPe; expr is an expression. The notations \[ and \] indicate that the square bracket pair is part of the required syntax. Displays or modifies descriptors or descriptor components of the interrupt descriptor table. The descriptor components are as follows: Name Size Description --------------------------------------------------------------- BASe 32 bits Segment base linear address LIMit 20 bits Segment limit G 1 bit Segment granularity, 0 = byte; 1 = page B 1 bit Stack pointer size, 0 = 16 bits P 1 bit Segment present, 1 = present D 1 bit Default operand lengths, 0 = 16 bits DPL 2 bits Descriptor privilege level C 1 bit Conforming segment R 1 bit Readable segment W 1 bit Writable segment A 1 bit Segment accessed E 1 bit Expand down segment V 1 bit User definable WCO 5 bits Gate dword count SOFf 32 bits Gate segment offset SSEl 16 bits Gate segment selector TYPe 5 bits Descriptor type Examples: ->IDT //Displays all entries in the IDT. ->IDT[1T] //Displays the second entry in the IDT. See Also: DT, GDT, LDT, TSS, PD, REGister (IDTLIM, IDTBAS) Syntax: IF expression [command] : [ORIf expression] [command] : [ELSe] [command] : EIF If any expression is TRUE (non-zero), the commands associated with it are executed. If all of the expressions are FALSE (zero), either no action at all or the commands associated with ELSE are executed, This command can be formed by an IF-EIF, IF-ELSE-EIF, IF-ORIF-EIF, or IF-ORIF-ELSE-EIF clause. Examples: ->MACRO TESTIF //Define a macro. MD>IF A + B >= %0 MD>STEP MD>ORIF A + B < %1 MD>GO TIL %2 MD>ELSE MD>A MD>B MD>EIF MD>EMACRO ->MACRO TTT MD>if( a > 0 ) MD> if( b++ != 0 ) MD> c-- MD> d-- MD> orif( b < -3 ) MD> c >>= 2; MD> eif MD>else MD> a = 0 MD>eif MD>EMACRO -> See Also: SWItch, FOR, WHIle, REPeat, EIF, MACro, INClude Syntax: INClude filename [LISt] Execute the commands from the specified file. If LISt is specified, the commands in the command file are displayed on the console as they are being executed (default is NO LIST). This command is identical to the @ command. Examples: ->INC "INIT.MAC" LIS ->INC C:\TMP\GR1.INC See Also: MACro, JOUrnal, LISt Syntax: INPut [address =] port_no [W] [D] Reads the contents from the specified input port and displays it on the console. The contents are the data involved in the last I/O operation performed via the port. If the qualifier "W" is specified, the port is 16-bit. Otherwise, it is 8-bit. If the qualifier "D" is specified, the port is 32-bit. If an "address" is specified, the contents of the input port will be stored at the specified address. Examples: ->INPUT 20H ->INP port_index W See Also: OUTput Syntax: {IStep|IS} [INTo] [n] Execute the next n assembly-language statements (the default is one statement). The INTo parameter indicates whether to step into a procedure. Without the INTo parameter, a procedure call is treated as one step. Examples: ->istep 10 ->is See Also: GO, STEp Syntax: JOUrnal filename [KEYboard] [APPend] Creates a text file with the specified filename and records the user's entered commands into the specified file. The command file created may be used in the INClude command. If KEYboard is specified, the journal file will store all entered keystrokes, including those used in windows, rather than only the commands entered on the command line. If the specified file already exists, and the APPend qualifier is specified, then the existing file will be appended rather than over-written. This command may be disabled with the NO JOUrnal command. Example: ->JOURNAL MYDEBUG.LOG See Also: LISt, INClude, NO JOUrnal Syntax: LDT [ \[index_expr\] [.seg_element [= expr] ] ] where index_expr is an index into the table; seg_element is BASe, LIMit, G, B, P, D, DPL, C, R, W, A, E, V, WCO, SOFf, SSEl, or TYPe; expr is an expression. The notations \[ and \] indicate that the square bracket pair is part of the required syntax. Displays or modifies descriptors or descriptor components of the local descriptor tables. The index value is the upper 13 bits of a 16-bit selector. A selector that references the LDT has bit 2 equals 1. You can obtain the corresponding table index by dividing the selector by 8. The descriptor components are as follows: Name Size Description --------------------------------------------------------------- BASe 32 bits Segment base linear address LIMit 20 bits Segment limit G 1 bit Segment granularity, 0 = byte; 1 = page B 1 bit Stack pointer size, 0 = 16 bits P 1 bit Segment present, 1 = present D 1 bit Default operand lengths, 0 = 16 bits DPL 2 bits Descriptor privilege level C 1 bit Conforming segment R 1 bit Readable segment W 1 bit Writable segment A 1 bit Segment accessed E 1 bit Expand down segment V 1 bit User definable WCO 5 bits Gate dword count SOFf 32 bits Gate segment offset SSEl 16 bits Gate segment selector TYPe 5 bits Descriptor type Examples: ->LDT //Displays all entries in the LDT. ->LDT[12H] //Displays an entry in the LDT. ->LDT[CS/8] // Displays the entry in LDT referenced by // the CS register. ->LDT[2T].BASE=12345678H //Writes base field of LDT(2). See Also: DT, GDT, IDT, TSS, PD, REGister Syntax: LNE address Converts the address to a linear address. Note that the abbreviation for this command is LNE and not LIN, in order to distinguish it from the LINE command. Examples: ->LNE 0D420000HP //Converts a physical address to a linear // address, suffix P indicates a physical address. ->LNE 1444:5678 //Converts a real mode virtual address. ->LNE 170H:14H:0 //Converts a protected mode virtual address. // The leftmost field is the local descriptor table field, // the middle field is the segment selector field // the rightmost field is the offset field. See Also: PHYsical Syntax: LISt filename [APPend] Creates a text file with the specified filename and records the console display into the specified file. This command enables you to make a copy of a debugging session. If the APPend qualifier is given and the specified file already exists, then the logged data will be appended to the specified file. This command is disabled with the NO LIST command. Examples: ->LIST MYDEBUG.LOG ->NO LIS See Also: NO LISt, JOUrnal S. Syntax: LOAd filename [NOCode] [NOSource] [EXTension="string"] Loads an object file from the host into the target memory. The file must be a Phar Lap-style executable (.EXP, "flat" model) with extended CodeView debug information. If NOCode is specified, executable code is not loaded into memory; only symbol, line number and type information is loaded into the the debugger. If NOSource is specified, the source listing display feature is disabled. Normally, source file names will be determined from information contained in the object file. If this information is not present, then source file names are built from module names. The default source file name suffix is ".c"; EXTension can be used to specify an alternate source file suffix. Examples: ->LOAD MYPROG.EXP ->LOA MYPROG NOCODE ->LOAD TEST NOSOURCE NOCODE ->LOAD C:\PROG\TSTPRO EXT = "pas" See Also: RUN, RERun, RELoad, Go Syntax: LOCal Displays all active local symbols and their addresses. Example: ->LOC See Also: ?, EXAmine, GLObal, SYMbol Syntax: MACro macro_name [command] : EMAcro Defines a macro, %0 ... %9 are the formal parameters. Note: You should not use macro names that conflict with the debugger's commands or symbol names in your program. Otherwise, the macro definitions will override them. You can execute macros by typing the macro names with or without the colon prefix. Example: ->MAC AA //Define macro AA MD>%0 MD>REG %1 MD>BYT 50:3 to %2 MD>GO TIL %3 MD>EMA -> See Also: :, DIRectory MACro, DISplay MACro, REMove MACro, PUT, INClude, EDIt, MLIst Syntax: MEMory [address] Enters the memory window. If no address is specified, the last specified address will be used. Examples: ->MEM ->MEM ds:100h ->MEM big_array See Also: BYTe, CHAr, WORd, DWOrd, FLOat, DOUble, QWOrd, POInter, TREal Syntax: There are two kinds of "NO" commands, they are: NO JOUrnal, NO LISt. Please enter the command again. Syntax: NO JOUrnal Closes the journal file. Example: ->NO JOURNAL See Also: JOUrnal, LISt Syntax: NO LISt Closes the listing file. Example: ->NO LIST See Also: LISt, JOUrnal Syntax: OCTal Sets the default input radix to octal. Example: ->OCT See Also: BINary, DECimal, HEX, RADix Syntax: OPEn n = filename where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 Opens a file and associates it with a number n. The opened file may later be used in READ or WRITE commands to read/write data from/to the file. If the specified file does not exist, it will be created. Examples: ->OPEN 1 = INPUT.DAT ->OPEN 2 = OUTPUT.DAT ->READ A, B FROM 1 ->WRITE "A = ", A TO 2 See Also: CLOse, REAd, WRIte, INClude, MACro Syntax: IF expression [command] . . [ORIf expression] [command] . . [ELSe] [command] . . EIF The ORIf command is used in the IF statement. Example: ->MACRO TEST1 MD>IF A>0 MD> IF B++ != 0 MD> C-- MD> ORIF B < 3 MD> D += 2 MD> EIF MD>ELSE MD> A=0 MD>EIF MD>EMACRO -> See Also: IF, EIF, ELSE Syntax: OUTput port_no = value [W] [D] Assigns an 8-bit value to the specified output port. If the qualifier "W" is specified, a 16-bit value will be assigned. If the qualifier "D" is specified, a 32-bit value will be assigned. Examples: ->OUTPUT 20H = 0C2H ->OUT out_port_index = 1011H W ->OUT out_port_index + 6 = 10H ->OUT out_port_buf[8] = 10008000H D See Also: INPut Syntax: PD [ \[index_expr\] [.PT[ \[index_expr\] ] ] [.element [= expr] ] ] where index_expr is an index into the table; element is PTA, PFA, AVL, P, RW, US, D or A; expr is an expression. The notations \[ and \] indicate that the square bracket pair is part of the required syntax. Displays or modifies the components of a page directory or page table. PD displays all the present entries in the page directory. PT displays all the present entries in the page table corresponding to the indexed page directory. The element argument specifies a component of a page directory or page table entry. The components of page directory/page table entries are as follows: Name Size Description --------------------------------------------------------------- PTA 20 bits Page table address (in page directory) PFA 20 bits Page frame address (in page table) AVL 3 bits Available (user-defined) P 1 bit Present; P = 1 RW 1 bit Page writable; RW = 1 US 1 bit User level; US = 1, Supervisor; US = 0 D 1 bit Dirty page; D = 1 A 1 bit Page accessed; A = 1 Examples: ->PD //Displays all the present entries in the page directory. ->PD[0] //Displays the first entry in the page directory. ->PD[0].PTA //Displays the page table address of the first entry //in the page directory. ->PD[0].PT //Displays all the present entries in the page table //which is pointed to by the first entry in the page directory. ->PD[0].PT[4] //Displays the 5th entry in the first page table. ->PD[0].PT[4].A = 1 //Modifies the page access bit in the 5th entry // in the first page table. See Also: DT, GDT, IDT, LDT, TSS, REGister Syntax: PHYsical address Converts the address to a physical address. Examples: ->PHYSICAL 1234:8767 //Converts a real mode virtual //address. ->PHY 12898778HN //Converts a linear address, suffix // N indicates a linear address. ->PHY 170H:14H:0 //Converts a protected mode virtual address. // The leftmost field is the local descriptor table field, // the middle field is the segment selector field // the rightmost field is the offset field. See Also: LiNEar Syntax: POInter [address] [= expression [, expression]...] [[TO] address [= expression ]] [LENgth n [= expression ]] Displays or alters memory contents in pointer scope. The base of two addresses that define an address range must be the same. For example, POINTER 200:40 TO 300:300 is invalid. Depending on the current setting of the USE command, the offset of the pointer may be 16-bit or 32-bit. Examples: ->POI 40 ->POINTER 100:40 TO 100:200 ->POI &pointer_buf LENGTH 20 ->POINTER DS:SI = 9:6, CS:IP, SS:BP+SP ->POI pointer_array LEN 100 = 0:0 See Also: BYTe, CHAr, WORd, DWOrd, FLOat, DOUble, QWOrd, TREal Syntax: PUT filename MACro [macro_name [, macro_name]...] Writes some or all macro definitions to a specified file. Examples: ->PUT mac.inc MAC //Write all macro definitions //to the file MAC.INC ->PUT ABC.INC MAC AA,BB,CC //Write macro //definitions AA,BB, CC TO the file ABC.INC See Also: MACro, DIRectory MACro, REMove MACro, DISplay MACro, INClude, EDIt, MLIst Type PUT for help. Syntax: QUIt Exits from the debugger. This command closes all opened files and deletes all temporary files that are created by the debugger. When in remote mode, unlike EXIT, QUIT leaves the remote monitor running and ready to connect to another remote debugger invocation. Example: ->QUIT See Also: EXIt Syntax: QWOrd [address] [= expression [, expression]...] [[TO] address [= expression ]] [LENgth n [= expression ]] Displays or alters memory contents in double quad-word scope. The base of two addresses that define an address range must be the same. For example, QWORD 200:40 TO 300:300 is invalid. Examples: ->QWORD 40 //Display quad-word content of address DS:40 ->QWORD 100:40 TO 100:200 ->QWORD &unsigned_long_buf LENGTH 20 ->QWORD DS:SI = 23, 234Q, 4+6, AL, 38T ->QWORD unsigned_long_array LEN 100 = 0 See Also: BYTe, CHAr, WORd, DWOrd, FLOat, DOUble, POInter, TREal Syntax: R287 Displays 80287 status and registers. Example: ->R287 See Also: R387, REGister Syntax: R387 Displays 80387 status and registers. Example: ->R387 See Also: R287, REGister Syntax: REAd symbol [, symbol]... [FROm n] Reads in symbol values from specified file n which is opened using the OPEN command. Default is from user's terminal. Examples: ->READ a, *ptr_to_byte, array[4][3] FROM 2 ->READ struct.member, ptr_str->field See Also: WRIte, OPEn, CLOse, INClude Syntax: REGister reg_name[=expression] [, reg_name[=expression]]... reg_name:reg_name[=expression:expression] Displays or changes 80386 register values. GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTERS EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX, ESI, EDI, EBP, ESP, AX, BX, CX, DX, SI, DI, BP, SP, AH, AL, BH, BL, CH, CL, DH, DL. SEGMENT REGISTERS DS, ES, FS, GS, SS, CS. INSTRUCTION POINTER EIP, IP. STATUS REGISTERS AF, CF, DF, IF, IOPL, NT, OF, PF, RF, SF, TF, VM, ZF, EFG. SYSTEM TABLE REGISTERS GDTBAS, GDTLIM, IDTBAS, IDTLIM, LDTR, TR. CONTROL REGISTERS CR0, CR2, CR3. 80287/387 REGISTERS CW, TW, SW, ST0..ST7 Examples: ->REG //Displays current register values ->AX, BL, CH //Displays register AX, BL, AND CH ->AH=56Q, CL=101Y, IP=78t //Changes register values ->GDTLIM ->cs:ip ->AX:BL = (678 + 6) : 4445 ->CS:IP = &START See Also: DT, GDT, IDT, LDT, PD, TSS Syntax: RELoad Reloads the last program loaded, but unlike LOAd, breakpoints are not cleared. Example: ->REL See Also: LOAd, RERun, B Type REMove MACro for help. Syntax: REMove MACro [macro_name [, macro_name]...] Removes all or some macro definitions. Examples: ->REM MAC //Remove all macro definitions ->REM MAC AA, BB, CC //Remove macro AA, BB, and CC See Also: :, MACro, DIRectory MACro, DISplay MACro, INClude, EDIt, MLIst Syntax: REPeat [n] [command] : UNTil expression Executes the group of commands included between REPEAT and UNTIL, then evaluates the expression. If it is FALSE (zero), the group of commands are executed again and the expression is reevaluated. The loop continues until the termination condition is satisfied, i.e. the expression becomes TRUE (non-zero) or has looped n times if n is specified. Examples: ->MACRO test1 //Define a macro that MD>REPEAT %0 //at most repeats %0 times. MD>A1 = A1 / 2. MD>B = ROUTINE( A ) //Call routine, return value to B MD>UNTIL B == %1 //Break if B equals to %1 MD>EMACRO -> See Also: UNTil, IF, FOR, WHIle, MACro, INClude Syntax: RERun Restarts a program with the same arguments as the last RUN. Breakpoints remain in effect. Example: ->RER See Also: RUN, LOAd, RELoad, Go, B Syntax: RESet Resets the processor registers to initial system values. Example: ->RESET See Also: REGister Syntax: RUN [command_line] Specify command-line arguments for a program and execute, reloading if necessary. Examples: ->RUN ->RUN one two three ->RUN "-z /tmp/foo.*" See Also: RERun, LOAd, Go Syntax: STEp [n] S The abbreviated forms of the STEP command are STE and S. STEP causes the program to execute n statements before breaking. If n is not specified, the default is 1. Examples: ->STEP 10 // Execute 10 program instructions. ->STE // Execute one instruction only. ->S // Execute one instruction only. ->S 5 // Execute 5 instructions. See Also: ISTEp, STEp INto, Go, RUN, LOAd Syntax: SCReen Displays the user's application output screen when using the same display for both debugger and application. Example: ->SCR Syntax: SET $module_name = filename SET parameter [ON ] [OFF ] [number] [string] The first form of the command associates the specified file to the specified module name. The specified file is treated as the source listing file for the specified module. SET is also used to set debugger configuration parameters. Valid parameters include BEEP, CODE, CRREPEAT, EDITOR, EGA, FLIP, HELPDIR, HOME, KEEPHEAP, MAIN, MLIST, MOUSE, NUMBER, PAUSE, PROLOG, RADIX, REEVALUATE, SENSITIVE, SOURCEPATH, SYMBOL, TAB, TANDEM, TEMPDIR, and VERIFY. Please see HELP for the SET command of interest (e.g., HELP SET BEEP). Examples: ->SET $MAIN = START.C //Default is MAIN.C ->SET $MEMORY = STORAGE.C //Default is MEMORY.C ->SET BEEP OFF See Also: SOUrce, DIRectory MODule, SHOw Syntax: SET BEEp [ON] [OFF] Enables or disables the error beeper. The error beeper is enabled by default. Examples: ->SET BEEP ON ->SET BEEP OFF See Also: ENV, SHOw Syntax: SET CODe [ON ] [OFF] Enables or disables hex code display during code disassembly for both the source window and the command line. Disabling hex code display allows other windows to overlap the right side of the source window without completely obscuring useful disassembly information. Examples: ->SET COD ON ->SET COD OFF See Also: DASm, SOUrce, SET NUMber, VIEw, SHOw, ENV Syntax: SET CPP [ON] [OFF] Enables or disables C++ code debugging. With CPP ON, C++ names are unmangled, and variables are in member functions are accessed as if they are local. Examples: ->SET CPP ON ->SET CPP OFF Syntax: SET CRRepeat [ON ] [OFF] Enables or disables command repeating on C/R. If enabled, the Enter key will repeat the last execution, disassembly, or memory display command from the point where the last command left off. Otherwise, Enter does nothing. CRRepeat is enabled by default. Example: ->SET CRR ON See Also: ENV, SHOw Syntax: SET EDItor filename Specify an editor to be used for editing macros and arbitrary files. Examples: ->SET EDITOR vi See Also: EDIt, ENV, SHOw Syntax: SET EGA [ON ] [OFF] Enable or disable EGA-43 line or VGA-50 line display mode. This mode is disabled by default. Examples: ->SET EGA ON ->SET EGA OFF See Also: ENV, SHOw Syntax: SET FLIp [ON ] [OFF] Enables or disables the status of application output during application execution. If disabled, output from the program being debugged is not displayed until explicitly requested via the SCReen (user- screen display) command. If enabled, the output from the program being debugged is displayed whenever it is executing. This may cause a flicker effect during single-step operation. FLIP is enabled by default. The flip mode will be enabled whenever a monochrome display is detected and when EGA mode is enabled. It should not be disabled when debugging graphics applications or other applications which write directly to video RAM. Example: ->SET FLIP OFF See Also: ENV, SHOw, SET EGA Syntax: SET HELpdir directory Specifies the directory containing the help files. Examples: ->SET HELP /usr/local/debug See Also: HELp, ENV, SHOw Syntax: SET HOMe [COMmand] [SOUrce ] Sets the default window from which commands are issued and to which commands return after execution. COMmand specifies the command-line, and SOUrce specifies the source window as the home base. The source window is the default home base, but the default may be changed in the environment file. Examples: ->SET HOM SOU // issue commands from the source window ->SET HOM COM // issue commands from the command-line See Also: SOUrce, ENV, SHOw Syntax: SET KEEpheap number_of_pages Sets the minimum initial heap size for a program in pages of 4 Kbytes. The default is 2 pages. Normally, programs will grow their heap at run-time for dynamic memory allocation. If your program is built with the assumption that a large heap will be available at start-up, you may use this command to reserve the amount of memory necessary for your heap. Example: ->SET KEEP 10 // reserve 10 pages (40 Kbytes) of program heap space See Also: LOAd, ENV, SHOw Syntax: SET MAIn [ON ] [OFF] Enables or disables starting at the function main() rather than in the start-up initialiaztion code. This is enabled by default. Examples: ->SET MAIN OFF See Also: ENV, SHOw Syntax: SET MLIst [ON ] [OFF] Causes the macro bodies to be displayed on the console as the macros are expanded. The SET MLIST OFF command may be used to disable this command. On start up the default is MLIST OFF. Example: ->SET MLI ON See Also: ENV, SHOw, MACro, LISt, INClude Syntax: SET MOUse [ON ] [OFF] Enables or disables mouse support. If a mouse driver is detected, MOUSE defaults to ON, otherwise MOUSE defaults to OFF. If mouse support conflicts with your application's mouse usage or with that of another resident program, you may wish to set MOUSE OFF. Example: ->SET MOUSE OFF See Also: ENV, SHOw Syntax: SET NUMber [ON ] [OFF] Enables or disables the displaying of line numbers in the source window. Line numbers are displayed by default. Examples: ->SET NUM ON ->SET NUM OFF See Also: ENV, SHOw, #, VIEw, B, Go Syntax: SET PAUse [ON] [OFF] Enables or disables the scrolling of the display in the dialog window. When PAUse ON is in effect, the display will stop if the display lines fill up the dialog window. The display will continue to scroll after any key is pressed. PAUse OFF turns off the effect such that the display will continue scrolling without any pause. The default is PAUse ON. PAUse OFF is needed if the debugging session must be run unattended using a command file. PAUse without any parameter will display the current setting. Examples: ->SET PAUse //Displays current setting. ->SET PAU OFF //No pause during text scrolling. See Also: ENV, SHOw, WAIt, INClude, LISt Syntax: SET PROlog [ON ] [OFF] Enables or disables automatic prolog execution. If enabled, function prolog code will be automatically executed whenever the function is entered via Go or Step. PROLOG is enabled by default. Example: ->SET PRO OFF See Also: ENV, SHOw, Go, Step, B Syntax: SET RADix [HEXadecimal] [DECimal ] [OCTal ] [BINary ] Sets the default input radix. Initially, the radix is decimal. Examples: ->SET RAD HEX // Sets radix to hexadecimal See Also: BINary, DECimal, HEX, OCTal, ENV, SHOw Syntax: SET REEvaluate [ON ] [OFF] Enables or disables expression reevaluation for the EXAmine command and the Symbol:Examine window. If enabled, examined expressions are reevaluated every time that the value of an expression may have changed. Otherwise, the expressions are evaluated only once and the address of the resulting lvalues are watched for a change of contents. By default, REEvaluate is OFF. As an example, consider examining the expression foo[i] when i = 3. With REEvaluate ON, when i changes, a different element of foo will be displayed. With REEvaluate OFF, a change in i will have no effect, and foo[3] will still be displayed. Examples: ->SET REEVAL ON // reevaluate watched lvalues See Also: ENV, SHOw, EXAmine Syntax: SET SENsitive [ON ] [OFF] Enables or disables case sensitivity in matching symbol names. If SENsitive is off, symbolic reference will be case insensitive. If SENsitive is on, symbolic reference will be case sensitive. The default setting is SENsitive OFF. Examples: ->SET SEN ON //Makes symbolic reference case sensitive. ->SET SEN OFF //Makes symbolic reference case insensitive. See Also: ?, SYMbol, ENV, SHOw Syntax: SET SOUrcepath [=] [[drive:]path [; [drive:]path]...] Sets the search path for source files. Source files are always searched for in the current directory first. A semicolon may be used to separate the directories. Examples: ->SET SOU c:\proj1\src;d:\proj2\src See Also: SOUrce, DIRectory MODule, SET, ENV, SHOw Syntax: SET SYMbol [ON ] [OFF] Enables or disables the display of symbolic addresses in disassembly listings. The default is SYMbol ON. Examples: ->SET SYM ON See Also: DASm, VIEw, ENV, SHOw Syntax: SET TAB size Sets tab-stops for source in the Source window. The default is 4. Examples: ->SET TAB 8 See Also: SOUrce, ENV, SHOw Syntax: SET TANdem [ON ] [OFF] Enables or disables dual-monitor debugging. When enabled, the debugger's output goes to one monitor while the application's output goes to the other. This feature requires both a color and a monochrome monitor. The default is TANDEM OFF, and TANDEM is disabled for remote debugging. Example: ->SET TANDEM ON See Also: SCReen, SET FLIp Syntax: SET TEMpdir directory Specifies the directory used for storage of temporary files. Examples: ->SET TEMP c:\tmp See Also: ENV, SHOw Syntax: SET VERify [ON ] [OFF] Enables or disables the verification of memory segment accesses. Examples: ->SET VER ON ->SET VER OFF See Also: BYTe, CHAr, WORd, DWOrd, FLOat, DOUble, QWOrd, POInter, TREal, ENV, SHOw Syntax: SHOw [parameter] Shows the current status of configuration parameters. If no parameter is specified, SHOW will list the values of all configuration parameters. Valid parameters include BEEP, CODE, CRREPEAT, EDITOR, EGA, FLIP, HELPDIR, HOME, KEEPHEAP, MAIN, MLIST, MOUSE, NUMBER, PAUSE, PROLOG, RADIX, REEVALUATE, SENSITIVE, SOURCEPATH, SYMBOL, TAB, TANDEM, TEMPDIR, and VERIFY. Examples: ->SHO ->SHOW BEEP See Also: SET, ENV Syntax: SOUrce [address ] [$module_name] ["filename" ] Enters the source window for the specified address, module, or file. Examples: ->SOU RFREE ->SOU #16 ->SOU CS:100H ->SOU $MAIN ->SOU "prog.c" See Also: DIRectory MODule, SET, SPAth, VIEw, NUMber, # Syntax: STn where n = 0 to 7. Displays or updates the 80387 stack elements and the corresponding tag words. The value of the stack element is first displayed as a treal number. It can be altered by entering a new value. A carriage return will preserve the contents. If a carriage return is entered, the stack element is once again displayed, but this time it is displayed as ten hexadecimal values. It can be altered by entering a new set of ten hexadecimal values. A carriage return will preserve the contents. Next, the tag word that corresponds to the stack element is displayed. It can be altered by entering a new value. A carriage return will preserve the contents. Examples: ->ST4 ST(4) = 0./ <CR> ST(4) = 00H 00H 00H 00H 00H 00H 00H 00H 00H 00H / 0F1H,0FFH,0F7H,98H,00H,56H,43H,69H,8AH,7CH TAG(4) = 3 / 0 ->ST3 ST(3) = 7.8 / 0.0 TAG(3) = 0 / 3 See Also: CW, R387, SW, TW Syntax: STEp [INto] [n] S The abbreviated forms of the STEP command are STE and S. STEp causes the program to execute n statements before halting for debugging purposes. If a statement contains a call to a procedure, the entire process of procedure entry and procedure return is treated as one statement. STEp INto will step into the called procedure. If n is not specified, the default is 1, which allows single-statement debugging. Examples: ->S 10 // Execute 10 statements and stop. ->S // Execute one statement and stop. ->S IN // Step into the called procedure. See Also: IStep, Go, B, RUN, LOAd Syntax: STEp INto [n] S INto The abbreviated forms of the STEP command are STE and S. STEP causes the program to execute n statements before halting for debugging purposes. If n is not specified, the default is 1, which allows single-statement debugging. Calls are stepped into. Examples: ->STEP INTO 10 // Execute 10 statements and stop. ->S IN // Execute one statement and stop. See Also: Go, Step, IStep, B, RUN, LOAd Syntax: STRucture structure_name \{ {data_type} field_name [, field_name]... {<symbol> } : : \} Defines a data structure. Example: ->STR STRTYP { STR>WORD AA, BB, CC STR>CHAR *P_TO_CHAR, CHAR_ARRAY[7][8] STR>LONG *LL[6], (*FF)[5] STR>STR STRTYP *LINK STR><AA> ZZ STR>} -> See Also: DIRectory STRucture, DISplay STRucture, SYMbol, TYPe Syntax: SW Displays or changes the value of the 80387 status word. The value of the status word is displayed followed by a slash. The contents can be altered by entering a new hexadecimal value. A carriage return will preserve the contents. Examples: ->SW STATUS WORD = 0000H / 1324H ->SW STATUS WORD = 1324H / <CR> See Also: CW, R387, ST, TW Syntax: SWItch expression CASe constant_expression : [command] : [CASe constant_expression : ] [command] : [DEFault : ] [command] : ESWitch A multi-way decision maker that tests whether an expression matches one of a number of constant values, and branches accordingly. If none is matched, control flow is branched to the DEFAULT case. After having executed the group of commands associated with the matched case, control flow falls through to the next CASE/DEFAULT unless a BREAK command is encountered. The BREAK command causes an immediate exit from the SWITCH. Examples: ->MACRO TEST1 //Define a macro. MD>SWITCH A MD> CASE 0 : MD> B = 10 MD> BREAK MD> CASE 1 : MD> B = B * B MD> BREAK MD> DEFAULT: MD> STEP 5 MD>ESWITCH MD>EMACRO -> See Also: ESWitch, IF, FOR, WHIle, REPeat, MACro, INClude Syntax: SYMbol [GLObal ] [LOCal ] [$module_name] [symbol_name ] [address ] ["reg_exp" ] Displays symbol declarations and controls the display of symbols in disassembly. If GLOBAL is specified, only the global symbols are displayed. Likewise, if LOCal is specified, only the currently active local symbols are displayed. If a module name is specified, the symbols belonging to the specified module are displayed. If a symbol name is specified, the declaration for that symbol is displayed. If an address is specified, the global symbol with the closest matching address is displayed. If a string is specified, the symbols matching the regular expression in quotes will be displayed. Examples: ->SYMBOL ->SYM GLO ->SYM LOC ->SYM $MODULE_AA ->SYM main ->SYM CS:100H ->SYM "i38[67]" See Also: ?, TYPe, STRucture Syntax: TIMe Displays the current time and date. Example: ->TIME Syntax: TRAce [ON ] [OFF] Enables or disables data collection in the trace buffer during program execution. Examples: ->TRA ->TRA ON ->TRA OFF See Also: DISplay TRAce Syntax: TREal [address] [= expression [, expression]...] [[TO] address [= expression ]] [LENgth n [= expression ]] Displays or alters memory contents in treal scope. The base of two addresses that define an address range must be the same. For example, TREAL 200:40 TO 300:300 is invalid. Examples: ->TRE 40 ->TREAL 100:40 TO 100:200 ->TRE &REAL LENGTH 20 ->TREAL DS:SI = 8.8, 3.5+1, 0.0 ->TRE pointer_to_treal LEN 100 = 0:0 See Also: FLOat, DOUble Syntax: TSS [ \[selector_expr\] [.tss_element [=expr] ] ] where selector_expr is an expression that computes to a 16-bit number or the name of the TR register which is interpreted as a selector; tss_element is LINk, {[E]SP|SS}{0|1|2}, or a register; expr is an expression. The notations \[ and \] indicate that the square bracket pair is part of the required syntax. Displays or modifies the contents of a task state segment. TSS descriptors may reside only in the GDT. A selector that references a TSS descriptor in the GDT has bit 2 equals 0. If you know the GDT entry index which contains the TSS descriptor, you can obtain the corresponding selector by multiplying the index by 8. Example: ->TSS //Displays the current TSS. ->TSS[TR] //Displays the current TSS. Same as TSS. ->TSS[31t*8] //Displays the TSS whose descriptor is at GDT[31t]. ->TSS[31t*8].eax //Displays the EAX field of the TSS whose descriptor //is at GDT[31t]. ->TSS[8].LINK=6890 //Modifies the link field of the TSS //whose descriptor is at GDT[1]. See Also: DT, GDT, IDT, LDT, PD, REGister Syntax: TYPe {data_type} symbol [, symbol]... [AT address] {<symbol> } Declares or redefines symbols. The data type can be BYTe, CHAr, WORd, SHOrt, DWOrd, LONg, INTeger, FLOat, DOUble, TREal, or a STRuct. Note that QWOrd is not supported in this command. The <...> construct can be used to declare the variable to be of the same type as the variable enclosed in the <...> pair. If no AT address is specified, the symbol uses internal debugger memory. If a POInter is declared, the size of offset, 16-bit or 32-bit, depends on the setting of the USE or WIDth command. Examples: ->TYPE long *ptr_to_long, long_buf[8] at &buf ->TYPE CHAR CH1, CH2[3][4], (*CH3)[7] ->TYPE struct str_aa str1, *str2, str3[7] at &str_buf ->TYPE <yy> xx AT 200:10 ->type char $m##pro#a, ##pp#b, #c at 8:9 See Also: SYMbol, STRucture Syntax: TW Displays or changes the value of the 80387 tag word. The value of the tag word is displayed followed by a slash. The contents can be altered by entering a new hexadecimal value. A carriage return will preserve the contents. Examples: ->TW TAG WORD = 0000H / 0FFFFH ->TW TAG WORD = FFFFH / <CR> See Also: CW, R387, ST, SW Syntax: U [addr1 [TO addr2]] [MIX] [LENgth n] Displays a block of memory in 80386 assembly mnemonic form. The MIX qualifier causes source to be mixed in with the disassembly display. This command is identical to the DASM command. Examples: ->U //Default address is CS:EIP ->U CS:(EIP+5) MIX ->U &MAIN LEN 20 See Also: VIEw, SOUrce, USE Syntax: REPeat [n] [command] : UNTil expression The UNTil command is used to terminate a REPeat loop. Example: ->MACRO test1 //Define a macro that MD>REPEAT %0 //at most repeats %0 times. MD>A1 = A1 / 2. MD>B = ROUTINE( A ) //Call routine, return value to B MD>UNTIL B == %1 //Break if B equals to %1 MD>EMACRO -> See Also: REPeat, WHIle, FOR, IF Syntax: UP [n] Walks up the call stack allowing access to the source and local variables of any active procedure. If no argument is specified, the stack is walked up one level. If any execution command or command that directly changes the CS:EIP or EBP is given by the user while an UP or DOWN command is in effect, a DOWN HOME action is automatically performed before the command is executed. Examples: ->UP // walk up one level ->UP 3 // walk up three levels See Also: DOWn, CALlstack, SOUrce, SYMbol Syntax: USE [16] [32] Displays or modifies the default setting for disassembling code. This setting causes the debugger to (1) assume 16-bit or 32-bit code when disassembling code from linear or physical addresses using the DASM command, (2) assume 16-bit or 32-bit offset when handling POInter type, (3) assume 16-bit or 32-bit offset when a symbol is declared as pointer type using the TYPE command. This command is identical to the WIDTH command. Examples: ->USE 16 //Sets to 16-bit code. ->USE //Displays the current setting. See Also: DASm, TYPe, STRucture, POInter Syntax: VERsion Displays the debugger version number. Example: ->VER Syntax: VIEw [HL ] [ASM] [MIX] Displays or modifies the mode of source line display in the source window. HL sets the source window to display high level language source statements only. ASM sets the source window to display assembly language mnemonics only. MIX sets the source window to display high level language source statements interleaved with assembly language mnemonics. If no parameter is specified, it displays the current display mode of the source window. Example: ->VIEW //Displays current setting. ->VIEW MIX //Displays high level source and assembly. See Also: SOUrce, NUMber, # Syntax: VIRtual address Converts an address to a virtual address. Example: ->VIRtual 0D420000P //Convert a physical address ->VIR 12898778 //Convert a linear address See Also: LiNEar, PHYsical Syntax: WAIt [message] Stops command processing and optionally displays a message. Pressing any key will resume command processing. The WAIt command is useful in command files for demonstrations or interactive automated testing. Examples: ->WAIT ->WAI "start the target now" See Also: SET PAUse, INClude, WRIte Syntax: WHIle expression [command] : EWHile In the WHILE-EWHILE loop command, the expression is evaluated first. If it is TRUE (non-zero), the group of commands listed between WHILE and EWHILE are executed and the expression is evaluated again. This loop is repeated until the expression becomes FALSE (zero). Examples: ->MACRO TEST1 //Define a macro. MD>WHILE NOT_ZERO MD>STEP //Single line. MD>NOT_ZERO //Display NOT_ZERO value. MD>EWHILE MD>EMACRO -> See Also: WHile, REPeat, FOR, IF, SWItch, MACro, INClude Syntax: WIDth [16]