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-
- Chord Structure:
-
- Chords are often a great mystery to musicians and of special interest to
- guitarists because eventually every guitarist ends up playing a lot of them,
- whereas a trumpet player for instance, never plays one. A chord is simply a
- combination of single notes often called a "formula". There is no end of
- formulas one could come up with, and so naming them all with descriptive
- names would be quite a task. However, over the centuries attempts have been
- made to categorize different formulas and give them names. Understand from
- the start that the names for chord formulas that have come to be accepted are
- only barely descriptive. Besides that, most teaching on the subject of
- intervals and chord structure is confusing, and on top of all that, different
- "authorities" disagree on the spacing of some intervals. The simplified
- explanation below should take you a long way.
-
- A little encouragement at this point. The following may seem a little
- boring at first glance, but it is crucial and becomes very interesting when
- you understand it. There's really not much to it and without it you will
- NEVER understand music to any reasonable degree. With it, music will become
- like a whole new subject. From here to the end of this file, is some of the
- most enlightening music theory you will ever learn.
-
- First, keep in mind that the notes are spaced as follows:
-
- A# C# D# F# G#
- A -- B C -- D -- E F -- G -- A
- Bb Db Eb Gb Ab
-
- To understand the formula for each chord name, one must consider the
- major scale. That is:
-
-
- Do Re Mi Fa So La Ti Do (Sounds boring, right? Keep going...)
-
-
- To play the major scale starting at any note, it must be played with the
- following intervals:
-
-
- Do * Re * Mi Fa * So * La * Ti Do
-
- or:
-
- 1 * 2 * 3 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 8
-
-
- Each number or asterisk represents a fret on the guitar. What this
- means is that you must skip a fret between certain notes, but not others.
- Forget about "Do, Re, Mi" now and just consider the numbers. From 1 to 2 is
- called an "interval". From 1 to 2 is a distance of two semitones (there is
- a fret between 1 and 2). Notice that 3 and 4 are right next to each other
- and likewise 7 and 8. The rest have frets between them. Therefore, it is a
- greater distance from 1 to 2 than it is from 3 to 4. Try playing a major
- scale starting at the second string, (next to the thinnest string) pressing
- the first fret (C). Call this note number 1. Next, play the second note of
- the scale in the third fret, and then continue following the number pattern
- above until you reach the end of the scale. You should end up at the 13th
- fret which is the next C and exactly one octave from the note you started
- with. You have just played a C major scale.
-
- So what does this have to do with chords? It's simple really. The
- different chord formulas are simply different number combinations based on
- the major scale. The most basic chord for instance is a major chord (major
- triad), which is any combination of the first, third and fifth notes of the
- major scale. If you are reading this file in Text View, you might want to
- stop at this point and minimize Text View so you can press the scale button
- on the toolbar to take a look at the major scales. (You will have to use the
- main program's minimize button to find Text View's icon again. It might be
- easier to print this file.)
-
- So, a C major chord is made up of any combination of C, E and G (1, 3
- and 5 from the C major scale). If you display a C major chord, you'll find
- that every alternative is a different combination of these three notes.
- Notice the formula for the selected chord is listed to the right of the
- fingerboard diagram and the "voicing" for each alternative is listed just
- below it. Number "1" is also referred to as the "root" of the chord. Now
- display an E minor chord. Notice the formula is R b3 5. Now look at the E
- major scale on the side of the screen. The root is E, a flatted 3 is G
- natural, and 5 is B. Knowing these number combinations is actually more
- important and descriptive than the names of the categories. For instance,
- calling a chord a "C7" doesn't reveal a lot about the structure, but knowing
- the formula is 1 3 5 b7, starting with C, is much more useful. (You need to
- know the names though.)
-
-
- Inversions:
-
- A chord is said to be "inverted" if a note other than the root is on the
- bottom of the chord.
-
- Consider the following chord:
-
- C major G (5th)
- E (3rd)
- C (Root)
-
- This chord is in "root position" because the root is on the bottom. If
- the root were to be placed on the top and the 3rd was left on the bottom,
- then we would say the chord has been inverted once and therefore called the
- "first inversion":
-
- C major C (Root)
- (1st inversion) G (5th)
- E (3rd)
-
- If now the 3rd were to be placed on the top and the 5th left on the
- bottom, we would say the chord has been inverted twice, so we have a second
- inversion:
-
- C major E (3rd)
- (2nd inversion) C (Root)
- G (5th)
-
- As with many of the terms used in music, the word "inverted" is not
- ideal. The chord was not really inverted by the usual definition of the
- word, that is, the chord was not turned upside down. Also, keep in mind that
- the example given demonstrates the strictest definition of the term
- "inversion" as used in music. It is generally used in reference to the
- bottom note only--the rest of the notes above can be in any order. The
- following two chords would both be called C major, 2nd inversion:
-
- E (3rd) C (Root)
- C (Root) E (3rd)
- G (5th) G (5th)
-
- One might wonder if this is important. Actually, it is very useful.
- Consider the following sequence of chords:
-
- C G Am C
-
- If each of these chords is played in root position, the bottom note of
- each chord produces the following bass line:
-
- C G A C
-
- It sounds pleasant enough, but is nothing special. However, playing the
- same chords making use of inversions can produce a more melodic bass line.
-
- Using the following:
-
- C (root position)
- G (1st inversion)
- Am (root position)
- C (2nd inversion)
-
- produces a descending scale (C B A G) which sounds much more interesting. To
- play this example, use the following chords from the database:
-
- C major (first alternative)
- G major (first alternative)
- A minor (first alternative, skipping the sixth string and using the 5th
- as the bottom note)
- C major (2nd alternative)
-
- Study the structure of every chord you play. Gradually, you'll begin to
- see how useful this knowledge is.