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- Macau
- (overseas territory of Portugal)
- Geography
- Total area: 16 km2; land area: 16 km2
-
- Comparative area: about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC
-
- Land boundary: 0.34 km with China
-
- Coastline: 40 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 6 nm
-
- Disputes: scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region of China
- in 1999
-
- Climate: subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers
-
- Terrain: generally flat
-
- Natural resources: negligible
-
- Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and
- pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 100% other
-
- Environment: essentially urban; one causeway and one bridge connect
- the two islands to the peninsula on mainland
-
- Note: 27 km west southwest of Hong Kong on the southeast coast of
- China
-
- People
- Population: 441,691 (July 1990), growth rate 1.1% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 16 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 75 years male, 79 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Macanese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Macau
-
- Ethnic divisions: 95% Chinese, 3% Portuguese, 2% other
-
- Religion: mainly Buddhist; 17,000 Roman Catholics, of whom about half are
- Chinese
-
- Language: Portuguese (official); Cantonese is the language of
- commerce
-
- Literacy: almost 100% among Portuguese and Macanese; no data on Chinese
- population
-
- Labor force: 180,000 (1986)
-
- Organized labor: none
-
- Government
- Long-form name: none
-
- Type: overseas territory of Portugal; scheduled to revert to China
- in 1999
-
- Capital: Macau
-
- Administrative divisions: 2 districts (concelhos, singular--concelho);
- Ilhas, Macau
-
- Independence: none (territory of Portugal); Portugal signed an agreement
- with China on 13 April 1987 to return Macau to China on 20 December 1999; in the
- joint declaration, China promises to respect Macau's existing social and
- economic systems and lifestyle for 50 years after transition
-
- Constitution: 17 February 1976, Organic Law of Macau
-
- Legal system: Portuguese civil law system
-
- National holiday: Day of Portugal, 10 June
-
- Executive branch: president of Portugal, governor, Consultative Council,
- (cabinet)
-
- Legislative branch: Legislative Assembly
-
- Judicial branch: Supreme Court
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State--President (of Portugal) Mario Alberto SOARES (since
- 9 March 1986);
-
- Head of Government--Governor Carlos MELANCIA (since 3 July 1987)
-
- Political parties and leaders: Association to Defend the Interests of
- Macau; Macau Democratic Center; Group to Study the Development of Macau; Macau
- Independent Group
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 18
-
- Elections:
- Legislative Assembly--last held on 9 November 1988 (next to be
- held November 1991);
- results--percent of vote by party NA;
- seats--(17 total; 6 elected by universal suffrage, 6 by indirect
- suffrage) number of seats by party NA
-
- Other political or pressure groups: wealthy Macanese and Chinese
- representing local interests, wealthy pro-Communist merchants representing
- China's interests; in January 1967 the Macau Government acceded to Chinese
- demands that gave China veto power over administration
-
- Member of: Multifiber Agreement
-
- Diplomatic representation: as Chinese territory under Portuguese
- administration, Macanese interests in the US are represented by Portugal;
- US--the US has no offices in Macau and US interests are monitored
- by the US Consulate General in Hong Kong
-
- Flag: the flag of Portugal is used
-
- Economy
- Overview: The economy is based largely on tourism (including
- gambling), and textile and fireworks manufacturing. Efforts to diversify have
- spawned other small industries--toys, artificial flowers, and electronics.
- The tourist sector has accounted for roughly 25% of GDP, and the clothing
- industry has provided about two-thirds of export earnings. Macau depends on
- China for most of its food, fresh water, and energy imports. Japan and Hong Kong
- are the main suppliers of raw materials and capital goods.
-
- GDP: $2.7 billion, per capita $6,300; real growth rate 5% (1989 est.)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.5% (1989)
-
- Unemployment rate: 2% (1989 est.)
-
- Budget: revenues $305 million; expenditures $298 million, including
- capital expenditures of $NA (1989)
-
- Exports: $1.7 billion (1989 est.); commodities--textiles, clothing,
- toys;
- partners--US 33%, Hong Kong 15%, FRG 12%, France 10% (1987)
-
- Imports: $1.6 billion (1989 est.); commodities--raw materials,
- foodstuffs, capital goods;
- partners--Hong Kong 39%, China 21%, Japan 10% (1987)
-
- External debt: $91 million (1985)
-
- Industrial production: NA
-
- Electricity: 179,000 kW capacity; 485 million kWh produced,
- 1,110 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: clothing, textiles, toys, plastic products, furniture, tourism
-
- Agriculture: rice, vegetables; food shortages--rice, vegetables, meat;
- depends mostly on imports for food requirements
-
- Aid: none
-
- Currency: pataca (plural--patacas); 1 pataca (P) = 100 avos
-
- Exchange rates: patacas (P) per US$1--8.03 (1989), 8.044 (1988),
- 7.993 (1987), 8.029 (1986), 8.045 (1985); note--linked to the Hong Kong dollar
- at the rate of 1.03 patacas per Hong Kong dollar
-
- Fiscal year: calendar year
-
- Communications
- Highways: 42 km paved
-
- Ports: Macau
-
- Civil air: no major transport aircraft
-
- Airports: none; 1 seaplane station
-
- Telecommunications: fairly modern communication facilities maintained for
- domestic and international services; 52,000 telephones; stations--4 AM, 3 FM,
- no TV; 75,000 radio receivers (est.); international high-frequency radio
- communication facility; access to international communications carriers provided
- via Hong Kong and China; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
-
- Defense Forces
- Military manpower: males 15-49, 166,956; 93,221 fit for military service
-
- Note: defense is responsibility of Portugal
- .pa
- Madagascar
- Geography
- Total area: 587,040 km2; land area: 581,540 km2
-
- Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Arizona
-
- Land boundaries: none
-
- Coastline: 4,828 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Exclusive fishing zone: 150 nm;
-
- Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 12 nm
-
- Disputes: claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands,
- Juan de Nova Island, and Tromelin Island (all administered by France)
-
- Climate: tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south
-
- Terrain: narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in center
-
- Natural resources: graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt,
- quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish
-
- Land use: 4% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 58% meadows and
- pastures; 26% forest and woodland; 11% other; includes 2% irrigated
-
- Environment: subject to periodic cyclones; deforestation; overgrazing;
- soil erosion; desertification
-
- Note: world's fourth-largest island; strategic location
- along Mozambique Channel
-
- People
- Population: 11,800,524 (July 1990), growth rate 3.2% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 47 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 97 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 50 years male, 54 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 6.9 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Malagasy (sing. and pl.); adjective--Malagasy
-
- Ethnic divisions: basic split between highlanders of predominantly
- Malayo-Indonesian origin (Merina 1,643,000 and related Betsileo 760,000) on the
- one hand and coastal tribes, collectively termed the Cotiers, with mixed
- African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry (Betsimisaraka 941,000, Tsimihety
- 442,000, Antaisaka 415,000, Sakalava 375,000), on the other; there are also
- 11,000 European French, 5,000 Indians of French nationality, and 5,000 Creoles
-
- Religion: 52% indigenous beliefs; about 41% Christian, 7% Muslim
-
- Language: French and Malagasy (official)
-
- Literacy: 67.5%
-
- Labor force: 4,900,000; 90% nonsalaried family workers engaged in
- subsistence agriculture; 175,000 wage earners--26% agriculture, 17% domestic
- service, 15% industry, 14% commerce, 11% construction, 9% services,
- 6% transportation, 2% other; 51% of population of working age (1985)
-
- Organized labor: 4% of labor force
-
- Government
- Long-form name: Democratic Republic of Madagascar
-
- Type: republic
-
- Capital: Antananarivo
-
- Administrative divisions: 6 provinces (plural--NA, singular--faritanin);
- Antananarivo, Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa, Mahajanga, Toamasina, Toliara
-
- Independence: 26 June 1960 (from France; formerly Malagasy Republic)
-
- Constitution: 21 December 1975
-
- Legal system: based on French civil law system and traditional Malagasy
- law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
-
- National holiday: Independence Day, 26 June (1960)
-
- Executive branch: president, Supreme Council of the Revolution,
- prime minister, Council of Ministers
-
- Legislative branch: unicameral Popular National Assembly (Assemblee
- Nationale Populaire)
-
- Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme), High Constitutional
- Court (Haute Cour Constitutionnelle)
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State--President Adm. Didier RATSIRAKA (since 15 June 1975);
-
- Head of Government--Prime Minister Lt. Col. Victor RAMAHATRA (since
- 12 February 1988)
-
- Political parties and leaders: seven parties are now allowed limited
- political activity under the national front and are represented on the Supreme
- Revolutionary Council: Advance Guard of the Malagasy Revolution (AREMA), Didier
- Ratsiraka; Congress Party for Malagasy Independence (AKFM);
- Congress Party for Malagasy Independence-Revival (AKFM-R), Pastor Richard
- Andriamanjato; Movement for National Unity (VONJY), Dr. Marojama Razanabahiny;
- Malagasy Christian Democratic Union (UDECMA), Norbert Andriamorasata; Militants
- for the Establishment of a Proletarian Regime (MFM), Manandafy Rakotonirina;
- National Movement for the Independence of Madagascar (MONIMA), Monja Jaona;
- Socialist Organization Monima (VSM, an offshoot of MONIMA), Tsihozony
- Maharanga
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 18
-
- Elections:
- President--last held on 12 March 1989 (next to be held March 1996);
- results--Didier Ratsiraka (AREMA) 62%, Manandafy Rakotonirina (MFM/MFT)
- 20%, Dr. Jerome Marojama Razanabahiny (VONJY) 15%, Monja Jaona
- (MONIMA) 3%;
-
- People's National Assembly--last held on 28 May 1989 (next to
- be held May 1994);
- results--AREMA 88.2%, MFM 5.1%, AKFM 3.7%, VONJY 2.2%, others 0.8%;
- seats--(137 total) AREMA 120, MFM 7, AKFM 5, VONJY 4, MONIMA 1,
- independent 1
-
- Communists: Communist party of virtually no importance; small and vocal
- group of Communists has gained strong position in leadership of AKFM, the rank
- and file of which is non-Communist
-
- Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, EAMA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
- IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU,
- OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
-
- Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Pierrot Jocelyn RAJAONARIVELO;
- Chancery at 2374 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202)
- 265-5525 or 5526; there is a Malagasy Consulate General in New York;
- US--Ambassador Howard K. WALKER; Embassy at 14 and 16 Rue Rainitovo,
- Antsahavola, Antananarivo (mailing address is B. P. 620, Antananarivo);
- telephone 212-57, 209-56, 200-89, 207-18
-
- Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a vertical
- white band of the same width on hoist side
-
- Economy
- Overview: Madagascar is one of the poorest countries in the world.
- During the period 1980-85 it had a population growth of 3% a year and
- a - 0.4% GDP growth rate. Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is
- the mainstay of the economy, accounting for over 40% of GDP, employing about
- 85% of the labor force, and contributing more than 70% to export earnings.
- Industry is confined to the processing of agricultural products and textile
- manufacturing; in 1988 it contributed only 16% to GDP and employed 3% of the
- labor force. Industrial development has been hampered by government policies
- that have restricted imports of equipment and spare parts and put strict
- controls on foreign-owned enterprises. In 1986 the government introduced a
- five-year development plan that stresses self-sufficiency in food (mainly rice)
- by 1990, increased production for exports, and reduced energy imports.
-
- GDP: $1.7 billion, per capita $155; real growth rate 2.2% (1988)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 17.0% (1988)
-
- Unemployment rate: NA%
-
- Budget: revenues $337 million; expenditures $245 million, including
- capital expenditures of $163 million (1988)
-
- Exports: $284 million (f.o.b., 1988);
- commodities--coffee 45%, vanilla 15%, cloves 11%, sugar, petroleum
- products; partners--France, Japan, Italy, FRG, US
-
- Imports: $319 million (f.o.b., 1988);
- commodities--intermediate manufactures 30%, capital goods 28%,
- petroleum 15%, consumer goods 14%, food 13%; partners--France, FRG, UK,
- other EC, US
-
- External debt: $3.6 billion (1989)
-
- Industrial production: growth rate - 3.9 % (1988)
-
- Electricity: 119,000 kW capacity; 430 million kWh produced,
- 40 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: agricultural processing (meat canneries, soap factories,
- brewery, tanneries, sugar refining), light consumer goods industries (textiles,
- glassware), cement, automobile assembly plant, paper, petroleum
-
- Agriculture: accounts for 40% of GDP; cash crops--coffee, vanilla,
- sugarcane, cloves, cocoa; food crops--rice, cassava, beans, bananas, peanuts;
- cattle raising widespread; not self-sufficient in rice and wheat flour
-
- Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild
- varieties) used mostly for domestic consumption
-
- Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $118 million; Western
- (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $2.6 billion;
- Communist countries (1970-88), $491 million
-
- Currency: Malagasy franc (plural--francs);
- 1 Malagasy franc (FMG) = 100 centimes
-
- Exchange rates: Malagasy francs (FMG) per US$1--1,531.0 (January 1990),
- 1603.4 (1989), 1,407.1 (1988), 1,069.2 (1987), 676.3 (1986), 662.5 (1985)
-
- Fiscal year: calendar year
-
- Communications
- Railroads: 1,020 km 1.000-meter gauge
-
- Highways: 40,000 km total; 4,694 km paved, 811 km crushed stone, gravel,
- or stabilized soil, 34,495 km improved and unimproved earth (est.)
-
- Inland waterways: of local importance only; isolated streams and small
- portions of Canal des Pangalanes
-
- Ports: Toamasina, Antsiranana, Mahajanga, Toliara
-
- Merchant marine: 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 58,126
- GRT/79,420 DWT; includes 8 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum,
- oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas
-
- Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
-
- Airports: 147 total, 115 usable; 30 with permanent-surface runways;
- none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 43 with
- runways 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Telecommunications: above average system includes open-wire lines, coaxial
- cables, radio relay, and troposcatter links; submarine cable to Bahrain;
- satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT;
- over 38,200 telephones; stations--14 AM, 1 FM, 7 (30 repeaters) TV
-
- Defense Forces
- Branches: Popular Army, Aeronaval Forces (includes Navy and Air Force),
- paramilitary Gendarmerie
-
- Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,550,775; 1,519,084 fit for military
- service; 116,438 reach military age (20) annually
-
- Defense expenditures: 2.2% of GDP, or $37 million (1989 est.)
- .pa
- Malawi
- Geography
- Total area: 118,480 km2; land area: 94,080 km2
-
- Comparative area: slightly larger than Pennsylvania
-
- Land boundaries: 2,881 km total; Mozambique 1,569 km, Tanzania 475 km,
- Zambia 837 km
-
- Coastline: none--landlocked
-
- Maritime claims: none--landlocked
-
- Disputes: dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa
- (Lake Malawi)
-
- Climate: tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to
- November)
-
- Terrain: narrow elongated plateau with rolling plains, rounded hills,
- some mountains
-
- Natural resources: limestone; unexploited deposits of uranium, coal,
- and bauxite
-
- Land use: 25% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 20% meadows and
- pastures; 50% forest and woodland; 5% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
-
- Environment: deforestation
-
- Note: landlocked
-
- People
- Population: 9,157,528 (July 1990), growth rate 1.8% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 52 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 18 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: - 16 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 130 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 48 years male, 50 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 7.7 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Malawian(s); adjective--Malawian
-
- Ethnic divisions: Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuko, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni,
- Ngonde, Asian, European
-
- Religion: 55% Protestant, 20% Roman Catholic, 20% Muslim; traditional
- indigenous beliefs are also practiced
-
- Language: English and Chichewa (official); other languages important
- regionally
-
- Literacy: 41.2%
-
- Labor force: 428,000 wage earners; 43% agriculture, 16% manufacturing,
- 15% personal services, 9% commerce, 7% construction, 4% miscellaneous services,
- 6% other permanently employed (1986)
-
- Organized labor: small minority of wage earners are unionized
-
- Note: there are 800,000 Mozambican refugees in Malawi (1989 est.)
-
- Government
- Long-form name: Republic of Malawi
-
- Type: one-party state
-
- Capital: Lilongwe
-
- Administrative divisions: 24 districts; Blantyre, Chikwawa, Chiradzulu,
- Chitipa, Dedza, Dowa, Karonga, Kasungu, Kasupe, Lilongwe, Mangochi, Mchinji,
- Mulanje, Mwanza, Mzimba, Ncheu, Nkhata Bay, Nkhota Kota, Nsanje, Ntchisi,
- Rumphi, Salima, Thyolo, Zomba
-
- Independence: 6 July 1964 (from UK; formerly Nyasaland)
-
- Constitution: 6 July 1964; republished as amended January 1974
-
- Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; judicial
- review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not accepted
- compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
-
- National holiday: Independence Day, 6 July (1964)
-
- Executive branch: president, Cabinet
-
- Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly
-
- Judicial branch: High Court, Supreme Court of Appeal
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State and Head of Government--President Dr. Hastings Kamuzu
- BANDA (since 6 July 1966; sworn in as President for Life 6 July 1971)
-
- Political parties and leaders: only party--Malawi Congress Party
- (MCP), Maxwell Pashane, administrative secretary; John Tembo, treasurer
- general; top party position of secretary general vacant since 1983
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 21
-
- Elections:
- President--President Banda sworn in as President for Life on
- 6 July 1971;
-
- National Assembly--last held 27-28 May 1987 (next to be held
- by May 1992);
- results--MCP is the only party;
- seats--(133 total, 112 elected) MCP 133
-
- Communists: no Communist party
-
- Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, Commonwealth, EC (associated member), FAO,
- G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO,
- ITU, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
-
- Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Robert B. MBAYA; Chancery at
- 2408 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 797-1007;
- US--Ambassador George A. TRAIL, III; Embassy in new capital city
- development area, address NA (mailing address is P. O. Box 30016, Lilongwe);
- telephone 730-166
-
- Flag: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green with a
- radiant, rising, red sun centered in the black band; similar to the flag of
- Afghanistan which is longer and has the national coat of arms superimposed on
- the hoist side of the black and red bands
-
- Economy
- Overview: A landlocked country, Malawi ranks among the world's least
- developed with a per capita GDP of $180. The economy is predominately
- agricultural and operates under a relatively free enterprise
- environment, with about 90% of the population living in rural areas.
- Agriculture accounts for 40% of GDP and 90% of export revenues. After
- two years of weak performance, economic growth improved significantly
- in 1988 as a result of good weather and a broadly based economic
- adjustment effort by the government. The closure of traditional trade
- routes through Mozambique continues to be a constraint on the economy.
-
- GDP: $1.4 billion, per capita $180; growth rate 3.6% (1988)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 31.5% (1988)
-
- Unemployment rate: NA%
-
- Budget: revenues $246 million; expenditures $390 million, including
- capital expenditures of $97 million (FY88 est.)
-
- Exports: $292 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--tobacco,
- tea, sugar, coffee, peanuts; partners--US, UK, Zambia, South Africa, FRG
-
- Imports: $402 million (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--food,
- petroleum, semimanufactures, consumer goods, transportation equipment;
- partners--South Africa, Japan, US, UK, Zimbabwe
-
- External debt: $1.4 billion (December 1989 est.)
-
- Industrial production: growth rate 6.4% (1988)
-
- Electricity: 181,000 kW capacity; 535 million kWh produced,
- 60 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: agricultural processing (tea, tobacco, sugar), sawmilling,
- cement, consumer goods
-
- Agriculture: accounts for 40% of GDP; cash crops--tobacco,
- sugarcane, cotton, tea, and corn; subsistence crops--potatoes, cassava,
- sorghum, pulses; livestock--cattle and goats
-
-
- Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $182 million; Western
- (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.8 billion
-
- Currency: Malawian kwacha (plural--kwacha);
- 1 Malawian kwacha (MK) = 100 tambala
-
- Exchange rates: Malawian kwacha (MK) per US$1--2.6793 (January 1990),
- 2.7595 (1989), 2.5613 (1988), 2.2087 (1987), 1.8611 (1986), 1.7191 (1985)
-
- Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
-
- Communications
- Railroads: 789 km 1.067-meter gauge
-
- Highways: 13,135 km total; 2,364 km paved; 251 km crushed stone, gravel,
- or stabilized soil; 10,520 km earth and improved earth
-
- Inland waterways: Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi); Shire River, 144 km
-
- Ports: Chipoka, Monkey Bay, Nkhata Bay, and Nkotakota--all on Lake
- Nyasa (Lake Malawi)
-
- Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
-
- Airports: 48 total, 47 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways;
- none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with
- runways 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Telecommunications: fair system of open-wire lines, radio relay links, and
- radio communication stations; 36,800 telephones; stations--8 AM, 4 FM, no TV;
- satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
-
- Note: a majority of exports would normally go through Mozambique on the
- Beira or Nacala railroads, but now most go through South Africa because of
- insurgent activity and damage to rail lines
-
- Defense Forces
- Branches: Army, Army Air Wing, Army Naval Detachment, paramilitary
- Police Mobile Force Unit, paramilitary Young Pioneers
-
- Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,904,445; 967,032 fit for military
- service
-
- Defense expenditures: 1.6% of GDP, or $22 million (1989 est.)
- .pa
- Malaysia
- Geography
- Total area: 329,750 km2; land area: 328,550 km2
-
- Comparative area: slightly larger than New Mexico
-
- Land boundaries: 2,669 km total; Brunei 381 km, Indonesia 1,782,
- Thailand 506 km
-
- Coastline: 4,675 km total (2,068 km Peninsular Malaysia,
- 2,607 km East Malaysia)
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation,
- specified boundary in the South China Sea;
-
- Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
-
- Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 12 nm
-
- Disputes: involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with
- China, Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam; state of Sabah claimed by the
- Philippines; Brunei may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient that divides
- Brunei into two parts
-
- Climate: tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast
- (October to February) monsoons
-
- Terrain: coastal plains rising to hills and mountains
-
- Natural resources: tin, crude oil, timber, copper, iron ore,
- natural gas, bauxite
-
- Land use: 3% arable land; 10% permanent crops; NEGL% meadows and
- pastures; 63% forest and woodland; 24% other; includes 1% irrigated
-
- Environment: subject to flooding; air and water pollution
-
- Note: strategic location along Strait of Malacca and southern
- South China Sea
-
- People
- Population: 17,510,546 (July 1990), growth rate 2.3% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 29 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 30 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 71 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 3.5 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Malaysian(s); adjective--Malaysian
-
- Ethnic divisions: 59% Malay and other indigenous, 32% Chinese, 9% Indian
-
- Religion: Peninsular Malaysia--Malays nearly all Muslim, Chinese
- predominantly Buddhists, Indians predominantly Hindu; Sabah--38% Muslim,
- 17% Christian, 45% other; Sarawak--35% tribal religion, 24% Buddhist and
- Confucianist, 20% Muslim, 16% Christian, 5% other
-
- Language: Peninsular Malaysia--Malay (official); English, Chinese
- dialects, Tamil; Sabah--English, Malay, numerous tribal dialects, Mandarin and
- Hakka dialects predominate among Chinese; Sarawak--English, Malay, Mandarin,
- numerous tribal languages
-
- Literacy: 65.0% overall, age 20 and up; Peninsular Malaysia--80%;
- Sabah--60%; Sarawak--60%
-
- Labor force: 6,800,000; 30.8% agriculture, 17% manufacturing,
- 13.6% government, 5.8% construction, 4.3% finance, 3.4% business services,
- transport and communications, 0.6% mining, 24.5% other (1989 est.)
-
- Organized labor: 660,000, 10% of total labor force (1988)
-
- Government
- Long-form name: none
-
- Type: Federation of Malaysia formed 9 July 1963; constitutional monarchy
- nominally headed by the paramount ruler (king) and a bicameral Parliament
- composed of a 58-member Senate and a 177-member House of Representatives;
- Peninsular Malaysian states--hereditary rulers in all but Penang and Melaka,
- where governors are appointed by Malaysian Government; powers of state
- governments are limited by federal Constitution; Sabah--self-governing state,
- holds 20 seats in House of Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense,
- internal security, and other powers delegated to federal government;
- Sarawak--self-governing state within Malaysia, holds 24 seats in House of
- Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and
- other powers delegated to federal government
-
- Capital: Kuala Lumpur
-
- Administrative divisions: 13 states (negeri-negeri, singular--negeri) and
- 2 federal territories* (wilayah-wilayah persekutuan,
- singular--wilayah persekutuan); Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Labuan*, Melaka,
- Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau Pinang, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor,
- Terengganu, Wilayah Persekutuan*
-
- Independence: 31 August 1957 (from UK)
-
- Constitution: 31 August 1957, amended 16 September 1963 when
- Federation of Malaya became Federation of Malaysia
-
- Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative
- acts in the Supreme Court at request of supreme head of the federation; has not
- accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
-
- National holiday: National Day, 31 August (1957)
-
- Executive branch: paramount ruler, deputy paramount ruler, prime minister,
- deputy prime minister, Cabinet
-
- Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Parlimen) consists of an
- upper house or Senate (Dewan Negara) and a lower house or House of
- Representatives (Dewan Rakyat)
-
- Judicial branch: Supreme Court
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State--Paramount Ruler AZLAN Muhibbuddin Shah ibni Sultan
- Yusof Izzudin (since 26 April 1989); Deputy Paramount Ruler JA'AFAR ibni Abdul
- Rahman (since 26 April 1989);
-
- Head of Government--Prime Minister Dr. MAHATHIR bin Mohamad (since
- 16 July 1981); Deputy Prime Minister Abdul GHAFAR Baba (since 7 May 1986)
-
- Political parties and leaders: Peninsular
- Malaysia--National Front, a confederation of 14 political parties
- dominated by United Malays National Organization Baru (UMNO Baru),
- Mahathir bin Mohamad; Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), Ling Liong Sik;
- Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia, Datuk Lim Keng Yaik; Malaysian Indian Congress
- (MIC), Datuk Samy Vellu;
-
- Sabah--Berjaya Party, Datuk Haji Mohamed Noor Mansoor; Bersatu Sabah
- (PBS), Joseph Pairin Kitingan; United Sabah National Organizaton (USNO),
- Tun Datuk Mustapha;
-
- Sarawak--coalition Sarawak National Front composed of the Party
- Pesaka Bumiputra Bersatu (PBB), Datuk Patinggi Tan Sri Haji Abdul Taib
- Mahmud; Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP), Datuk Amar Stephen Yong
- Kuat Tze; Sarawak National Party (SNAP), Datuk James Wong; Parti Bansa
- Dayak Sarawak (PBDS), Datuk Leo Moggie; major opposition parties are
- Democratic Action Party (DAP), Lim Kit Siang and Pan-Malaysian Islamic
- Party (PAS), Fadzil Noor
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 21
-
- Elections:
- House of Representatives--last held 2-3 August 1986 (next to be held
- by August 1991);
- results--National Front 57.4%, DAP 20.8%, PAS 15.6%, independents 3.3%,
- others 2.9%; note--within the National Front, UMNO got 35% and MCA
- 14% of the vote;
- seats--(177 total) National Front 148, DAP 24, PAS 1, independents 4;
- note--within the National Front, UMNO got 83 seats and MCA 17 seats
-
- Communists: Peninsular Malaysia--about 1,000 armed insurgents on
- Thailand side of international boundary and about 200 full time inside
- Malaysia surrendered on 2 December 1989; only about 100 Communist
- insurgents remain in North Kalimantan and Sabah
-
- Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Association of Tin Producing Countries,
- CCC, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
- IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC,
- ITC, ITU, NAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
-
- Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Albert S. TALALLA; Chancery at
- 2401 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-2700;
- there are Malaysian Consulates General in Los Angeles and New York;
- US--Ambassador Paul M. CLEVELAND; Embassy at 376 Jalan Tun Razak,
- 50400 Kuala Lumpur (mailing address is P. O. Box No. 10035, 50700 Kuala Lumpur);
- telephone ╒6σ (03) 248-9011
-
- Flag: fourteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with
- white (bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing
- a yellow crescent and a yellow fourteen-pointed star; the crescent and the star
- are traditional symbols of Islam; the design was based on the flag of the US
-
- Economy
- Overview: In 1988-89 booming exports helped Malaysia continue to recover
- from the severe 1985-86 recession. Real output grew by 8.7% in 1988 and
- about 7.7% in 1989, helped by vigorous growth in manufacturing output and
- further increases in foreign direct investment, particularly from
- Japanese and Taiwanese firms facing higher costs at home. Malaysia has
- become the world's third-largest producer of semiconductor devices
- (after the US and Japan) and the world's largest exporter of semiconductor
- devices. Inflation remained low as unemployment stood at about 8% of
- the labor force and as the government followed prudent fiscal/monetary
- policies. The country is not self-sufficient in food, and a majority
- of the rural population subsists at the poverty level. Malaysia's
- high export dependence (merchandise exports are 63% of GDP) leaves
- it vulnerable to a recession in the OECD countries or a fall in
- world commodity prices.
-
- GDP: $37.9 billion, per capita $2,270; real growth rate 7.7% (1989 est.)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.6% (1989 est.)
-
- Unemployment rate: 7.9% (1989 est.)
-
- Budget: revenues $8.8 billion; expenditures $11.2 billion, including
- capital expenditures of $2.5 billion (1989 est.)
-
- Exports: $24 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--natural
- rubber, palm oil, tin, timber, petroleum, electronics, light manufactures;
- partners--Singapore, Japan, USSR, EC, Australia, US
-
- Imports: $20 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--food, crude
- oil, consumer goods, intermediate goods, capital equipment, chemicals;
- partners--Japan, Singapore, FRG, UK, Thailand, China, Australia, US
-
- External debt: $16.3 billion (1989 est.)
-
- Industrial production: growth rate 13.6% (1988)
-
- Electricity: 5,600,000 kW capacity; 16,500 million kWh produced,
- 990 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: Peninsular Malaysia--rubber and oil palm processing and
- manufacturing, light manufacturing industry, electronics, tin mining and
- smelting, logging and processing timber; Sabah--logging, petroleum production;
- Sarawak--agriculture processing, petroleum production and refining, logging
-
- Agriculture: Peninsular Malaysia--natural rubber, palm oil, rice;
- Sabah--mainly subsistence; main crops--rubber, timber, coconut, rice;
- Sarawak--main crops--rubber, timber, pepper; there is a deficit of rice
- in all areas; fish catch of 608,000 metric tons in 1987
-
- Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-84), $170 million; Western
- (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $3.8 billion;
- OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $42 million
-
- Currency: ringgit (plural--ringgits); 1 ringgit (M$) = 100 sen
-
- Exchange rates: ringgits (M$) per US$1--2.7038 (January 1990),
- 2.7087 (1989), 2.6188 (1988), 2.5196 (1987), 2.5814 (1986), 2.4830 (1985)
-
- Fiscal year: calendar year
-
- Communications
- Railroads: Peninsular Malaysia--1,665 km 1.04-meter gauge; 13 km double
- track, government owned; Sabah--136 km 1.000-meter gauge
-
- Highways: Peninsular Malaysia--23,600 km (19,352 km hard surfaced, mostly
- bituminous-surface treatment, and 4,248 km unpaved); Sabah--3,782 km;
- Sarawak--1,644 km
-
- Inland waterways: Peninsular Malaysia--3,209 km; Sabah--1,569 km;
- Sarawak--2,518 km
-
- Ports: Tanjong, Kidurong, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Pasir Gudang, Penang,
- Port Kelang, Sandakan, Tawau
-
- Merchant marine: 159 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,525,635
- GRT/2,216,215 DWT; includes 2 short-sea passenger, 71 cargo, 21 container,
- 2 vehicle carrier, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 livestock carrier, 28 petroleum,
- oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 6 liquefied gas,
- 1 specialized tanker, 1 passenger-cargo, 22 bulk, 1 passenger
-
- Civil air: 53 major transport aircraft
-
- Pipelines: crude oil, 1,307 km; natural gas, 379 km
-
- Airports: 126 total, 121 usable; 32 with permanent-surface runways;
- none with runways over 3,659 m; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 19 with
- runways 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Telecommunications: good intercity service provided to peninsular Malaysia
- mainly by microwave relay, adequate intercity radio relay network between Sabah
- and Sarawak via Brunei; international service good; good coverage by radio and
- television broadcasts; 994,860 telephones (1984); stations--28 AM, 3 FM, 33 TV;
- submarine cables extend to India and Sarawak; SEACOM submarine cable links to
- Hong Kong and Singapore; satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and
- 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 2 domestic
-
- Defense Forces
- Branches: Royal Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy, Royal Malaysian Air
- Force, Royal Malaysian Police Force
-
- Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,499,495; 2,744,743 fit for military
- service; 178,923 reach military age (21) annually
-
- Defense expenditures: 3.8% of GDP, or $1.4 billion (1990 est.)
- .pa
- Maldives
- Geography
- Total area: 300 km2; land area: 300 km2
-
- Comparative area: slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
-
- Land boundaries: none
-
- Coastline: 644 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Exclusive fishing zone: about 100 nm (defined by geographic
- coordinates);
-
- Extended economic zone: 37-310 nm (segment of zone coincides with
- maritime boundary with India);
-
- Territorial sea: 12 nm
-
- Climate: tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to
- March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)
-
- Terrain: flat with elevations only as high as 2.5 meters
-
- Natural resources: fish
-
- Land use: 10% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 3% meadows and pastures;
- 3% forest and woodland; 84% other
-
- Environment: 1,200 coral islands grouped into 19 atolls
-
- Note: archipelago of strategic location astride and along
- major sea lanes in Indian Ocean
-
- People
- Population: 217,945 (July 1990), growth rate 3.7% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 46 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 76 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 60 years male, 65 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 6.6 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Maldivian(s); adjective--Maldivian
-
- Ethnic divisions: admixtures of Sinhalese, Dravidian, Arab, and black
-
- Religion: Sunni Muslim
-
- Language: Divehi (dialect of Sinhala; script derived from Arabic); English
- spoken by most government officials
-
- Literacy: 36%
-
- Labor force: 66,000 (est.); 80% engaged in fishing industry
-
- Organized labor: none
-
- Government
- Long-form name: Republic of Maldives
-
- Type: republic
-
- Capital: Male
-
- Administrative divisions: 19 district (atolls); Aliff, Baa, Daalu, Faafu,
- Gaafu
- Aliff, Gaafu Daalu, Haa Aliff, Haa Daalu, Kaafu, Laamu, Laviyani, Meemu,
- Naviyani, Noonu, Raa, Seenu, Shaviyani, Thaa, Waavu
-
- Independence: 26 July 1965 (from UK)
-
- Constitution: 4 June 1964
-
- Legal system: based on Islamic law with admixtures of English common law
- primarily in commercial matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
-
- National holiday: Independence Day, 26 July (1965)
-
- Executive branch: president, Cabinet
-
- Legislative branch: unicameral Citizens' Council (Majlis)
-
- Judicial branch: High Court
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State and Head of Government--President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM
- (since since 11 November 1978)
-
- Political parties and leaders: no organized political parties; country
- governed by the Didi clan for the past eight centuries
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 21
-
- Elections:
- President--last held 23 September 1988 (next to be held September
- 1994);
- results--President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom reelected;
-
- Citizens' Council--last held on 7 December 1984 (next to be held
- 7 December 1989);
- results--percent of vote NA;
- seats--(48 total, 40 elected)
-
- Communists: negligible
-
- Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth (special member), ESCAP, FAO,
- G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
- IFC, IMF, IMO, ITU, NAM, OIC, SAARC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
-
- Diplomatic representation: Maldives does not maintain an embassy
- in the US, but does have a UN mission in New York;
- US--the US Ambassador to Sri Lanka is accredited to Maldives and
- makes periodic visits there; US Consular Agency, Mahduedurage, Violet
- Magu, Henveru, Male; telephone 2581
-
- Flag: red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a vertical
- white crescent; the closed side of the crescent is on the hoist side of the flag
-
- Economy
- Overview: The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and shipping.
- Agriculture is limited to the production of a few subsistence crops that provide
- only 10% of food requirements. Fishing is the largest industry, employing 80%
- of the work force and accounting for over 60% of exports; it is also an
- important source of government revenue. During the 1980s tourism has become one
- of the most important and highest growth sectors of the economy. In 1988
- industry accounted for about 14% of GDP. Real GDP is officially
- estimated to have increased by about 10% annually during the period
- 1974-86, and GDP estimates for 1988 show a further growth of 9% on
- the strength of a record fish catch and an improved tourist season.
-
- GDP: $136 million, per capita $670; real growth rate 9.2% (1988)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14% (1988 est.)
-
- Unemployment rate: NA%
-
- Budget: revenues $51 million; expenditures $50 million, including
- capital expenditures of $25 million (1988 est.)
-
- Exports: $47.0 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--fish 57%,
- clothing 39%; partners--Thailand, Western Europe, Sri Lanka
-
- Imports: $90.0 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.); commodities--
- intermediate and capital goods 47%, consumer goods 42%, petroleum products 11%;
- partners--Japan, Western Europe, Thailand
-
- External debt: $70 million (December 1988)
-
- Industrial production: growth rate 3.9% (1988 est.)
-
- Electricity: 5,000 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced,
- 50 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: fishing and fish processing, tourism, shipping, boat
- building, some coconut processing, garments, woven mats, coir (rope),
- handicrafts
-
- Agriculture: accounts for almost 30% of GDP (including fishing);
- fishing more important than farming; limited production of coconuts, corn,
- sweet potatoes; most staple foods must be imported
-
- Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $28 million; Western
- (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $84 million;
- OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $14 million
-
- Currency: rufiyaa (plural--rufiyaa); 1 rufiyaa (Rf) = 100 laaris
-
- Exchange rates: rufiyaa (Rf) per US$1--9.3043 (January 1990),
- 9.0408 (1989), 8.7846 (1988), 9.2230 (1987), 7.1507 (1986), 7.0981 (1985)
-
- Fiscal year: calendar year
-
- Communications
- Highways: Male has 9.6 km of coral highways within the city
-
- Ports: Male, Gan
-
- Merchant marine: 16 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 70,066
- GRT/112,480 DWT; includes 12 cargo, 1 container, 1 petroleum, oils, and
- lubricants (POL) tanker, 2 bulk
-
- Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
-
- Airports: 2 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
-
- Telecommunications: minimal domestic and international facilities;
- 2,325 telephones; stations--2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth
- station
-
- Defense Forces
- Branches: no military force
-
- Military manpower: males 15-49, 49,261; 27,519 fit for military
- service
-
- Defense expenditures: $1.8 million (1984 est.)
- .pa
- Mali
- Geography
- Total area: 1,240,000 km2; land area: 1,220,000 km2
-
- Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Texas
-
- Land boundaries: 7,243 km total; Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina 1,000 km,
- Guinea 858 km, Ivory Coast 532 km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal
- 419 km
-
- Coastline: none--landlocked
-
- Maritime claims: none--landlocked
-
- Disputes: the disputed international boundary between Burkina and Mali was
- submitted to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in October 1983 and the
- ICJ issued its final ruling in December 1986, which both sides agreed to accept;
- Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary demarcation, including
- the tripoint with Niger
-
- Climate: subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy,
- humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February
-
- Terrain: mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna
- in south, rugged hills in northeast
-
- Natural resources: gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone,
- uranium; bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known
- but not exploited
-
- Land use: 2% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 25% meadows and
- pastures; 7% forest and woodland; 66% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
-
- Environment: hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons;
- desertification
-
- Note: landlocked
-
- People
- Population: 8,142,373 (July 1990), growth rate 2.3% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 51 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 21 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: - 7 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 116 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 45 years male, 47 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 7.1 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Malian(s); adjective--Malian
-
- Ethnic divisions: 50% Mande (Bambara, Malinke, Sarakole), 17% Peul, 12%
- Voltaic, 6% Songhai, 5% Tuareg and Moor, 10% other
-
- Religion: 90% Muslim, 9% indigenous beliefs, 1% Christian
-
- Language: French (official); Bambara spoken by about 80% of the
- population; numerous African languages
-
- Literacy: 18%
-
- Labor force: 2,666,000 (1986 est.); 80% agriculture, 19% services,
- 1% industry and commerce (1981); 50% of population of working age (1985)
-
- Organized labor: National Union of Malian Workers (UNTM) is umbrella
- organization for over 13 national unions
-
- Government
- Long-form name: Republic of Mali
-
- Type: republic; single-party constitutional government
-
- Capital: Bamako
-
- Administrative divisions: 7 regions (regions, singular--region); Gao,
- Kayes, Koulikoro, Mopti, Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou; note--there may be a new
- capital district of Bamako
-
- Independence: 22 September 1960 (from France; formerly French Sudan)
-
- Constitution: 2 June 1974, effective 19 June 1979; amended September 1981
- and March 1985
-
- Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial
- review of legislative acts in Constitutional Section of Court of State; has not
- accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
-
- National holiday: Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic,
- 22 September (1960)
-
- Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
-
- Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemble Nationale)
-
- Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State and Head of Government--President Gen. Moussa TRAORE
- (since 6 December 1968)
-
- Political parties and leaders: only party--Democratic Union of
- Malian People (UDPM)
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 21
-
- Elections:
- President--last held on 9 June 1985 (next to be held June 1991);
- results--General Moussa Traore was reelected without opposition;
-
- National Assembly--last held on 26 June 1988 (next to be held June
- 1991); results--UDPM is the only party; seats--(82 total) UDPM 82
-
- Communists: a few Communists and some sympathizers (no legal Communist
- party)
-
- Member of: ACP, AfDB, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
- IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
- INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, NAM, Niger River Commission, OAU,
- OIC, OMVS (Organization for the Development of the Senegal River
- Valley), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO,
-
- Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Alhousseyni TOURE; Chancery
- at 2130 R Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-2249 or
- 939-8950;
- US--Ambassador Robert M. PRINGLE; Embassy at Rue Testard and
- Rue Mohamed V., Bamako (mailing address is B. P. 34, Bamako); telephone 225834
-
- Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and
- red; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
-
- Economy
- Overview: Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with about
- 80% of its land area desert or semidesert. Economic activity is largely
- confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About 10% of the
- population lives as nomads and some 80% of the labor force is engaged in
- agriculture and fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on
- processing farm commodities.
-
- GDP: $1.94 billion, per capita $220; real growth rate - 0.9% (1988 est.)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% (1987)
-
- Unemployment rate: NA%
-
- Budget: revenues $338 million; expenditures $559 million, including
- capital expenditures of $NA (1987)
-
- Exports: $260 million (f.o.b., 1987); commodities--livestock,
- peanuts, dried fish, cotton, skins; partners--mostly franc zone and
- Western Europe
-
- Imports: $493 million (f.o.b., 1987); commodities--textiles,
- vehicles, petroleum products, machinery, sugar, cereals; partners--mostly
- franc zone and Western Europe
-
- External debt: $2.1 billion (December 1988 est.)
-
- Industrial production: growth rate NA%
-
- Electricity: 92,000 kW capacity; 165 million kWh produced,
- 20 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: small local consumer goods and processing, construction,
- phosphate, gold, fishing
-
- Agriculture: accounts for 50% of GDP; most production based on small
- subsistence farms; cotton and livestock products account for over 70% of
- exports; other crops--millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts;
- livestock--cattle, sheep, and goats
-
- Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $313 million; Western
- (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $2.4 billion;
- OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $92 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
- $190 million
-
- Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural--francs);
- 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
-
- Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per
- US$1--287.99 (January 1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987),
- 346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)
-
- Fiscal year: calendar year
-
- Communications
- Railroads: 642 km 1.000-meter gauge; linked to Senegal's rail
- system through Kayes
-
- Highways: about 15,700 km total; 1,670 km bituminous, 3,670 km
- gravel and improved earth, 10,360 km unimproved earth
-
- Inland waterways: 1,815 km navigable
-
- Civil air: no major transport aircraft
-
- Airports: 37 total, 29 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways;
- none with runways over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with
- runways 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Telecommunications: domestic system poor but improving; provides only
- minimal service with radio relay, wire, and radio communications stations;
- expansion of radio relay in progress; 11,000 telephones; stations--2 AM, 2 FM,
- 2 TV; satellite earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean
- INTELSAT
-
- Defense Forces
- Branches: Army, Air Force; paramilitary, Gendarmerie,
- Republican Guard, National Guard
-
- Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,585,878; 913,000 fit for military
- service; no conscription
-
- Defense expenditures: 2.5% of GDP (1987)
- .pa
- Malta
- Geography
- Total area: 320 km2; land area: 320 km2
-
- Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC
-
- Land boundaries: none
-
- Coastline: 140 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
-
- Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
-
- Exclusive fishing zone: 25 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 12 nm
-
- Climate: Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers
-
- Terrain: mostly low, rocky, flat to dissected plains; many coastal cliffs
-
- Natural resources: limestone, salt
-
- Land use: 38% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 0% meadows and
- pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 59% other; includes 3% irrigated
-
- Environment: numerous bays provide good harbors; fresh water very
- scarce--increasing reliance on desalination
-
- Note: strategic location in central Mediterranean, 93 km south
- of Sicily, 290 km north of Libya
-
- People
- Population: 353,465 (July 1990), growth rate 0.9% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 15 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: 1 migrant/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 78 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 2.0 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Maltese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Maltese
-
- Ethnic divisions: mixture of Arab, Sicilian, Norman, Spanish, Italian,
- English
-
- Religion: 98% Roman Catholic
-
- Language: Maltese and English (official)
-
- Literacy: 83%
-
- Labor force: 125,674; 30% services, 24% manufacturing, 21% government
- (except job corps), 8% construction, 5% utilities and drydocks, 4% agriculture
- (1987)
-
- Organized labor: about 40% of labor force
-
- Government
- Long-form name: Republic of Malta
-
- Type: parliamentary democracy
-
- Capital: Valletta
-
- Administrative divisions: none (administration directly from Valletta)
-
- Independence: 21 September 1964 (from UK)
-
- Constitution: 26 April 1974, effective 2 June 1974
-
- Legal system: based on English common law and Roman civil law; has
- accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
-
- National holiday: Freedom Day, 31 March
-
- Executive branch: president, prime minister, deputy prime minister,
- Cabinet
-
- Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives
-
- Judicial branch: Constitutional Court and Court of Appeal
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State--President Vincent (Censu) TABONE (since 4 April 1989);
-
- Head of Government--Prime Minister Dr. Edward (Eddie) FENECH
- ADAMI (since 12 May 1987); Deputy Prime Minister Dr. Guido DE MARCO
- (since 14 May 1987)
-
- Political parties and leaders: Nationalist Party, Edward Fenech Adami;
- Malta Labor Party, Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 18
-
- Elections:
- House of Representatives--last held on 9 May 1987 (next to be
- held by May 1992);
- results--NP 51.1%, MLP 48.9%;
- seats--(usually 65 total, but additional seats are given to the party with the
- largest popular vote to ensure a legislative majority; current total 69)
- MLP 34, NP 31 before popular vote adjustment; MLP 34, NP 35
- after adjustment
-
- Communists: fewer than 100 (est.)
-
- Member of: CCC, Commonwealth, Council of Europe, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD,
- ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council,
- NAM,UN, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
-
- Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Salvatore J. STELLINI; Chancery at
- 2017 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-3611
- or 3612; there is a Maltese Consulate General in New York;
- US--Ambassador Sally J. NOVETZKE; Embassy at 2nd Floor, Development House,
- St. Anne Street, Floriana, Valletta (mailing address is P. O. Box 535,
- Valletta); telephone ╒356σ 623653 or 620424, 623216
-
- Flag: two equal vertical bands of white (hoist side) and red; in the upper
- hoist-side corner is a representation of the George Cross, edged in red
-
- Economy
- Overview: Significant resources are limestone, a favorable geographic
- location, and a productive labor force. Malta produces only about 20% of its
- food needs, has limited freshwater supplies, and has no domestic energy
- sources. Consequently, the economy is highly dependent on foreign trade and
- services. Manufacturing and tourism are the largest contributors to the
- economy. Manufacturing accounts for about 30% of GDP, with the textile and
- clothing industry a major contributor. In 1988 inflation was held to a low 0.9%.
- Per capita GDP at $5,100 places Malta in the middle-income range of the world's
- nations.
-
- GDP: $1.9 billion, per capita $5,100; real growth rate 7.1% (1988)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0.9% (1988)
-
- Unemployment rate: 4.4% (1987)
-
- Budget: revenues $844 million; expenditures $938 million, including
- capital expenditures of $226 million (1989 est.)
-
- Exports: $710 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--clothing,
- textiles, footwear, ships; partners--FRG 31%, UK 14%, Italy 14%
-
- Imports: $1,360 million (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--food,
- petroleum, nonfood raw materials; partners--FRG 19%, UK 17%, Italy 17%,
- US 11%
-
- External debt: $90 million, medium and long-term (December 1987)
-
- Industrial production: growth rate 6.2% (1987)
-
- Electricity: 328,000 kW capacity; 1,110 million kWh produced,
- 2,990 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: tourism, ship repair yard, clothing, construction,
- food manufacturing, textiles, footwear, clothing, beverages, tobacco
-
- Agriculture: overall, 20% self-sufficient; main products--potatoes,
- cauliflower, grapes, wheat, barley, tomatoes, citrus, cut flowers, green
- peppers, hogs, poultry, eggs; generally adequate supplies of vegetables,
- poultry, milk, pork products; seasonal or periodic shortages in grain,
- animal fodder, fruits, other basic foodstuffs
-
- Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $172 million; Western
- (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $332 million;
- OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $76 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
- $48 million
-
- Currency: Maltese lira (plural--liri); 1 Maltese lira (LM) = 100 cents
-
- Exchange rates: Maltese liri (LM) per US$1--0.3332 (January 1990),
- 0.3483 (1989), 0.3306 (1988), 0.3451 (1987), 0.3924 (1986), 0.4676 (1985)
-
- Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
-
- Communications
- Highways: 1,291 km total; 1,179 km paved (asphalt), 77 km crushed stone or
- gravel, 35 km improved and unimproved earth
-
- Ports: Valletta, Marsaxlokk
-
- Merchant marine: 314 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,677,797
- GRT/6,357,733 DWT; includes 3 passenger, 4 short-sea passenger, 127 cargo,
- 2 container, 1 passenger-cargo, 13 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 vehicle carrier,
- 6 refrigerated cargo, 7 chemical tanker, 4 combination ore/oil,
- 1 specialized tanker, 61 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
- 72 bulk, 11 combination bulk; note--a flag of convenience registry;
- China owns 1 ship, Cuba owns 8, and Vietnam owns 1
-
- Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
-
- Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
-
- Telecommunications: modern automatic system centered in Valletta;
- 153,000 telephones; stations--9 AM, 3 FM, 2 TV; 1 submarine cable; 1 Atlantic
- Ocean INTELSAT earth station
-
- Defense Forces
- Branches: Armed Forces, Police, Paramilitary Dejima Force
-
- Military manpower: males 15-49, 92,610; 74,256 fit for military service
-
- Defense expenditures: 1.3% of GDP, or $25 million (1989 est.)
- .pa
- Man, Isle of
- (British crown dependency)
- Geography
- Total area: 588 km2; land area: 588 km2
-
- Comparative area: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC
-
- Land boundaries: none
-
- Coastline: 113 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
-
- Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 3 nm
-
- Climate: cool summers and mild winters; humid; overcast about half
- the time
-
- Terrain: hills in north and south bisected by central valley
-
- Natural resources: lead, iron ore
-
- Land use: NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures;
- NA% forest and woodland; NA% other; extensive arable land and forests
-
- Environment: strong westerly winds prevail
-
- Note: located in Irish Sea equidistant from England, Scotland,
- and Ireland
-
- People
- Population: 64,859 (July 1990), growth rate 0.2% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 11 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: 5 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 78 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Manxman, Manxwoman, adjective--Manx
-
- Ethnic divisions: native Manx of Norse-Celtic descent; British
-
- Religion: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian,
- Society of Friends
-
- Language: English, Manx Gaelic
-
- Literacy: NA%, but compulsory education between ages of 5 and 15
-
- Labor force: 25,864 (1981)
-
- Organized labor: 22 labor unions patterned along British lines
-
- Government
- Long-form name: none
-
- Type: British crown dependency
-
- Capital: Douglas
-
- Administrative divisions: none (British crown dependency)
-
- Independence: none (British crown dependency)
-
- Constitution: 1961, Isle of Man Constitution Act
-
- Legal system: English law and local statute
-
- National holiday: Tynwald Day, 5 July
-
- Executive branch: British monarch, lieutenant governor, prime minister,
- Executive Council (cabinet)
-
- Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Tynwald) consists of an upper
- house or Legislative Council and a lower house or House of Keys
-
- Judicial branch: High Court of Justice
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State--Lord of Mann Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
- 1952), represented by Lieutenant Governor Maj. Gen. Laurence NEW
- (since 1985);
-
- Head of Government--President of the Legislative Council J. C. NIVISON
- (since 1985)
-
- Political parties and leaders: there is no party system and members sit
- as independents
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 21
-
- Elections:
- House of Keys--last held in 1986 (next to be held 1991);
- results--percent of vote NA;
- seats--(24 total) independents 24
-
- Communists: probably none
-
- Diplomatic representation: none (British crown dependency)
-
- Flag: red with the Three Legs of Man emblem (Trinacria), in the
- center; the three legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the knee; in order
- to have the toes pointing clockwise on both sides of the flag, a two-sided
- emblem is used
-
- Economy
- Overview: Offshore banking, manufacturing, and tourism are key sectors of
- the economy. The government's policy of offering incentives to high-technology
- companies and financial institutions to locate on the island has paid off in
- expanding employment opportunities in high-income industries. As a result,
- agriculture and fishing, once the mainstays of the economy, have declined in
- their shares of GNP. Banking now contributes over 20% to GNP and manufacturing
- about 15%. Trade is mostly with the UK.
-
- GNP: $490 million, per capita $7,573; real growth rate NA% (1988)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
-
- Unemployment rate: 1.5% (1988)
-
- Budget: revenues $130.4 million; expenditures $114.4 million, including
- capital expenditures of $18.1 million (FY85 est.)
-
- Exports: $NA; commodities--tweeds, herring, processed shellfish
- meat; partners--UK
-
- Imports: $NA; commodities--timber, fertilizers, fish;
- partners--UK
-
- External debt: $NA
-
- Industrial production: growth rate NA%
-
- Electricity: 61,000 kW capacity; 190 million kWh produced,
- 2,930 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: an important offshore financial center; financial services,
- light manufacturing, tourism
-
- Agriculture: cereals and vegetables; cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry
-
- Aid: NA
-
- Currency: Manx pound (plural--pounds); 1 Manx pound (LM) = 100 pence
-
- Exchange rates: Manx pounds (LM) per US$1--0.6055 (January 1990),
- 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986), 0.7714 (1985);
- the Manx pound is at par with the British pound
-
- Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
-
- Communications
- Railroads: 36 km electric track, 24 km steam track
-
- Highways: 640 km motorable roads
-
- Ports: Douglas, Ramsey, Peel
-
- Merchant marine: 77 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,656,216
- GRT/2,984,047 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 8 cargo, 5 container,
- 6 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 32 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
- 5 chemical tanker, 2 combination ore/oil, 6 liquefied gas, 12 bulk;
- note--a captive register of the United Kingdom, although not all
- ships on the register are British-owned
-
- Airports: 2 total; 1 usable with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Telecommunications: 24,435 telephones; stations--1 AM, 4 FM, 4 TV
-
- Defense Forces
- Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
- .pa
- Marshall Islands
- Geography
- Total area: 181.3 km2; land area: 181.3 km2; includes the atolls
- of Bikini, Eniwetak, and Kwajalein
-
- Comparative area: slightly larger than Washington, DC
-
- Land boundaries: none
-
- Coastline: 370.4 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
-
- Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 12 nm
-
- Disputes: claims US-administered Wake Island
-
- Climate: wet season May to November; hot and humid; islands border
- typhoon belt
-
- Terrain: low coral limestone and sand islands
-
- Natural resources: phosphate deposits, marine products, deep seabed
- minerals
-
- Land use: 0% arable land; 60% permanent crops; 0% meadows and
- pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 40% other
-
- Environment: occasionally subject to typhoons; two archipelagic
- island chains of 30 atolls and 1,152 islands
-
- Note: located 3,825 km southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean,
- about two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and Papua New Guinea; Bikini and
- Eniwetak are former US nuclear test sites; Kwajalein, the famous World War II
- battleground, is now used as a US missile test range
-
- People
- Population: 43,417 (July 1990), growth rate 3.2% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 39 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 43 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 75 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 5.9 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Marshallese; adjective--Marshallese
-
- Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Micronesian
-
- Religion: predominantly Christian, mostly Protestant
-
- Language: English universally spoken and is the official language;
- two major Marshallese dialects from Malayo-Polynesian family; Japanese
-
- Literacy: 90%
-
- Labor force: 4,800 (1986)
-
- Organized labor: none
-
- Government
- Long-form name: Republic of the Marshall Islands
-
- Type: constitutional government in free association with the US;
- the Compact of Free Association entered into force 21 October 1986
-
- Capital: Majuro
-
- Administrative divisions: none
-
- Independence: 21 October 1986 (from the US-administered UN trusteeship;
- formerly the Marshall Islands District of the Trust Territory of the Pacific
- Islands)
-
- Constitution: 1 May 1979
-
- Legal system: based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the
- legislature, municipal, common, and customary laws
-
- National holiday: Proclamation of the Republic of the Marshall Islands,
- 1 May (1979)
-
- Executive branch: president, Cabinet
-
- Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Nitijela)
-
- Judicial branch: Supreme Court
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State and Head of Government--President Amata KABUA (since 1979)
-
- Political parties and leaders: no formal parties; President Kabua
- is chief political (and traditional) leader
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 18
-
- Elections:
- President--last held NA November 1987 (next to be held November
- 1991); results--President Amata Kabua was reelected;
-
- Parliament--last held NA November 1987 (next to be held November
- 1991); results--percent of vote NA;
- seats--(33 total)
-
- Communists: none
-
- Member of: SPF, ESCAP (associate)
-
- Diplomatic representation: Representative Wilfred I. KENDALL;
- Representative Office at Suite 1004, 1901 Pennsylvania Avenue NW,
- Washington DC 20006; telephone (202) 223-4952;
- US--Representative Samuel B. THOMSEN; US Office at NA address (mailing
- address is P. O. Box 680, Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands 96960);
- telephone 692-9-3348
-
- Flag: blue with two stripes radiating from the lower hoist-side
- corner--orange (top) and white; there is a white star with four large
- rays and 20 small rays on the hoist side above the two stripes
-
- Economy
- Overview: Agriculture and tourism are the mainstays of the economy.
- Agricultural production is concentrated on small farms, and the most important
- commercial crops are coconuts, tomatoes, melons, and breadfruit. A few cattle
- ranches supply the domestic meat market. Small-scale industry is limited to
- handicrafts, fish processing, and copra. The tourist industry is the primary
- source of foreign exchange and employs about 10% of the labor force. The islands
- have few natural resources, and imports far exceed exports. In 1987 the US
- Government provided grants of $40 million out of the Marshallese budget of
- $55 million.
-
- GDP: $63 million, per capita $1,500; real growth rate NA% (1989 est.)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.6% (1981)
-
- Unemployment rate: NA%
-
- Budget: revenues $55 million; expenditures NA, including capital
- expenditures of NA (1987 est.)
-
- Exports: $2.5 million (f.o.b., 1985); commodities--copra, copra oil,
- agricultural products, handicrafts; partners--NA
-
- Imports: $29.2 million (c.i.f., 1985); commodities--foodstuffs,
- beverages, building materials; partners--NA
-
- External debt: $NA
-
- Industrial production: growth rate NA%
-
- Electricity: 12,000 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 240 kWh per
- capita (1989)
-
- Industries: copra, fish, tourism; craft items from shell, wood, and pearl;
- offshore banking (embryonic)
-
- Agriculture: coconuts, cacao, taro, breadfruit, fruits, copra; pigs,
- chickens
-
- Aid: under the terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US is to
- provide approximately $40 million in aid annually
-
- Currency: US currency is used
-
- Exchange rates: US currency is used
-
- Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
-
- Communications
- Highways: macadam and concrete roads on major islands (Majuro, Kwajalein),
- otherwise stone-, coral-, or laterite-surfaced roads and tracks
-
- Ports: Majuro
-
- Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 475,968
- GRT/949,888 DWT; includes 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
- 1 bulk carrier; note--a flag of convenience registry
-
- Airports: 5 total, 5 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways;
- 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Telecommunications: telephone network--570 lines (Majuro) and 186
- (Ebeye); telex services; islands interconnected by shortwave radio (used
- mostly for government purposes); stations--1 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV, 1 shortwave;
- 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; US Government satellite communications
- system on Kwajalein
-
- Defense Forces
- Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
- .pa
- Martinique
- (overseas department of France)
- Geography
- Total area: 1,100 km2; land area: 1,060 km2
-
- Comparative area: slightly more than six times the size of Washington, DC
-
- Land boundaries: none
-
- Coastline: 290 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
-
- Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 12 nm
-
- Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to
- October)
-
- Terrain: mountainous with indented coastline; dormant volcano
-
- Natural resources: coastal scenery and beaches, cultivable land
-
- Land use: 10% arable land; 8% permanent crops; 30% meadows and
- pastures; 26% forest and woodland; 26% other; includes 5% irrigated
-
- Environment: subject to hurricanes, flooding, and volcanic activity that
- result in an average of one major natural disaster every five years
-
- Note: located 625 km southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea
-
- People
- Population: 340,381 (July 1990), growth rate 0.9% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 19 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: - 3 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 71 years male, 77 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Martiniquais (sing. and pl.); adjective--Martiniquais
-
- Ethnic divisions: 90% African and African-Caucasian-Indian mixture, 5%
- Caucasian, less than 5% East Indian, Lebanese, Chinese
-
- Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu and pagan African
-
- Language: French, Creole patois
-
- Literacy: over 70%
-
- Labor force: 100,000; 31.7% service industry, 29.4% construction and
- public works, 13.1% agriculture, 7.3% industry, 2.2% fisheries, 16.3% other
-
- Organized labor: 11% of labor force
-
- Government
- Long-form name: Department of Martinique
-
- Type: overseas department of France
-
- Capital: Fort-de-France
-
- Administrative divisions: none (overseas department of France)
-
- Independence: none (overseas department of France)
-
- Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
-
- Legal system: French legal system
-
- National holiday: Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
-
- Executive branch: government commissioner
-
- Legislative branch: unicameral General Council and unicameral Regional
- Council
-
- Judicial branch: Supreme Court
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND (since
- 21 May 1981);
-
- Head of Government--Government Commissioner Jean Claude ROURE (since
- 5 May 1989); President of the General Council Emile MAURICE (since NA
- 1988)
-
- Political parties: Rally for the Republic (RPR), Stephen Bago;
- Union of the Left composed of the Progressive Party of Martinique (PPM),
- Aime Cesaire; Socialist Federation of Martinique, Michael Yoyo; and the
- Communist Party of Martinique (PCM), Armand Nicolas; Union for French Democracy
- (UDF), Jean Maran
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 18
-
- Elections:
- General Council--last held on NA October 1988
- (next to be held by March 1991); results--percent of vote by party NA;
- seats--(44 total) number of seats by party NA;
-
- Regional Assembly--last held on 16 March 1986 (next to be held by
- March 1992); results--UDF/RPR coalition 49.8%, PPM/FSM/PCM
- coalition 41.3%, others 8.9%;
- seats--(41 total) PPM/FSM/PCM coalition 21, UDF/RPR coalition 20;
-
- French Senate--last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held
- September 1992); results--percent of vote by party NA;
- seats--(2 total) UDF 1, PPM 1;
-
- French National Assembly--last held on 5 and 12 June 1988 (next
- to be held June 1993); results--percent of vote by party NA;
- seats--(4 total) PPM 1, FSM 1, RPR 1, UDF 1
-
- Communists: 1,000 (est.)
-
- Other political or pressure groups: Proletarian Action Group (GAP);
- Alhed Marie-Jeanne Socialist Revolution Group (GRS), Martinique Independence
- Movement (MIM), Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance (ARC), Central Union for
- Martinique Workers (CSTM), Marc Pulvar; Frantz Fanon Circle; League of
- Workers and Peasants
-
- Member of: WFTU
-
- Diplomatic representation: as an overseas department of France,
- Martiniquais interests are represented in the US by France;
- US--Consul General Ray ROBINSON; Consulate General at 14 Rue Blenac,
- Fort-de-France (mailing address is B. P. 561, Fort-de-France);
- telephone ╒596σ 63-13-03
-
- Flag: the flag of France is used
-
- Economy
- Overview: The economy is based on sugarcane, bananas, tourism, and light
- industry. Agriculture accounts for about 7% of GDP and the small industrial
- sector for 10%. Sugar production has declined, with most of the sugarcane now
- used for the production of rum. Banana exports are increasing, however, going
- mostly to France. The bulk of meat, vegetable, and grain requirements must be
- imported, contributing to a chronic trade deficit that requires large annual
- transfers of aid from France. Tourism has become more important than
- agricultural exports as a source of foreign exchange. The majority of the work
- force is employed in the service sector and in administration. In 1984 the
- annual per capita income was relatively high at $3,650. During 1985 the
- unemployment rate was between 25% and 30% and was particularly severe among
- younger workers.
-
- GDP: $1.3 billion, per capita $3,650; real growth rate NA% (1984)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.4% (1986)
-
- Unemployment rate: 25-30% (1985)
-
- Budget: revenues $223 million; expenditures $223 million, including
- capital expenditures of $NA (1987 est.)
-
- Exports: $209 million (f.o.b., 1986); commodities--refined petroleum
- products, bananas, rum, pineapples; partners--France 65%, Guadeloupe 26%
- (1986)
-
- Imports: $879 million (c.i.f., 1986); commodities--petroleum
- products, foodstuffs, construction materials, vehicles, clothing and other
- consumer goods; partners--France 64% (1986)
-
- External debt: $NA
-
- Industrial production: growth rate NA%
-
- Electricity: 108,000 kW capacity; 330 million kWh produced,
- 990 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: construction, rum, cement, oil refining, sugar, tourism
-
- Agriculture: accounts for about 7% of GDP; principal crops--pineapples,
- avocados, bananas, flowers, vegetables, and sugarcane for rum; dependent on
- imported food, particularly meat and vegetables
-
- Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
- (1970-87), $9.8 billion
-
- Currency: French franc (plural--francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
-
- Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1--5.7598 (January 1990),
- 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985)
-
- Fiscal year: calendar year
-
- Communications
- Highways: 1,680 km total; 1,300 km paved, 380 km gravel and earth
-
- Ports: Fort-de-France
-
- Civil air: no major transport aircraft
-
- Airports: 2 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
- 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways less than 2,439 m
-
- Telecommunications: domestic facilities are adequate; 68,900 telephones;
- interisland radio relay links to Guadeloupe, Dominica, and St. Lucia;
- stations--1 AM, 6 FM, 10 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
-
- Defense Forces
- Note: defense is the responsibility of France
- .pa
- Mauritania
- Geography
- Total area: 1,030,700 km2; land area: 1,030,400 km2
-
- Comparative area: slightly larger than three times the size of New Mexico
-
- Land boundaries: 5,074 km total; Algeria 463 km, Mali 2,237 km, Senegal
- 813 km, Western Sahara 1,561 km
-
- Coastline: 754 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
-
- Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 12 nm
-
- Disputes: armed conflict in Western Sahara; boundary with Senegal
-
- Climate: desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty
-
- Terrain: mostly barren, flat plains of the Sahara; some central hills
-
- Natural resources: iron ore, gypsum, fish, copper, phosphate
-
- Land use: 1% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 38% meadows and
- pastures; 5% forest and woodland; 56% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
-
- Environment: hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily
- in March and April; desertification; only perennial river is the Senegal
-
- People
- Population: 1,934,549 (July 1990), growth rate 3.1% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 49 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 18 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 96 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 44 years male, 49 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 7.3 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Mauritanian(s); adjective--Mauritanian
-
- Ethnic divisions: 40% mixed Maur/black, 30% Maur, 30% black
-
- Religion: nearly 100% Muslim
-
- Language: Hasaniya Arabic (national); French (official); Toucouleur, Fula,
- Sarakole, Wolof
-
- Literacy: 17%
-
- Labor force: 465,000 (1981 est.); 45,000 wage earners (1980);
- 47% agriculture, 29% services, 14% industry and commerce, 10% government;
- 53% of population of working age (1985)
-
- Organized labor: 30,000 members claimed by single union, Mauritanian
- Workers' Union
-
- Government
- Long-form name: Islamic Republic of Mauritania
-
- Type: republic; military first seized power in bloodless coup 10 July
- 1978; a palace coup that took place on 24 December 1984 brought President
- Taya to power
-
- Capital: Nouakchott
-
- Administrative divisions: 12 regions (regions, singular--region);
- Adrar, Brakna, Dakhlet Nouadhibou, El Acaba, Gorgol, Guidimaka,
- Hodh Ech Chargui, Hodh El Gharbi, Inchiri, Tagant, Tiris Zemmour, Trarza;
- note--there may be a new capital district of Nouakchott
-
- Independence: 28 November 1960 (from France)
-
- Constitution: 20 May 1961, abrogated after coup of 10 July 1978;
- provisional constitution published 17 December 1980 but abandoned in 1981; new
- constitutional charter published 27 February 1985
-
- Legal system: based on Islamic law
-
- National holiday: Independence Day, 28 November (1960)
-
- Executive branch: president, Military Committee for National
- Salvation (CMSN), Council of Ministers (cabinet)
-
- Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee
- Nationale), dissolved after 10 July 1978 coup; legislative power
- resides with the CMSN
-
- Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State and Head of Government--President Col. Maaouiya Ould
- SidAhmed TAYA (since 12 December 1984)
-
- Political parties and leaders: suspended
-
- Suffrage: none
-
- Elections: none; last presidential election August 1976;
- National Assembly dissolved 10 July 1978; no national elections
- are scheduled
-
- Communists: no Communist party, but there is a scattering of Maoist
- sympathizers
-
- Member of: ACP, AfDB, AIOEC, Arab League, CCC, CEAO, CIPEC (associate),
- EAMA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic
- Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM,
- OAU, OIC, OMVS (Organization for the Development of the Senegal River Valley),
- UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
-
- Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Abdellah OULD DADDAH; Chancery at
- 2129 Leroy Place NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-5700;
- US--Ambassador William H. TWADDELL; Embassy at address NA, Nouakchott
- (mailing address is B. P. 222, Nouakchott); telephone ╒2222σ 52660 or 52663
-
- Flag: green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow, horizontal
- crescent; the closed side of the crescent is down; the crescent, star, and color
- green are traditional symbols of Islam
-
- Economy
- Overview: A majority of the population still depends on agriculture
- and livestock for a livelihood, even though most of the nomads and many
- subsistence farmers were forced into the cities by recurrent drought in 1983.
- Mauritania has extensive deposits of iron ore that account for almost 50% of
- total exports. The decline in world demand for this ore, however, has led to
- cutbacks in production in recent years. The nation's coastal waters are among
- the richest fishing areas in the world, but overexploitation by foreigners
- threatens this key source of revenue. The country's first deepwater
- port opened near Nouakchott in 1986.
-
- GDP: $1.0 billion, per capita $520; real growth rate 3.6% (1988)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.4% (1988 est.)
-
- Unemployment rate: 50% (1988 est.)
-
- Budget: revenues $358 million; expenditures $334 million, including
- capital expenditures of $79 million (1988 est.)
-
- Exports: $424 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--iron ore,
- processed fish, small amounts of gum arabic and gypsum, unrecorded but
- numerically significant cattle exports to Senegal; partners--EC 57%,
- Japan 39%, Ivory Coast 2%
-
- Imports: $365 million (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--foodstuffs,
- consumer goods, petroleum products, capital goods; partners--EC 79%,
- Africa 5%, US 4%, Japan 2%
-
- External debt: $2.3 billion (December 1989)
-
- Industrial production: growth rate 4.4% (1988 est.)
-
- Electricity: 189,000 kW capacity; 136 million kWh produced,
- 70 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: fishing, fish processing, mining of iron ore and gypsum
-
- Agriculture: accounts for 29% of GDP (including fishing); largely
- subsistence farming and nomadic cattle and sheep herding except in Senegal
- river valley; crops--dates, millet, sorghum, root crops; fish products
- number-one export; large food deficit in years of drought
-
- Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $160 million; Western
- (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.1 billion;
- OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $490 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
- $277 million
-
- Currency: ouguiya (plural--ouguiya); 1 ouguiya (UM) = 5 khoums
-
- Exchange rates: ouguiya (UM) per US$1--83.838 (January 1990),
- 83.051 (1989), 75.261 (1988), 73.878 (1987), 74.375 (1986), 77.085 (1985)
-
- Fiscal year: calendar year
-
- Communications
- Railroads: 670 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track, owned and
- operated by government mining company
-
- Highways: 7,525 km total; 1,685 km paved; 1,040 km gravel, crushed stone,
- or otherwise improved; 4,800 km unimproved roads, trails, tracks
-
- Inland waterways: mostly ferry traffic on the Senegal River
-
- Ports: Nouadhibou, Nouakchott
-
- Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,272 GRT/
- 1,840 DWT
-
- Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
-
- Airports: 30 total, 29 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways;
- none with runways over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 17 with
- runways 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Telecommunications: poor system of cable and open-wire lines, minor
- radio relay links, and radio communications stations; 5,200 telephones;
- stations--2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; satellite earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
- and 2 ARABSAT, with a third planned
-
- Defense Forces
- Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie, paramilitary
- National Guard, paramilitary National Police, paramilitary Presidential Guard,
- paramilitary Nomad Security Guards
-
- Military manpower: males 15-49, 410,153; 200,212 fit for military service;
- conscription law not implemented
-
- Defense expenditures: 4.2% of GDP (1987)
- .pa
- Mauritius
- Geography
- Total area: 1,860 km2; land area: 1,850 km2; includes Agalega
- Islands, Cargados Carajos Shoals (St. Brandon) and Rodrigues
-
- Comparative area: slightly less than 10.5 times the size of Washington, DC
-
- Land boundaries: none
-
- Coastline: 177 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
-
- Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 12 nm
-
- Disputes: claims Chagos Archipelago, which includes the island of
- Diego Garcia in UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory; claims
- French-administered Tromelin Island
-
- Climate: tropical modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter
- (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)
-
- Terrain: small coastal plain rising to discontinuous mountains
- encircling central plateau
-
- Natural resources: arable land, fish
-
- Land use: 54% arable land; 4% permanent crops; 4% meadows and
- pastures; 31% forest and woodland; 7% other; includes 9% irrigated
-
- Environment: subject to cyclones (November to April); almost completely
- surrounded by reefs
-
- Note: located 900 km east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean
-
- People
- Population: 1,070,005 (July 1990), growth rate 1.8% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 21 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: 4 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 20 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 66 years male, 73 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 2.0 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Mauritian(s); adjective--Mauritian
-
- Ethnic divisions: 68% Indo-Mauritian, 27% Creole, 3% Sino-Mauritian, 2%
- Franco-Mauritian
-
- Religion: 51% Hindu, 30% Christian (mostly Roman Catholic with a few
- Anglicans), 17% Muslim, 2% other
-
- Language: English (official), Creole, French, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka,
- Bojpoori
-
- Literacy: 82.8%
-
- Labor force: 335,000; 29% government services, 27% agriculture and
- fishing, 22% manufacturing, 22% other; 43% of population of working age (1985)
-
- Organized labor: 35% of labor force in more than 270 unions
-
- Government
- Long-form name: none
-
- Type: parliamentary democracy
-
- Capital: Port Louis
-
- Administrative divisions: 5 urban councils and 3 district councils*;
- Beau Bassin-Rose Hill, Curepipe, Moka-Flacq*, North*, Port Louis, Quatre
- Bornes, South*, Vacoas-Phoenix; note--there may now be 4 urban councils
- and 9 district councils* named Beau Bassin-Rose Hill, Black River*,
- Curepipe, Flacq*, Grand Port*, Moka*, Pamplemousses*, Plaine Wilhems*,
- Port Louis*, Quartre Bornes, Riviere du Rempart*, Savanne*, and
- Vacoas-Phoenix
-
- Independence: 12 March 1968 (from UK)
-
- Constitution: 12 March 1968
-
- Legal system: based on French civil law system with elements of English
- common law in certain areas
-
- National holiday: Independence Day, 12 March (1968)
-
- Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
- deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
-
- Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly
-
- Judicial branch: Supreme Court
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
- represented by Governor General Sir Veerasamy RINGADOO (since 17 January
- 1986);
-
- Head of Government--Prime Minister Anerood JUGNAUTH (since 12 June
- 1982); Deputy Prime Minister Sir Satcam BOOLELL (since 15 August 1988)
-
- Political parties and leaders: the government is currently controlled by a
- coalition composed of the Militant Socialist Movement (MSM), A. Jugnauth,
- and the Mauritian Labor Party (MLP), S. Boolell; the main opposition union
- consists of the Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM), Prem Nababsing; Socialist
- Workers Front, Sylvio Michel; Democratic Labor Movement, Anil Baichoo;
- Mauritian Social Democratic Party (PMSD), G. Duval
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 18
-
- Elections:
- Legislative Assembly--last held on 30 August 1987 (next to be held 30
- August 1992);
- results--percent of vote by party NA;
- seats--(70 total, 62 elected) MSM 24, MMM 21, MLP 10, PMSD 5, others 10
-
- Communists: may be 2,000 sympathizers; several Communist organizations;
- Mauritius Lenin Youth Organization, Mauritius Women's Committee, Mauritius
- Communist Party, Mauritius People's Progressive Party, Mauritius Young Communist
- League, Mauritius Liberation Front, Chinese Middle School Friendly Association,
- Mauritius/USSR Friendship Society
-
- Other political or pressure groups: various labor unions
-
- Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
- ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU,
- IWC--International Wheat Council, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
- WIPO, WMO, WTO
-
- Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Chitmansing JESSERAMSING; Chancery
- at Suite 134, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008;
- telephone (202) 244-1491 or 1492;
- US--Ambassador Penne KORTH; Embassy at 4th Floor, Rogers Building,
- John Kennedy Street, Port Louis; telephone 082347
-
- Flag: four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green
-
- Economy
- Overview: The economy is based on sugar, manufacturing (mainly textiles),
- and tourism. Despite significant expansion in other sectors over the past
- decade, sugarcane remains dominant and is grown on about 90% of the cultivated
- land area, accounting for 40% of export earnings. The government's
- development strategy is centered on industrialization (with a view to exports),
- agricultural diversification, and tourism. Economic performance in 1988 was
- impressive, with 6.3% real growth rate and low unemployment.
-
- GDP: $1.9 billion, per capita $1,910; real growth rate 6.3% (1988)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.2% (1988)
-
- Unemployment rate: 3.6% (1988)
-
- Budget: revenues $351 million; expenditures $414 million, including
- capital expenditures of $76 million (FY87 est.)
-
- Exports: $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--textiles 44%,
- sugar 40%, light manufactures 10%; partners--EC and US have preferential
- treatment, EC 77%, US 15%
-
- Imports: $1.3 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--manufactured
- goods 50%, capital equipment 17%, foodstuffs 13%, petroleum products 8%,
- chemicals 7%; partners--EC, US, South Africa, Japan
-
- External debt: $670 million (December 1989)
-
- Industrial production: growth rate 12.9% (FY87)
-
- Electricity: 233,000 kW capacity; 420 million kWh produced,
- 375 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: food processing (largely sugar milling), textiles, wearing
- apparel, chemical and chemical products, metal products, transport equipment,
- nonelectrical machinery, tourism
-
- Agriculture: accounts for 14% of GDP; about 90% of cultivated land in
- sugarcane; other products--tea, corn, potatoes, bananas, pulses, cattle, goats,
- fish; net food importer, especially rice and fish
-
- Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international
- drug trade
-
- Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $72 million; Western
- (non-US) countries (1970-87), $538 million; Communist countries (1970-88), $54
- million
-
- Currency: Mauritian rupee (plural--rupees);
- 1 Mauritian rupee (MauR) = 100 cents
-
- Exchange rates: Mauritian rupees (MauRs) per US$1--15.033 (January 1990),
- 15.250 (1989), 13.438 (1988), 12.878 (1987), 13.466 (1986), 15.442 (1985)
-
- Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
-
- Communications
- Highways: 1,800 km total; 1,640 km paved, 160 km earth
-
- Ports: Port Louis
-
- Merchant marine: 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 143,029 GRT/
- 248,754 DWT; includes 1 passenger-cargo, 3 cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and
- lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 3 bulk
-
- Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
-
- Airports: 5 total, 4 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
- none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m
-
- Telecommunications: small system with good service; new microwave link to
- Reunion; high-frequency radio links to several countries; 48,000 telephones;
- stations--2 AM, no FM, 4 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
-
- Defense Forces
- Branches: paramilitary Special Mobile Force, Special Support Units,
- regular Police Force
-
- Military manpower: males 15-49, 297,975; 153,130 fit for military service
-
- Defense expenditures: NA
- .pa
- Mayotte
- (territorial collectivity of France)
- Geography
- Total area: 375 km2; land area: 375 km2
-
- Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC
-
- Land boundaries: none
-
- Coastline: 185.2 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
-
- Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 12 nm
-
- Disputes: claimed by Comoros
-
- Climate: tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern
- monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November)
-
- Terrain: generally undulating with ancient volcanic peaks, deep ravines
-
- Natural resources: negligible
-
- Land use: NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and
- pastures; NA% forest and woodland; NA% other
-
- Environment: subject to cyclones during rainy season
-
- Note: part of Comoro Archipelago; located in the Mozambique Channel about
- halfway between Africa and Madagascar
-
- People
- Population: 72,186 (July 1990), growth rate 3.9% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 51 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 12 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 89 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 54 years male, 58 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 6.8 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Mahorais (sing., pl.); adjective--Mahoran
-
- Religion: 99% Muslim; remainder Christian, mostly Roman Catholic
-
- Language: Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French
-
- Literacy: NA%, but probably high
-
- Labor force: NA
-
- Organized labor: NA
-
- Government
- Long-form name: Territorial Collectivity of Mayotte
-
- Type: territorial collectivity of France
-
- Capital: Dzaoudzi
-
- Administrative divisions: none (territorial collectivity of France)
-
- Independence: none (territorial collectivity of France)
-
- Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
-
- Legal system: French law
-
- National holiday: Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
-
- Executive branch: government commissioner
-
- Legislative branch: unicameral General Council (Conseil General)
-
- Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel)
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981);
-
- Head of Government Government Commissioner Akli KHIDER (since 1983);
- President of the General Council Youssouf BAMANA (since 1976)
-
- Political parties and leaders: Mahoran Popular Movement (MPM), Zna
- M'Oere; Party for the Mahoran Democratic Rally (PRDM), Daroueche Maoulida;
- Mahoran Rally for the Republic (RMPR), Abdoul Anizizi; Union of the
- Center (UDC)
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 18
-
- Elections:
- General Council--last held NA June 1988 (next to be held June
- 1993);
- results--percent of vote by party NA;
- seats--(17 total) MPM 9, RPR 6, others 2;
-
- French Senate--last held on 24 September 1989 (next to be held
- September 1992);
- results--percent of vote by party NA;
- seats--(1 total) MPM 1;
-
- French National Assembly--last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to
- be held June 1993);
- results--percent of vote by party NA;
- seats--(1 total) UDC 1
-
- Communists: probably none
-
- Diplomatic representation: as a territorial collectivity of France,
- Mahoran interests are represented in the US by France
-
- Flag: the flag of France is used
-
- Economy
- Overview: Economic activity is based primarily on the agricultural
- sector, including fishing and livestock raising. Mayotte is not self-sufficient
- and must import a large portion of its food requirements, mainly
- from France. The economy and future development of the island is heavily
- dependent on French financial assistance.
-
- GDP: NA
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
-
- Unemployment rate: NA%
-
- Budget: revenues NA; expenditures $37.3 million, including capital
- expenditures of NA (1985)
-
- Exports: $4.0 million (f.o.b., 1984); commodities--ylang-ylang,
- vanilla; partners--France 79%, Comoros 10%, Reunion 9%
-
- Imports: $21.8 million (f.o.b., 1984); commodities--building
- materials, transportation equipment, rice, clothing, flour;
- partners--France 57%, Kenya 16%, South Africa 11%, Pakistan 8%
-
- External debt: $NA
-
- Industrial production: growth rate NA%
-
- Electricity: NA kW capacity; NA million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita
-
- Industries: newly created lobster and shrimp industry
-
- Agriculture: most important sector; provides all export earnings;
- crops--vanilla, ylang-ylang, coffee, copra; imports major share of food
- needs
-
- Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
- (1970-87), $287.8 million
-
- Currency: French franc (plural--francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
-
- Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1--5.7598 (January 1990),
- 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985)
-
- Fiscal year: calendar year
-
- Communications
- Highways: 42 km total; 18 km bituminous
-
- Civil air: no major transport aircraft
-
- Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Ports: Dzaoudzi
-
- Telecommunications: small system administered by French Department of
- Posts and Telecommunications; includes radio relay and high-frequency radio
- communications for links with Comoros and international communications;
- 450 telephones; stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV
-
- Defense Forces
- Note: defense is the responsibility of France
- .pa
- Mexico
- Geography
- Total area: 1,972,550 km2; land area: 1,923,040 km2
-
- Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Texas
-
- Land boundaries: 4,538 km total; Belize 250 km, Guatemala 962 km,
- US 3,326 km
-
- Coastline: 9,330 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
-
- Continental shelf: natural prolongation of continental margin or
- 200 nm;
-
- Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 12 nm
-
- Climate: varies from tropical to desert
-
- Terrain: high, rugged mountains, low coastal plains, high plateaus,
- and desert
-
- Natural resources: crude oil, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc,
- natural gas, timber
-
- Land use: 12% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 39% meadows and
- pastures; 24% forest and woodland; 24% other; includes 3% irrigated
-
- Environment: subject to tsunamis along the Pacific coast and destructive
- earthquakes in the center and south; natural water resources scarce and polluted
- in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast;
- deforestation; erosion widespread; desertification; serious air pollution in
- Mexico City and urban centers along US-Mexico border
-
- Note: strategic location on southern border of US
-
- People
- Population: 87,870,154 (July 1990), growth rate 2.2% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 29 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: - 2 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 33 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 76 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 3.4 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Mexican(s); adjective--Mexican
-
- Ethnic divisions: 60% mestizo (Indian-Spanish), 30% Amerindian or
- predominantly Amerindian, 9% white or predominantly white, 1% other
-
- Religion: 97% nominally Roman Catholic, 3% Protestant
-
- Language: Spanish
-
- Literacy: 88%
-
- Labor force: 26,100,000 (1988); 31.4% services; 26% agriculture, forestry,
- hunting, and fishing, 13.9% commerce, 12.8% manufacturing, 9.5% construction,
- 4.8% transportation, 1.3% mining and quarrying, 0.3% electricity, (1986)
-
- Organized labor: 35% of labor force
-
- Government
- Long-form name: United Mexican States
-
- Type: federal republic operating under a centralized government
-
- Capital: Mexico
-
- Administrative divisions: 31 states (estados, singular--estado) and
- 1 federal district* (distrito federal); Aguascalientes, Baja California Norte,
- Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima,
- Distrito Federal*, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico,
- Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro,
- Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala,
- Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas
-
- Independence: 16 September 1810 (from Spain)
-
- Constitution: 5 February 1917
-
- Legal system: mixture of US constitutional theory and civil law system;
- judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
- with reservations
-
- National holiday: Independence Day, 16 September (1810)
-
- Executive branch: president, Cabinet
-
- Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso de la Union)
- consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Camara de Senadores)
- and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados)
-
- Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Suprema Corte de Justicia)
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State and Head of Government--President Carlos SALINAS de
- Gortari (since 1 December 1988)
-
- Political parties and leaders: (recognized parties) Institutional
- Revolutionary Party (PRI), Luis Donaldo Colosio Murrieta; National Action
- Party (PAN), Luis Alvarez; Popular Socialist Party (PPS), Indalecio Sayago
- Herrera; Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD), Cuauhtemoc Cardenas;
- Cardenist Front for the National Reconstruction Party (PFCRN), Rafael
- Aguilar Talamantes; Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution (PARM),
- Carlos Enrique Cantu Rosas
-
- Suffrage: universal and compulsory (but not enforced) at age 18
-
- Elections:
- President--last held on 6 July 1988 (next to be held September 1994);
- results--Carlos Salinas de Gortari (PRI) 50.74%,
- Cuauhtemoc Cardemas Solorzano (FDN) 31.06%,
- Manuel Clouthier (PAN) 16.81%; others 1.39%; note--several of the smaller
- parties ran a common candidate under a coalition called the National
- Democratic Front (FDN)
-
- Senate--last held on 6 July 1988 (next to be held September
- 1991); results--PRI 94%, FDN (now PRD) 6%;
- seats--(64 total) number of seats by party NA;
-
- Chamber of Deputies--last held on 6 July 1988 (next to be held September
- 1991);
- results--PRI 53%, PAN 20%, PFCRN 10%, PPS 6%, PARM 7%, PMS (now part of PRD) 4%;
- seats--(500 total) number of seats by party NA
-
- Other political or pressure groups: Roman Catholic Church, Confederation
- of Mexican Workers (CTM), Confederation of Industrial Chambers (CONCAMIN),
- Confederation of National Chambers of Commerce (CONCANACO), National Peasant
- Confederation (CNC), National Confederation of Popular Organizations (CNOP),
- Revolutionary Workers Party (PRT), Mexican Democratic Party (PDM),
- Revolutionary Confederation of Workers and Peasants (CROC), Regional
- Confederation of Mexican Workers (CROM), Confederation of Employers of
- the Mexican Republic (COPARMEX), National Chamber of Transformation
- Industries (CANACINTRA), Business Coordination Council (CCE)
-
- Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, Group of Eight, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
- ICO, IDA, IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO,
- INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC--International Whaling Commission, LAIA,
- OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
-
- Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Gustavo PETRICIOLI Iturbide;
- Chancery at 1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington DC 20006; telephone
- (202) 728-1600;
- there are Mexican Consulates General in Chicago, Dallas, Denver, El Paso,
- Houston, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Antonio,
- San Diego, and Consulates in Albuquerque, Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Brownsville
- (Texas), Calexico (California), Corpus Christi, Del Rio (Texas), Detroit,
- Douglas (Arizona), Eagle Pass (Texas), Fresno (California), Kansas City
- (Missouri), Laredo, McAllen (Texas), Miami, Nogales (Arizona), Oxnard
- (California), Philadelphia, Phoenix, Presidio (Texas), Sacramento, St. Louis,
- St. Paul (Minneapolis), Salt Lake City, San Bernardino, San Jose, San Juan
- (Puerto Rico), and Seattle;
- US--Ambassador John D. NEGROPONTE, Jr.; Embassy at Paseo de la
- Reforma 305, Mexico 5, D.F. (mailing address is P. O. Box 3087, Laredo, TX
- 78044); telephone ╒52σ (5) 211-0042; there are US Consulates General in
- Ciudad Juarez, Guadalajara, Monterrey, and Tijuana, and Consulates in
- Hermosillo, Matamoros, Mazatlan, Merida, and Nuevo Laredo
-
- Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red;
- the coat of arms (an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake is its beak) is
- centered in the white band
-
- Economy
- Overview: Mexico's economy is a mixture of state-owned industrial plants
- (notably oil), private manufacturing and services, and both large-scale and
- traditional agriculture. In the 1980s Mexico experienced severe economic
- difficulties: the nation accumulated large external debts as world
- petroleum prices fell; rapid population growth outstripped the domestic
- food supply; and inflation, unemployment, and pressures to emigrate
- became more acute. Growth in national output dropped from 8% in
- 1980 to 1.1% in 1988 and 2.5% in 1989. The US is Mexico's major
- trading partner, accounting for two-thirds of its exports and
- imports. After petroleum, border assembly plants and tourism are the largest
- earners of foreign exchange. The government, in consultation with international
- economic agencies, is implementing programs to stabilize the economy
- and foster growth.
-
- GDP: $187.0 billion, per capita $2,165; real growth rate 2.5% (1989)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20% (1989)
-
- Unemployment rate: 20% (1989 est.)
-
- Budget: revenues $36.1 billion; expenditures $56.1 billion, including
- capital expenditures of $7.7 biilion (1988)
-
- Exports: $23.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--crude oil,
- oil products, coffee, shrimp, engines, cotton; partners--US 66%,
- EC 16%, Japan 11%
-
- Imports: $23.3 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--grain,
- metal manufactures, agricultural machinery, electrical equipment;
- partners--US 62%, EC 18%, Japan 10%
-
- External debt: $95.1 billion (1989)
-
- Industrial production: growth rate 1.3% (1988)
-
- Electricity: 26,900,000 kW capacity; 103,670 million kWh produced,
- 1,200 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel,
- petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, transportation equipment, tourism
-
- Agriculture: accounts for 9% of GDP and over 25% of work force; large
- number of small farms at subsistence level; major food crops--corn,
- wheat, rice, beans; cash crops--cotton, coffee, fruit, tomatoes; fish
- catch of 1.4 million metric tons among top 20 nations (1987)
-
- Illicit drugs: illicit cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis
- continues in spite of government eradication efforts; major link in
- chain of countries used to smuggle cocaine from South American
- dealers to US markets
-
- Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $3.0 billion; Western
- (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $6.8
- billion; Communist countries (1970-88), $110 million
-
- Currency: Mexican peso (plural--pesos);
- 1 Mexican peso (Mex$) = 100 centavos
-
- Exchange rates: market rate of Mexican pesos (Mex$) per US$1--2,660.3
- (January 1990), 2,461.3 (1989), 2,273.1 (1988), 1,378.2 (1987), 611.8 (1986),
- 256.9 (1985)
-
- Fiscal year: calendar year
-
- Communications
- Railroads: 20,680 km total; 19,950 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 730 km
- 0.914-meter narrow gauge
-
- Highways: 210,000 km total; 65,000 km paved, 30,000 km semipaved or
- cobblestone, 60,000 km rural roads (improved earth) or roads under construction,
- 55,000 km unimproved earth roads
-
- Inland waterways: 2,900 km navigable rivers and coastal canals
-
- Pipelines: crude oil, 4,381 km; refined products, 8,345 km; natural gas,
- 13,254 km
-
- Ports: Acapulco, Coatzacoalcos, Ensenada, Guaymas, Manzanillo,
- Mazatlan, Progreso, Puerto Vallarta, Salina Cruz, Tampico, Veracruz
-
- Merchant marine: 68 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,041,229
- GRT/1,552,478 DWT; includes 5 short-sea passenger, 10 cargo, 2 refrigerated
- cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 31 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)
- tanker, 3 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 4 bulk, 4 combination bulk
-
- Civil air: 174 major transport aircraft
-
- Airports: 1,785 total, 1,484 usable; 190 with permanent-surface runways;
- 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 31 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 259 with runways
- 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Telecommunications: highly developed system with extensive radio relay
- links; connection into Central American Microwave System; 6.41 million
- telephones; stations--679 AM, no FM, 238 TV, 22 shortwave; 120 domestic
- satellite terminals; satellite earth stations--4 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and
- 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT
-
- Defense Forces
- Branches: Army, Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps
-
- Military manpower: males 15-49, 21,575,525; 15,803,322 fit for military
- service; 1,118,046 reach military age (18) annually
-
- Defense expenditures: 0.5% of GDP (1987)
- .pa
- Micronesia, Federated States of
- Geography
- Total area: 702 km2; land area: 702 km2; includes Pohnpei, Truk, Yap,
- and Kosrae
-
- Comparative area: slightly less than four times the size of Washington, DC
-
- Land boundaries: none
-
- Coastline: 6,112 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 12 nm
-
- Climate: tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern
- islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasional severe
- damage
-
- Terrain: islands vary geologically from high mountainous islands to low,
- coral atolls; volcanic outcroppings on Pohnpei, Kosrae, and Truk
-
- Natural resources: forests, marine products, deep-seabed minerals
-
- Land use: NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures;
- NA% forest and woodland; NA% other
-
- Environment: subject to typhoons from June to December; four major
- island groups totaling 607 islands
-
- Note: located 5,150 km west-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific
- Ocean, about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and Indonesia
-
- People
- Population: 104,937 (July 1990), growth rate 2.6% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 34 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: - 2 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 26 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 73 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 5.0 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Micronesian(s); adjective--Micronesian;
- Kosrae(s), Pohnpeian(s), Trukese, Yapese
-
- Ethnic divisions: nine ethnic Micronesian and Polynesian groups
-
- Religion: predominantly Christian, divided between Roman Catholic and
- Protestant; other churches include Assembly of God, Jehovah's Witnesses,
- Seventh-Day Adventist, Latter Day Saints, and the Baha'i Faith
-
- Language: English is the official and common language; most indigenous
- languages fall within the Austronesian language family, the exceptions are the
- Polynesian languages; major indigenous languages are Trukese, Pohnpeian,
- Yapese, and Kosrean
-
- Literacy: NA%, but education compulsory through eight grades
-
- Labor force: NA; two-thirds are government employees; 45,000 people are
- between the ages of 15 and 65
-
- Organized labor: NA
-
- Government
- Long-form name: Federated States of Micronesia (no short-form name)
-
- Type: constitutional government in free association with the US; the
- Compact of Free Association entered into force 3 November 1986
-
- Capital: Kolonia (on the island of Pohnpei); note--a new capital is being
- built about 10 km southwest in the Palikir valley
-
- Administrative divisions: 4 states; Kosrae, Pohnpei, Truk, Yap
-
- Independence: 3 November 1986 (from the US-administered UN Trusteeship;
- formerly the Kosrae, Pohnpei, Truk, and Yap districts of the Trust Territory
- of the Pacific Islands)
-
- Constitution: 10 May 1979
-
- Legal system: based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the
- legislature, municipal, common, and customary laws
-
- National holiday: Proclamation of the Federated States of Micronesia,
- 10 May (1979)
-
- Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
-
- Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives
-
- Judicial branch: Supreme Court
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State and Head of Government--President John R. HAGLELGAM
- (since 11 May 1987); Vice President Hiroshi H. ISMAEL (since 11 May 1987)
-
- Political parties and leaders: no formal parties
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 18
-
- Elections:
- President--last held 11 May 1987 (next to be held May 1991);
- results--John R. Haglelgam was elected;
-
- House of Representatives--last held on NA (next to be held NA);
- results--percent of vote NA;
- seats--(NA total)
-
- Communists: none
-
- Member of: SPF, ESCAP (associate)
-
- Diplomatic representation: Deputy Representative Jesse B. MAREHALAN;
- Representative Office at 706 G Street SE, Washington DC 20003;
- telephone (202) 544-2640;
- US--Representative Michael G. WYGANT; US Office at address NA, Kolonia
- (mailing address is P. O. Box 1286, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia
- 96941); telephone 691-320-2187
-
- Flag: light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered; the stars
- are arranged in a diamond pattern
-
- Economy
- Overview: Financial assistance from the US is the primary source
- of revenue, with the US pledged to spend $1 billion in the islands in the 1990s.
- Micronesia also earns about $4 million a year in fees from foreign commercial
- fishing concerns. Economic activity consists primarily of subsistence farming
- and fishing. The islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting,
- except for high-grade phosphate. The potential for a tourist industry
- exists, but the remoteness of the location and a lack of adequate
- facilities hinder development; note--GNP numbers reflect US spending.
-
- GNP: $150 million, per capita $1,500; real growth rate NA% (1989 est.)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
-
- Unemployment rate: 80%
-
- Budget: revenues $110.8 million; expenditures NA, including
- capital expenditures of NA (1987 est.)
-
- Exports: $1.6 million (f.o.b., 1983); commodities--copra;
- partners--NA
-
- Imports: $48.9 million (c.i.f., 1983); commodities--NA;
- partners--NA
-
- External debt: $NA
-
- Industrial production: growth rate NA%
-
- Electricity: 15,000 kW capacity; 35 million kWh produced,
- 340 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: tourism, craft items from shell, wood, and pearl
-
- Agriculture: mainly a subsistence economy; copra, black pepper; tropical
- fruits and vegetables, coconuts, cassava, sweet potatoes, pigs, chickens
-
- Aid: under terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US will
- provide $1.3 billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001
-
- Currency: US currency is used
-
- Exchange rates: US currency is used
-
- Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
-
- Communications
- Highways: 39 km of paved macadam and concrete roads on major islands,
- otherwise 187 km stone-, coral-, or laterite-surfaced roads
-
- Ports: Colonia (Yap), Truk (Kosrae), Okat (Kosrae)
-
- Airports: 11 total, 10 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways;
- 6 with runways 1,220-2,439
-
- Telecommunications: 16,000 radio receivers, 1,125 TV sets (est. 1987);
- telephone network--960 telephone lines at both Kolonia and Truk; islands
- interconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for government purposes);
- stations--5 AM, 1 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
-
- Defense Forces
- Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
- .pa
- Midway Islands
- (territory of the US)
- Geography
- Total area: 5.2 km2; land area: 5.2 km2; includes Eastern Island
- and Sand Island
-
- Comparative area: about nine times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
-
- Land boundaries: none
-
- Coastline: 15 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
-
- Continental shelf: 200 m;
-
- Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 12 nm
-
- Climate: tropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly winds
-
- Terrain: low, nearly level
-
- Natural resources: fish and wildlife
-
- Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
- 0% forest and woodland; 100% other
-
- Environment: coral atoll
-
- Note: located 2,350 km west-northwest of Honolulu at the western end of
- Hawaiian Islands group, about one-third of the way between Honolulu and Tokyo;
- closed to the public
-
- People
- Population: 453 US military personnel (1989)
-
- Government
- Long-form name: none
-
- Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy,
- under command of the Barbers Point Naval Air Station in Hawaii and managed
- cooperatively by the US Navy and the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US
- Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System
-
- Diplomatic representation: none (territory of the US)
-
- Flag: the US flag is used
-
- Economy
- Overview: The economy is based on providing support services for US naval
- operations located on the islands. All food and manufactured goods must be
- imported.
-
- Communications
- Highways: 32 km total
-
- Pipelines: 7.8 km
-
- Ports: Sand Island
-
- Airports: 3 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
- none with runways over 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Defense Forces
- Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
- .pa
- Monaco
- Geography
- Total area: 1.9 km2; land area: 1.9 km2
-
- Comparative area: about three times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
-
- Land boundary: 4.4 km with France
-
- Coastline: 4.1 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Territorial sea: 12 nm
-
- Climate: Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
-
- Terrain: hilly, rugged, rocky
-
- Natural resources: none
-
- Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and
- pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 100% other
-
- Environment: almost entirely urban
-
- Note: second-smallest independent state in world (after
- Vatican City)
-
- People
- Population: 29,453 (July 1990), growth rate 0.9% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 7 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: 9 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 80 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 1.2 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s); adjective--Monacan or
- Monegasque
-
- Ethnic divisions: 47% French, 16% Monegasque, 16% Italian, 21% other
-
- Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
-
- Language: French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque
-
- Literacy: 99%
-
- Labor force: NA
-
- Organized labor: 4,000 members in 35 unions
-
- Government
- Long-form name: Principality of Monaco
-
- Type: constitutional monarchy
-
- Capital: Monaco
-
- Administrative divisions: 4 quarters (quartiers, singular--quartier);
- Fontvieille, La Condamine, Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo
-
- Independence: 1419, rule by the House of Grimaldi
-
- Constitution: 17 December 1962
-
- Legal system: based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
- jurisdiction
-
- National holiday: National Day, 19 November
-
- Executive branch: prince, minister of state, Council of Government
- (cabinet)
-
- Legislative branch: National Council (Conseil National)
-
- Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal (Tribunal Supreme)
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State--Prince RAINIER III (since November 1949); Heir Apparent
- Prince ALBERT Alexandre Louis Pierre (born 14 March 1958);
-
- Head of Government Minister of State Jean AUSSEIL (since 10
- September 1985)
-
- Political parties and leaders: National and Democratic Union (UND),
- Democratic Union Movement (MUD), Monaco Action, Monegasque Socialist Party (PSM)
-
- Suffrage: universal adult at age 25
-
- Elections:
- National Council--last held on 24 January 1988 (next to be held 24
- January 1993);
- results--percent of vote by party NA;
- seats--(18 total) UND 18
-
- Member of: IAEA, ICAO, IHO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU,
- UN (permanent observer), UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO
-
- Diplomatic representation: Monaco maintains honorary consulates
- general in Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, and San
- Francisco, and honorary consulates in Dallas, Honolulu, Palm Beach,
- Philadelphia, and Washington;
- US--no mission in Monaco, but the US Consul General in Marseille,
- France, is accredited to Monaco; Consul General R. Susan WOOD; Consulate
- General at 12 Boulevard Paul Peytral, 13286 Marseille Cedex (mailing
- address APO NY 09777); telephone ╒33σ (91) 549-200
-
- Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the
- flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top)
- and red
-
- Economy
- Overview: No data are published on the economy. Monaco, situated
- on the French Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort, attracting tourists
- to its casino and pleasant climate. The Principality has successfully sought to
- diversify into services and small, high-value-added, non-polluting industries.
- The state has no income tax and low business taxes and thrives as a tax
- haven both for individuals who have established residence and for foreign
- companies that have set up businesses and offices. About 50% of Monaco's annual
- revenue comes from value-added taxes on hotels, banks, and the industrial
- sector; about 25% of revenue comes from tourism. Living standards are
- high, that is, roughly comparable to those in prosperous French
- metropolitan suburbs.
-
- GNP: NA
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
-
- Unemployment rate: full employment (1989)
-
- Budget: revenues $386 million; expenditures $NA, including capital
- expenditures of $NA (1988 est.)
-
- Exports: $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and
- rebates Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through
- customs union with France
-
- Imports: $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and
- rebates Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through
- customs union with France
-
- External debt: $NA
-
- Industrial production: growth rate NA%
-
- Electricity: 10,000 kW standby capacity (1988); power supplied by France
-
- Industries: pharmaceuticals, food processing, precision instruments,
- glassmaking, printing, tourism
-
- Agriculture: NA
-
- Aid: NA
-
- Currency: French franc (plural--francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
-
- Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1--5.7598 (January 1990),
- 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985)
-
- Fiscal year: calendar year
-
- Communications
- Railroads: 1.6 km 1.435-meter gauge
-
- Highways: none; city streets
-
- Ports: Monaco
-
- Merchant marine: 1 tanker (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,268 GRT/4,959 DWT
-
- Civil air: no major transport aircraft
-
- Airports: 1 usable airfield with permanent-surface runways
-
- Telecommunications: served by the French communications system; automatic
- telephone system; 38,200 telephones; stations--3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV;
- no communication satellite stations
-
- Defense Forces
- Note: defense is the responsibility of France
- .pa
- Mongolia
- Geography
- Total area: 1,565,000 km2; land area: 1,565,000 km2
-
- Comparative area: slightly larger than Alaska
-
- Land boundaries: 8,114 km total; China 4,673 km, USSR 3,441 km
-
- Coastline: none--landlocked
-
- Maritime claims: none--landlocked
-
- Climate: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature
- ranges)
-
- Terrain: vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and
- southwest; Gobi Desert in southeast
-
- Natural resources: coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin,
- nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold
-
- Land use: 1% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 79% meadows and
- pastures; 10% forest and woodland; 10% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
-
- Environment: harsh and rugged
-
- Note: landlocked; strategic location between China and Soviet Union
-
- People
- Population: 2,187,275 (July 1990), growth rate 2.7% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 35 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 50 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 62 years male, 67 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 4.7 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Mongolian(s); adjective--Mongolian
-
- Ethnic divisions: 90% Mongol, 4% Kazakh, 2% Chinese, 2% Russian, 2% other
-
- Religion: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, about 4% Muslim, limited
- religious activity because of Communist regime
-
- Language: Khalkha Mongol used by over 90% of population; minor languages
- include Turkic, Russian, and Chinese
-
- Literacy: 80% (est.); 100% claimed (1985)
-
- Labor force: NA, but primarily agricultural; over half the adult
- population is in the labor force, including a large percentage of women;
- shortage of skilled labor
-
- Organized labor: 425,000 members of the Central Council of Mongolian Trade
- Unions (CCMTU) controlled by the government (1984)
-
- Government
- Long-form name: Mongolian People's Republic; abbreviated MPR
-
- Type: Communist state
-
- Capital: Ulaanbaatar
-
- Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (aymguud, singular--aymag) and
- 3 municipalities* (hotuud, singular--hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy,
- Bulgan, Darhan*, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Erdenet*,
- Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay,
- Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs
-
- Independence: 13 March 1921 (from China; formerly Outer Mongolia)
-
- Constitution: 6 July 1960
-
- Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law;
- no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not
- accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
-
- National holiday: People's Revolution Day, 11 July (1921)
-
- Executive branch: chairman and deputy chairman of the Presidium of
- the People's Great Hural, Presidium of the People's Great Hural, chairman
- of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
-
- Legislative branch: unicameral People's Great Hural
-
- Judicial branch: Supreme Court
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State--Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Great
- Hural Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 21 March 1990);
-
- Head of Government--Chairman of the Council of Ministers
- Sharabyn GUNGAADORJ (since 21 March 1990);
-
- Political parties and leaders: only party--Mongolian People's
- Revolutionary Party (MPRP), Gombojabin Ochirbat, General Secretary
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 18
-
- Elections:
- President--last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held July 1991);
- results--Punsalmaagiyn Ochirbat elected by the People's Great Hural;
-
- People's Great Hural--last held on 22 June 1986 (next to be held
- June 1990);
- results--MPRP was the only party;
- seats--(370 total) MPRP 370
-
- Communists: MPRP membership 88,150 (1986 est.)
-
- Member of: CEMA, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBEC, ILO, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO,
- UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
-
- Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Gendengiin NYAMDOO;
- US--Ambassador Richard L. WILLIAMS
-
- Flag: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red;
- centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is a five-pointed star above the
- national emblem (soyombo--a columnar arrangement of abstract and
- geometric representations for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang
- symbol)
-
- Economy
- Overview: Economic activity traditionally has been based on
- agriculture and the breeding of livestock--Mongolia has the highest
- number of livestock per person in the world. In recent years extensive
- mineral resources have been developed with Soviet support. The mining and
- processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold
- account for a large part of industrial production.
-
- GDP: $1.7 billion, per capita $880 (1985 est.); average real
- growth rate 3.6% (1976-85 est.)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
-
- Unemployment rate: NA%
-
- Budget: revenues $2.2 billion; expenditures $2.19 billion, including
- capital expenditures of $0.9 billion (1987 est.)
-
- Exports: $388 million (f.o.b., 1985); commodities--livestock, animal
- products, wool, hides, fluorspar, nonferrous metals, minerals;
- partners--nearly all trade with Communist countries (about 80% with USSR)
-
- Imports: $1.0 billion (c.i.f., 1985); commodities--machinery and
- equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building
- materials, sugar, tea;
- partners--nearly all trade with Communist countries (about 80% with USSR)
-
- External debt: $NA
-
- Industrial production: growth rate 10.9% (1985)
-
- Electricity: 657,000 kW capacity; 29,500 million kWh produced,
- 1,340 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: processing of animal products, building materials, food and
- beverage, mining (particularly coal)
-
- Agriculture: accounts for 90% of exports and provides livelihood for about
- 50% of the population; livestock raising predominates (sheep, goats, horses);
- crops--wheat, barley, potatoes, forage
-
- Aid: about $500-$700 million annually from USSR
-
- Currency: tughrik (plural--tughriks); 1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos
-
- Exchange rates: tughriks (Tug) per US$1--3.355 (1986-1988),
- 3.600 (1985)
-
- Fiscal year: calendar year
-
- Communications
- Railroads: 1,750 km 1.524-meter broad gauge (1986)
-
- Highways: 46,700 km total; 1,000 km hard surface; 45,700 km other surfaces
- (1986)
-
- Inland waterways: 397 km of principal routes (1986)
-
- Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft
-
- Airports: 80 total, 30 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways;
- fewer than 5 with runways over 3,659 m; fewer than 20 with runways
- 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Telecommunications: stations--13 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (with 18 provincial
- relays); relay of Soviet TV; 60,000 TV sets; 186,000 radio receivers;
- at least 1 satellite earth station
-
- Defense Forces
- Branches: Mongolian People's Army, Air Force (negligible)
-
- Military manpower: males 15-49, 518,482; 338,652 fit for military service;
- 24,783 reach military age (18) annually
-
- Defense expenditures: NA
- .pa
- Montserrat
- (dependent territory of the UK)
- Geography
- Total area: 100 km2; land area: 100 km2
-
- Comparative area: about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC
-
- Land boundaries: none
-
- Coastline: 40 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 3 nm
-
- Climate: tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation
-
- Terrain: volcanic islands, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowland
-
- Natural resources: negligible
-
- Land use: 20% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 10% meadows and
- pastures; 40% forest and woodland; 30% other
-
- Environment: subject to severe hurricanes from June to November
-
- Note: located 400 km southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea
-
- People
- Population: 12,467 (July 1990), growth rate 0.3% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 16 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: - 4 migrant/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 80 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Montserratian(s); adjective--Montserratian
-
- Ethnic divisions: mostly black with a few Europeans
-
- Religion: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day
- Adventist, other Christian denominations
-
- Language: English
-
- Literacy: 77%
-
- Labor force: 5,100; 40.5% community, social, and personal services,
- 13.5% construction, 12.3% trade, restaurants, and hotels, 10.5% manufacturing,
- 8.8% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 14.4% other (1983 est.)
-
- Organized labor: 30% of labor force, three trade unions with 1,500
- members (1984 est.)
-
- Government
- Long-form name: none
-
- Type: dependent territory of the UK
-
- Capital: Plymouth
-
- Administrative divisions: 3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges,
- Saint Peter
-
- Independence: none (colony of the UK)
-
- Constitution: 1 January 1960
-
- Legal system: English common law and statute law
-
- National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second
- Saturday of June)
-
- Executive branch: monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet),
- chief minister
-
- Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council
-
- Judicial branch: Supreme Court
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
- represented by Governor Christopher J. TURNER (since 1987);
-
- Head of Government--Chief Minister John A. OSBORNE (since 1978)
-
- Political parties and leaders: People's Liberation Movement (PLM), John
- Osborne; Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Howell Bramble; United
- National Front (UNF), Dr. George Irish; National Development Party (NDP),
- Bertrand Osborne
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 18
-
- Elections:
- Legislative Council--last held on 25 August 1987 (next to be
- held NA 1992);
- results--percent of vote by party NA;
- seats--(11 total, 7 elected) PLM 4, NDP 2, PDP 1
-
- Communists: probably none
-
- Diplomatic representation: none (colony of the UK)
-
- Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and
- the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat
- of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp with her arm around
- a black cross
-
- Economy
- Overview: The economy is small and open with economic activity centered
- on tourism and construction. Tourism is the most important sector and
- accounted for 20% of GDP in 1986. Agriculture accounted for about 4%
- of GDP and industry 9%. The economy is heavily dependent on imports,
- making it vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices. Exports consist
- mainly of electronic parts sold to the US.
-
- GDP: $45.4 million, per capita $3,780; real growth rate 12% (1988
- est.)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.7% (1987)
-
- Unemployment rate: 3.0% (1987)
-
- Budget: revenues $10.0 million; expenditures $9.4 million, including
- capital expenditures of $3.2 million (1987)
-
- Exports: $3.0 million (f.o.b., 1987); commodities--plastic bags,
- electronic parts, apparel, hot peppers, live plants, cattle; partners--NA
-
- Imports: $25.3 million (c.i.f., 1987); commodities--machinery and
- transportation equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured goods, fuels, lubricants,
- and related materials; partners--NA
-
- External debt: $3.7 million (1985)
-
- Industrial production: growth rate 8.1% (1986)
-
- Electricity: 5,000 kW capacity; 12 million kWh produced,
- 930 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: tourism; light manufacturing--rum, textiles, electronic
- appliances
-
- Agriculture: accounts for 4% of GDP; small-scale farming; food
- crops--tomatoes, onions, peppers; not self-sufficient in food, especially
- livestock products
-
- Aid: NA
-
- Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural--dollars);
- 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
-
- Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1--2.70 (fixed
- rate since 1976)
-
- Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
-
- Communications
- Highways: 280 km total; about 200 km paved, 80 km gravel and earth
-
- Ports: Plymouth
-
- Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway 1,036 m
-
- Telecommunications: 3,000 telephones; stations--8 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV
-
- Defense Forces
- Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
- .pa
- Morocco
- Geography
- Total area: 446,550 km2; land area: 446,300 km2
-
- Comparative area: slightly larger than California
-
- Land boundaries: 2,002 km total; Algeria 1,559 km, Western
- Sahara 443 km
-
- Coastline: 1,835 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
-
- Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
-
- Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 12 nm
-
- Disputes: claims and administers Western Sahara, but sovereignty is
- unresolved; armed conflict in Western Sahara; Spain controls two coastal
- presidios or places of sovereignty (Ceuta, Melilla)
-
- Climate: Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior
-
- Terrain: mostly mountains with rich coastal plains
-
- Natural resources: phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead,
- zinc, fish, salt
-
- Land use: 18% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 28% meadows and
- pastures; 12% forest and woodland; 41% other; includes 1% irrigated
-
- Environment: northern mountains geologically unstable and subject
- to earthquakes; desertification
-
- Note: strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar
-
- People
- Population: 25,648,241 (July 1990), growth rate 2.2% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 31 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: - 1 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 78 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 63 years male, 66 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 4.0 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Moroccan(s); adjective--Moroccan
-
- Ethnic divisions: 99.1% Arab-Berber, 0.7% non-Moroccan, 0.2% Jewish
-
- Religion: 98.7% Muslim, 1.1% Christian, 0.2% Jewish
-
- Language: Arabic (official); several Berber dialects; French is language
- of business, government, diplomacy, and postprimary education
-
- Literacy: 28%
-
- Labor force: 7,400,000; 50% agriculture, 26% services, 15% industry,
- 9% other (1985)
-
- Organized labor: about 5% of the labor force, mainly in the Union of
- Moroccan Workers (UMT) and the Democratic Confederation of Labor (CDT)
-
- Government
- Long-form name: Kingdom of Morocco
-
- Type: constitutional monarchy
-
- Capital: Rabat
-
- Administrative divisions: 36 provinces (provinces, singular--province)
- and 2 municipalities* (wilayas, singular--wilaya); Agadir, Al Hoceima, Azilal,
- Beni Mellal, Ben Slimane, Boulemane, Casablanca*, Chaouen, El Jadida,
- El Kelaa des Srarhna, Er Rachidia, Essaouira, Fes, Figuig, Guelmim, Ifrane,
- Kenitra, Khemisset, Khenifra, Khouribga, Laayoune, Marrakech, Meknes, Nador,
- Ouarzazate, Oujda, Rabat-Sale*, Safi, Settat, Sidi Kacem, Tanger, Tan-Tan,
- Taounate, Taroudannt, Tata, Taza, Tetouan, Tiznit
-
- Independence: 2 March 1956 (from France)
-
- Constitution: 10 March 1972
-
- Legal system: based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law
- system; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme
- Court
-
- National holiday: National Day (anniversary of King Hassan II's accession
- to the throne), 3 March (1961)
-
- Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
-
- Legislative branch: unicameral Chamber of Representatives (Majlis al
- Nuwab)
-
- Judicial branch: Supreme Court
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State--King HASSAN II (since 3 March 1961);
-
- Head of Government--Prime Minister Dr. Azzedine LARAKI (since
- 30 September 1986)
-
- Political parties and leaders: Morocco has 15 political parties; the major
- ones are Istiqlal Party, M'Hamed Boucetta; Socialist Union of Popular Forces
- (USFP), Abderrahim Bouabid; Popular Movement (MP), Secretariat General;
- National Assembly of Independents (RNI), Ahmed Osman; National Democratic Party
- (PND), Mohamed Arsalane El-Jadidi; Party for Progress and Socialism (PPS),
- Ali Yata; Constitutional Union (UC), Maati Bouabid
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 21
-
- Elections:
- Chamber of Representatives--last held on 14 September 1984 (were
- scheduled for September 1990, but postponed until NA 1992);
- results--percent of vote by party NA;
- seats--(306 total, 206 elected) CU 83, RNI 61, MP 47, Istiqlal 41,
- USFP 36, PND 24, others 14
-
- Communists: about 2,000
-
- Member of: AfDB, Arab League, CCC, EC (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT,
- IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
- ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITU, NAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
- WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
-
- Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Ali BENGELLOUN; Chancery at
- 1601 21st Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 462-7979;
- there is a Moroccan Consulate General in New York;
- US--Ambassador Michael USSERY; Embassy at 2 Avenue de Marrakech, Rabat
- (mailing address is P. O. Box 120, Rabat, or APO New York 09284);
- telephone ╒212σ (7) 622-65; there are US Consulates General in Casablanca
- and Tangier
-
- Flag: red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as
- Solomon's seal in the center of the flag; green is the traditional color of
- Islam
-
- Economy
- Overview: After registering a robust 10% growth in 1988, the
- economy slowed in 1989 because of higher prices for food and oil
- imports, lower worker remittances, and a trade dispute with India over
- phosphoric acid prices that cost Rabat $500 million. To meet the foreign
- payments shortfall, Rabat has been drawing down foreign exchange reserves.
- Servicing the $22 billion foreign debt, high unemployment, and Morocco's
- vulnerability to external forces remain severe problems for the 1990s.
-
- GDP: $21.9 billion, per capita $880 (1988); real growth rate 4.5% (1989
- est.)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6% (1989)
-
- Unemployment rate: 15% (1988)
-
- Budget: revenues $5.1 billion; expenditures $6.0 billion, including
- capital expenditures of $1.4 billion (1988)
-
- Exports: $3.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--food and
- beverages 30%, semiprocessed goods 23%, consumer goods 21%, phosphates 17%;
- partners--EC 58%, India 7%, Japan 5%, USSR 3%, US 2%
-
- Imports: $5.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--capital
- goods 24%, semiprocessed goods 22%, raw materials 16%, fuel and lubricants 16%,
- food and beverages 13%, consumer goods 10%; partners--EC 53%, US 11%,
- Canada 4%, Iraq 3%, USSR 3%, Japan 2%
-
- External debt: $22.2 billion (1989)
-
- Industrial production: growth rate 4% (1989 est.)
-
- Electricity: 2,140,000 kW capacity; 7,760 million kWh produced,
- 300 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing,
- leather goods, textiles, construction, tourism
-
- Agriculture: 50% of employment and 30% of export value; not
- self-sufficient in food; cereal farming and livestock raising predominate;
- barley, wheat, citrus fruit, wine, vegetables, olives; fishing catch
- of 491,000 metric tons in 1987
-
- Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis; trafficking on
- the increase for both domestic and international drug markets; shipments
- of cannabis mostly directed to Western Europe; occasional transit point
- for cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe.
-
- Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $1.2 billion; Western
- (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $6.3 billion;
- OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $4.8 billion; Communist countries (1970-88),
- $2.3 billion
-
- Currency: Moroccan dirham (plural--dirhams);
- 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes
-
- Exchange rates: Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1--8.093 (January 1990),
- 8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988), 8.359 (1987), 9.104 (1986), 10.062 (1985)
-
- Fiscal year: calendar year
-
- Communications
- Railroads: 1,893 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (246 km double track, 974
- km electrified)
-
- Highways: 59,198 km total; 27,740 km bituminous treated, 31,458 km gravel,
- crushed stone, improved earth, and unimproved earth
-
- Pipelines: 362 km crude oil; 491 km (abandoned) refined products; 241 km
- natural gas
-
- Ports: Agadir, Casablanca, El Jorf Lasfar, Kenitra, Mohammedia, Nador,
- Safi, Tangier; also Spanish-controlled Ceuta and Melilla
-
- Merchant marine: 54 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 334,931
- GRT/513,762 DWT; includes 11 cargo, 2 container, 14 refrigerated cargo,
- 5 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
- 12 chemical tanker, 4 bulk, 3 short-sea passenger
-
- Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft
-
- Airports: 75 total, 68 usable; 26 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with
- runways over 3,659 m; 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 27 with runways
- 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Telecommunications: good system composed of wire lines, cables, and radio
- relay links; principal centers are Casablanca and Rabat, secondary centers are
- Fes, Marrakech, Oujda, Tangier, and Tetouan; 280,000 telephones;
- stations--14 AM, 6 FM, 47 TV; 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations--2
- Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; radio relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and
- Western Sahara; coaxial cable to Algeria; microwave network linking Syria,
- Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco
-
- Defense Forces
- Branches: Royal Moroccan Army, Royal Moroccan Navy, Royal Moroccan Air
- Force, Royal Gendarmerie
-
- Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,203,759; 3,946,408 fit for military
- service; 293,893 reach military age (18) annually; limited conscription
-
- Defense expenditures: 7.1% of GDP (1987)
- .pa
- Mozambique
- Geography
- Total area: 801,590 km2; land area: 784,090 km2
-
- Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of California
-
- Land boundaries: 4,571 km total; Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km,
- Swaziland 105 km, Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km
-
- Coastline: 2,470 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 12 nm
-
- Climate: tropical to subtropical
-
- Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in
- northwest, mountains in west
-
- Natural resources: coal, titanium
-
- Land use: 4% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 56% meadows and
- pastures; 20% forest and woodland; 20% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
-
- Environment: severe drought and floods occur in south; desertification
-
- People
- Population: 14,565,656 (July 1990), growth rate 2.6% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 47 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 18 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: - 3 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 138 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 45 years male, 49 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 6.5 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Mozambican(s); adjective--Mozambican
-
- Ethnic divisions: majority from indigenous tribal groups; about
- 10,000 Europeans, 35,000 Euro-Africans, 15,000 Indians
-
- Religion: 60% indigenous beliefs, 30% Christian, 10% Muslim
-
- Language: Portuguese (official); many indigenous dialects
-
- Literacy: 38%
-
- Labor force: NA, but 90% engaged in agriculture
-
- Organized labor: 225,000 workers belong to a single union,
- the Mozambique Workers' Organization (OTM)
-
- Note: there are 800,000 Mozambican refugees in Malawi (1989 est.)
-
- Government
- Long-form name: People's Republic of Mozambique
-
- Type: people's republic
-
- Capital: Maputo
-
- Administrative divisions: 10 provinces (provincias,
- singular--provincia); Cabo Delgado, Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Nampula,
- Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia
-
- Independence: 25 June 1975 (from Portugal)
-
- Constitution: 25 June 1975
-
- Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law
-
- National holiday: Independence Day, 25 June (1975)
-
- Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet
-
- Legislative branch: unicameral People's Assembly (Assembleia Popular)
-
- Judicial branch: People's Courts at all levels
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State--President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since 6
- November 1986);
-
- Head of Government--Prime Minister Mario da Graca MACHUNGO (since
- 17 July 1986)
-
- Political parties and leaders: Front for the Liberation of Mozambique
- (FRELIMO) is the only legal party and is a Marxist organization with close ties
- to the USSR
-
- Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
-
- Elections: national elections are indirect and based on mass meetings
- throughout the country
-
- Communists: about 60,000 FRELIMO members
-
- Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO,
- IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, ITU, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
-
- Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Valeriano FERRAO; Chancery at
- Suite 570, 1990 M Street NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 293-7146;
- US--Ambassador Melissa F. WELLS; Embassy at 3rd Floor, 35 Rua Da Mesquita,
- Maputo (mailing address is P. O. Box 783, Maputo); telephone 743167 or 744163
-
- Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with
- a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in
- white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a crossed
- rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book
-
- Economy
- Overview: One of Africa's poorest countries, with a per capita GDP of
- little more than $100, Mozambique has failed to exploit the economic potential
- of its sizable agricultural, hydropower, and transportation resources.
- Indeed, national output, consumption, and investment declined throughout the
- first half of the 1980s because of internal disorders, lack of government
- administrative control, and a growing foreign debt. A sharp increase in foreign
- aid, attracted by an economic reform policy, has resulted in successive years of
- economic growth since 1985. Agricultural output, nevertheless, is only
- at about 75% of its 1981 level, and grain has to be imported. Industry
- operates at only 20-40% of capacity. The economy depends heavily on
- foreign assistance to keep afloat.
-
- GDP: $1.6 billion, per capita less than $110; real growth rate 5.0%
- (1988)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 81.1% (1988)
-
- Unemployment rate: 40.0 (1988)
-
- Budget: revenues $186 million; expenditures $239 million,
- including capital expenditures of $208 million (1988 est.)
-
- Exports: $100 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--shrimp 48%,
- cashews 21%, sugar 10%, copra 3%, citrus 3%; partners--US, Western
- Europe, GDR, Japan
-
- Imports: $764 million (c.i.f., 1988), including aid;
- commodities--food, clothing, farm equipment, petroleum;
- partners--US, Western Europe, USSR
-
- External debt: $4.4 billion (1988)
-
- Industrial production: growth rate 7% (1989 est.)
-
- Electricity: 2,265,000 kW capacity; 1,740 million kWh produced,
- 120 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints),
- petroleum products, textiles, nonmetallic mineral products (cement, glass,
- asbestos), tobacco
-
- Agriculture: accounts for 50% of GDP, over 80% of labor force, and about
- 90% of exports; cash crops--cotton, cashew nuts, sugarcane, tea, shrimp; other
- crops--cassava, corn, rice, tropical fruits; not self-sufficient in food
-
- Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $282 million; Western
- (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $3.1 billion;
- OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $37 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
- $887 million
-
- Currency: metical (plural--meticais); 1 metical (Mt) = 100 centavos
-
- Exchange rates: meticais (Mt) per US$1--800 (September 1989),
- 528.60 (1988), 289.44 (1987), 40.43 (1986), 43.18 (1985)
-
- Fiscal year: calendar year
-
- Communications
- Railroads: 3,288 km total; 3,140 km 1.067-meter gauge; 148 km 0.762-meter
- narrow gauge; Malawi-Nacala, Malawi-Beira, and Zimbabwe-Maputo lines are
- subject to closure because of insurgency
-
- Highways: 26,498 km total; 4,593 km paved; 829 km gravel, crushed stone,
- stabilized soil; 21,076 km unimproved earth
-
- Inland waterways: about 3,750 km of navigable routes
-
- Pipelines: 306 km crude oil (not operating); 289 km refined products
-
- Ports: Maputo, Beira, Nacala
-
- Merchant marine: 5 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,806
- GRT/12,873 DWT
-
- Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
-
- Airports: 203 total, 153 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways;
- none with runways over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 29 with
- runways 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Telecommunications: fair system of troposcatter, open-wire lines, and
- radio relay; 57,400 telephones; stations--15 AM, 3 FM, 1 TV; satellite earth
- stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3 domestic
-
- Defense Forces
- Branches: Mozambique Armed Forces (including Army, Border Guard, Naval
- Command, Air Defense Forces)
-
- Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,295,067; 1,892,699 fit for military
- service
-
- Defense expenditures: 8.4% of GDP (1987)
- .pa
- Namibia
- Geography
- Total area: 824,290 km2; land area: 823,290 km2
-
- Comparative area: slightly more than half the size of Alaska
-
- Land boundaries: 3,935 km total; Angola 1,376 km, Botswana
- 1,360 km, South Africa 966 km, Zambia 233 km
-
- Coastline: 1,489 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 6 nm
-
- Disputes: short section of boundary with Botswana is indefinite;
- quadripoint with Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement;
- possible future claim to South Africa's Walvis Bay
-
- Climate: desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic
-
- Terrain: mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert
- in east
-
- Natural resources: diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin,
- zinc, salt, vanadium, natural gas, fish; suspected deposits of coal
- and iron ore
-
- Land use: 1% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 64% meadows and
- pastures; 22% forest and woodland; 13% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
-
- Environment: inhospitable with very limited natural water resources;
- desertification
-
- Note: Walvis Bay area is an exclave of South Africa in Namibia
-
- People
- Population: 1,452,951 (July 1990), growth rate 5.6% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 46 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: 20 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 71 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 57 years male, 63 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 6.6 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Namibian(s); adjective--Namibian
-
- Ethnic divisions: 86% black, 6.5% white, 7.5% mixed; about 50%
- of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9% from the Kavangos
- tribe
-
- Religion: predominantly Christian
-
- Language: Afrikaans principal language of about 60% of white population,
- German of 33%, and English of 7% (all official); several indigenous languages
-
- Literacy: 100% whites, 16% nonwhites
-
- Labor force: 500,000; 60% agriculture, 19% industry and commerce,
- 8% services, 7% government, 6% mining (1981 est.)
-
- Organized labor: 15 trade unions--largest is the mineworkers'
- union which has a sizable black membership
-
- Government
- Long-form name: Republic of Namibia
-
- Type: republic as of 21 March 1990
-
- Capital: Windhoek
-
- Administrative divisions: 26 districts; Bethanien, Boesmanland,
- Caprivi Oos, Damaraland, Gobabis, Grootfontein, Hereroland Oos,
- Hereroland Wes, Kaokoland, Karasburg, Karibib, Kavango, Keetmanshoop,
- Luderitz, Maltahohe, Mariental, Namaland, Okahandja, Omaruru,
- Otjiwarongo, Outjo, Owambo, Rehoboth, Swakopmund, Tsumeb, Windhoek
-
- Independence: 21 March 1990
-
- Constitution: ratified 9 February 1990
-
- Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and customary law
-
- National holiday: Settlers' Day, 10 December
-
- Executive branch: president, Cabinet, Constitutional Council
-
- Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly
-
- Judicial branch: Supreme Court
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State and Head of Government President Sam NUJOMA
- (since 21 March 1990)
-
- Political parties and leaders: South-West Africa People's
- Organization (SWAPO), Sam Nujoma;
- Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA), Dirk Mudge;
- United Democratic Front (UDF), Justus Garoeb;
- Action Christian National (ACN), Kosie Pretorius;
- National Patriotic Front (NPF), Moses Katjiuongua;
- Federal Convention of Namibia (FCN), Hans Diergaardt;
- Namibia National Front (NNF), Vekuii Rukoro
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 18
-
- Elections:
- National Assembly--last held on 7-11 November 1989
- (next to be held NA);
- results--percent of vote by party NA;
- seats--(72 total) SWAPO 41, DTA 21, UDF 4, ACN 3, NNF 1, FCN 1, NPF 1
-
- Communists: no Communist party
-
- Other political or pressure groups: NA
-
- Member of: FAO, IAEA, ILO, UNESCO, WHO
-
- Diplomatic representation: NA
-
- Flag: a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills the
- upper left section, and an equal green triangle (solid) fills the lower
- right section; the triangles are separated by a red stripe which is
- contrasted by two narrow white edge borders
-
- Economy
- Overview: The economy is heavily dependent on the mining industry
- to extract and process minerals for export. Mining accounts for almost 35%
- of GDP, agriculture and fisheries 10-15%, and manufacturing about 5%.
- Namibia is the fourth-largest exporter of nonfuel minerals in Africa and
- the world's fifth-largest producer of uranium. Alluvial diamond deposits are
- among the richest in the world, making Namibia a primary source for
- gem-quality diamonds. Namibia also produces large quantities of lead, zinc, tin,
- silver, and tungsten, and it has substantial resources of coal.
-
- GNP: $1.54 billion, per capita $1,245; real growth rate 2.9%
- (1987)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 15.1% (1989)
-
- Unemployment rate: over 30% (1988)
-
- Budget: revenues $781 million; expenditures $932 million, including
- capital expenditures of $NA (FY88)
-
- Exports: $935 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--diamonds,
- uranium, zinc, copper, meat, processed fish, karakul skins;
- partners--South Africa
-
- Imports: $856 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--foodstuffs,
- manufactured consumer goods, machinery and equipment;
- partners--South Africa, FRG, UK, US
-
- External debt: about $27 million at independence; under a 1971
- International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruling, Namibia may not be
- liable for debt incurred during its colonial period
-
- Industrial production: growth rate NA%
-
- Electricity: 486,000 kW capacity; 1,280 million kWh produced,
- 930 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: meatpacking, fish processing, dairy products, mining (copper,
- lead, zinc, diamond, uranium)
-
- Agriculture: accounts for 10% of GDP (including fishing); mostly
- subsistence farming; livestock raising major source of cash income;
- crops--millet, sorghum, peanuts; fish catch potential of over 1 million
- metric tons not being fulfilled, 1987 catch reaching only 520,000 metric
- tons; not self-sufficient in food
-
- Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
- (1970-87), $47.2 million
-
- Currency: South African rand (plural--rand);
- 1 South African rand (R) = 100 cents
-
- Exchange rates: South African rand (R) per US$1--2.5555 (January 1990),
- 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987), 2.2685 (1986), 2.1911 (1985)
-
- Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
-
- Communications
- Railroads: 2,341 km 1.067-meter gauge, single track
-
- Highways: 54,500 km; 4,079 km paved, 2,540 km gravel, 47,881 km earth
- roads and tracks
-
- Ports: Luderitz; primary maritime outlet is Walvis Bay (South Africa)
-
- Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
-
- Airports: 143 total, 123 usable; 21 with permanent-surface runways;
- 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 63 with runways
- 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Telecommunications: good urban, fair rural services; radio relay connects
- major towns, wires extend to other population centers; 62,800 telephones;
- stations--2 AM, 40 FM, 3 TV
-
- Defense Forces
- Branches: NA
-
- Military manpower: males 15-49, 298,249; 176,660 fit for military service
-
- Defense expenditures: 4.9% of GNP (1986)
-
- Note: the South-West Africa Territorial Force, established in
- 1980, was demobilized in June 1989; a new national defense force will
- probably be formed by the new government
- .pa
- Nauru
- Geography
- Total area: 21 km2; land area: 21 km2
-
- Comparative area: about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC
-
- Land boundaries: none
-
- Coastline: 30 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 12 nm
-
- Climate: tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to February)
-
- Terrain: sandy beach rises to fertile ring around raised coral reefs
- with phosphate plateau in center
-
- Natural resources: phosphates
-
- Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and
- pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 100% other
-
- Environment: only 53 km south of Equator
-
- Note: one of three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific
- (others are Banaba or Ocean Island in Kiribati and Makatea in French Polynesia)
-
- People
- Population: 9,202 (July 1990), growth rate 1.5% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 20 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 41 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 69 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 2.3 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Nauruan(s); adjective--Nauruan
-
- Ethnic divisions: 58% Nauruan, 26% other Pacific Islander, 8% Chinese, 8%
- European
-
- Religion: Christian (two-thirds Protestant, one-third Roman Catholic)
-
- Language: Nauruan, a distinct Pacific Island language (official); English
- widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes
-
- Literacy: 99%
-
- Labor force: NA
-
- Organized labor: NA
-
- Government
- Long-form name: Republic of Nauru
-
- Type: republic
-
- Capital: no capital city as such; government offices in Yaren District
-
- Administrative divisions: 14 districts; Aiwo, Anabar, Anetan, Anibare,
- Baiti, Boe, Buada, Denigomodu, Ewa, Ijuw, Meneng, Nibok, Uaboe, Yaren
-
- Independence: 31 January 1968 (from UN trusteeship under Australia,
- New Zealand, and UK); formerly Pleasant Island
-
- Constitution: 29 January 1968
-
- Legal system: own Acts of Parliament and British common law
-
- National holiday: Independence Day, 31 January (1968)
-
- Executive branch: president, Cabinet
-
- Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament
-
- Judicial branch: Supreme Court
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State and Head of Government--President Bernard DOWIYOGO
- (since 12 December 1989)
-
- Political parties and leaders: none
-
- Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 20
-
- Elections:
- President--last held 9 December 1989 (next to be held December
- 1992);
- results--Bernard Dowiyogo elected by Parliament;
-
- Parliament--last held on 9 December 1989 (next to be held
- December 1992);
- results--percent of vote NA;
- seats--(18 total) independents 18
-
- Member of: Commonwealth (special member), ESCAP, ICAO, INTERPOL,
- ITU, SPC, SPF, UPU
-
- Diplomatic representation: Ambassador T. W. STAR resides in Melbourne
- (Australia); there is a Nauruan Consulate in Agana (Guam);
- US--the US Ambassador to Australia is accredited to Nauru
-
- Flag: blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across the center and
- a large white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the hoist side; the
- star indicates the country's location in relation to the Equator (the
- yellow stripe) and the 12 points symbolize the 12 original tribes of
- Nauru
-
- Economy
- Overview: Revenues come from the export of phosphates, the reserves
- of which are expected to be exhausted by the year 2000. Phosphates have given
- Nauruans one of the highest per capita incomes in the Third
- World--$10,000 annually. Few other resources exist so
- most necessities must be imported, including fresh water from
- Australia. The rehabilitation of mined land and the replacement of income
- from phosphates constitute serious long-term problems. Substantial
- investment in trust funds, out of phosphate income, will help cushion the
- transition.
-
- GNP: over $90 million, per capita $10,000; real growth rate NA% (1989)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
-
- Unemployment rate: 0%
-
- Budget: revenues $69.7 million; expenditures $51.5 million, including
- capital expenditures of $NA (FY86 est.)
-
- Exports: $93 million (f.o.b., 1984); commodities--phosphates;
- partners--Australia, NZ
-
- Imports: $73 million (c.i.f., 1984); commodities--food, fuel,
- manufactures, building materials, machinery; partners--Australia, UK, NZ,
- Japan
-
- External debt: $33.3 million
-
- Industrial production: growth rate NA%
-
- Electricity: 13,250 kW capacity; 48 million kWh produced,
- 5,300 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: phosphate mining, financial services, coconuts
-
- Agriculture: negligible; almost completely dependent on imports for food
- and water
-
- Aid: none
-
- Currency: Australian dollar (plural--dollars);
- 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents
-
- Exchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1--1.2784 (January 1990),
- 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987), 1.4905 (1986), 1.4269 (1985)
-
- Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
-
- Communications
- Railroads: 3.9 km; used to haul phosphates from the center of the island
- to processing facilities on the southwest coast
-
- Highways: about 27 km total; 21 km paved, 6 km improved earth
-
- Ports: Nauru
-
- Merchant marine: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 39,597
- GRT/50,729 DWT; includes 1 passenger-cargo, 1 cargo, 2 bulk
-
- Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft, one on order
-
- Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Telecommunications: adequate intraisland and international radio
- communications provided via Australian facilities; 1,600 telephones;
- 4,000 radio receivers; stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT
- earth station
-
- Defense Forces
- Branches: no regular armed forces
-
- Military manpower: males 15-49, 298,249; 176,660 fit for military
- service; 100 reach age 18 annually
-
- Defense expenditures: no formal defense structure
- .pa
- Navassa Island
- (territory of the US)
- Geography
- Total area: 5.2 km2; land area: 5.2 km2
-
- Comparative area: about nine times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
-
- Land boundaries: none
-
- Coastline: 8 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
-
- Continental shelf: 200 m;
-
- Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 12 nm
-
- Disputes: claimed by Haiti
-
- Climate: marine, tropical
-
- Terrain: raised coral and limestone plateau, flat to undulating; ringed by
- vertical white cliffs (9 to 15 meters high)
-
- Natural resources: guano
-
- Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 10% meadows and pastures;
- 0% forest and woodland; 90% other
-
- Environment: mostly exposed rock, but enough grassland to support goat
- herds; dense stands of fig-like trees, scattered cactus
-
- Note: strategic location between Cuba, Haiti, and Jamaica in the
- Caribbean Sea; 160 km south of the US Naval Base at Guantanamo, Cuba
-
- People
- Population: uninhabited; transient Haitian fishermen and others camp on
- the island
-
- Government
- Long-form name: none (territory of the US)
-
- Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Coast
- Guard
-
- Economy
- Overview: no economic activity
-
- Communications
- Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
-
- Defense Forces
- Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
- .pa
- Nepal
- Geography
- Total area: 140,800 km2; land area: 136,800 km2
-
- Comparative area: slightly larger than Arkansas
-
- Land boundaries: 2,926 km total; China 1,236 km, India 1,690 km
-
- Coastline: none--landlocked
-
- Maritime claims: none--landlocked
-
- Climate: varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to
- subtropical summers and mild winter in south
-
- Terrain: Tarai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south, central hill
- region, rugged Himalayas in north
-
- Natural resources: quartz, water, timber, hydroelectric potential, scenic
- beauty; small deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore
-
- Land use: 17% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 13% meadows and
- pastures; 33% forest and woodland; 37% other; includes 2% irrigated
-
- Environment: contains eight of world's 10 highest peaks;
- deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution
-
- Note: landlocked; strategic location between China and India
-
- People
- Population: 19,145,800 (July 1990), growth rate 2.4% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 39 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 99 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 50 years male, 50 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 5.6 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Nepalese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Nepalese
-
- Ethnic divisions: Newars, Indians, Tibetans, Gurungs, Magars, Tamangs,
- Bhotias, Rais, Limbus, Sherpas, as well as many smaller groups
-
- Religion: only official Hindu state in world, although no sharp
- distinction between many Hindu (about 88% of population) and Buddhist groups;
- small groups of Muslims and Christians
-
- Language: Nepali (official); 20 languages divided into numerous dialects
-
- Literacy: 20%
-
- Labor force: 4,100,000; 93% agriculture, 5% services, 2% industry;
- severe lack of skilled labor
-
- Organized labor: Teachers' Union, not officially recognized
-
- Government
- Long-form name: Kingdom of Nepal
-
- Type: constitutional monarchy, but King Birendra exercises
- control over multitiered system of government
-
- Capital: Kathmandu
-
- Administrative divisions: 14 zones (anchal, singular and plural);
- Bagmati, Bheri, Dhawalagiri, Gandaki, Janakpur, Karnali,
- Kosi, Lumbini, Mahakali, Mechi, Narayani,
- Rapti, Sagarmatha, Seti
-
- Independence: 1768, unified by Prithyi Narayan Shah
-
- Constitution: 16 December 1962
-
- Legal system: based on Hindu legal concepts and English common law; has
- not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
-
- National holiday: Birthday of His Majesty the King, 28 December (1945)
-
- Executive branch: monarch, chairman of the Council of State, Council
- of State, prime minister
-
- Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Rashtriya Panchayat)
-
- Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Sarbochha Adalat)
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State--King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev (since 31 January
- 1972, crowned King 24 February 1985); Heir Apparent Crown Prince DIPENDRA
- Bir Bikram Shah Dev, son of the King (born 21 June 1971);
-
- Head of Government--Prime Minister Marich Man Singh SHRESTHA (since
- 15 July 1986)
-
- Political parties and leaders: all political parties outlawed but operate
- more or less openly; Nepali Congress Party (NCP), Ganesh Man Singh, K. P.
- Bhattarai, G. P. Koirala
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 21
-
- Elections:
- National Assembly--last held on 12 May 1986 (next to be held May 1991);
- results--all independents since political parties are officially banned;
- seats--(140 total, 112 elected) independents 112
-
- Communists: Communist Party of Nepal (CPN); factions include V. B.
- Manandhar, Man Mohan Adhikari/Sahana Pradhan, Bharat Raj Joshi, Rai Majhi,
- Tulsi Lal, Krishna Raj Burma
-
- Other political or pressure groups: numerous small, left-leaning student
- groups in the capital; Indian merchants in Tarai and capital; several small,
- radical Nepalese antimonarchist groups operating from north India
-
- Member of: ADB, CCC, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
- IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, NAM, SAARC, UN,
- UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
-
- Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Mohan Man SAINJU; Chancery at 2131
- Leroy Place NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 667-4550; there is a
- Nepalese Consulate General in New York;
- US--Ambassador Julia Chang BLOCH; Embassy at Pani Pokhari, Kathmandu;
- telephone ╒977σ 411179 or 412718, 411601
-
- Flag: red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping
- right triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized moon and the
- larger, lower triangle bears a white 12-pointed sun
-
- Economy
- Overview: Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the
- world with a per capita income of only $158. Real growth averaged 4% in the
- 1980s until FY89, when it plunged to 1.5% because of the ongoing
- trade/transit dispute with India. Agriculture is the mainstay of the
- economy, providing a livelihood for over 90% of the population and
- accounting for 60% of GDP and about 75% of exports. Industrial activity is
- limited, and what there is involves the processing of agricultural
- produce (jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain).
- Apart from agricultural land and forests, the only other exploitable natural
- resources are mica, hydropower, and tourism. Despite considerable investment in
- the agricultural sector, production in the 1980s has not kept pace with the
- population growth of 2.7%, which has led to a reduction in exportable surpluses
- and balance-of-payments difficulties. Economic prospects for the 1990s
- remain grim.
-
- GDP: $2.9 billion, per capita $158; real growth rate 1.5% (FY89)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.1% (FY89 est.)
-
- Unemployment rate: 5%; underemployment estimated at 25-40% (1987)
-
- Budget: revenues $296 million; expenditures $635 million, including
- capital expenditures of $394 million (FY89 est.)
-
- Exports: $374 million (f.o.b., FY89 est.), but does not include
- unrecorded border trade with India; commodities--clothing, carpets,
- leather goods, grain; partners--India 38%, US 23%, UK 6%, other
- Europe 9% (FY88)
-
- Imports: $724 million (c.i.f., FY89 est.); commodities--petroleum
- products 20%, fertilizer 11%, machinery 10%; partners--India 36%,
- Japan 13%, Europe 4%, US 1% (FY88)
-
- External debt: $1.3 billion (December 1989 est.)
-
- Industrial production: growth rate - 4.5% (FY89 est.)
-
- Electricity: 205,000 kW capacity; 535 million kWh produced,
- 30 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; cigarette,
- textiles, cement, brick; tourism
-
- Agriculture: accounts for 60% of GDP and 90% of work force; farm
- products--rice, corn, wheat, sugarcane, root crops, milk, buffalo meat; not
- self-sufficient in food, particularly in drought years
-
- Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic and
- international drug markets
-
- Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $285 million; Western
- (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-87), $1.8 billion;
- OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $30 million; Communist countries (1970-88), $273
- million
-
- Currency: Nepalese rupee (plural--rupees);
- 1 Nepalese rupee (NR) = 100 paisa
-
- Exchange rates: Nepalese rupees (NRs) per US$1--28.559 (January 1990),
- 27.189 (1989), 23.289 (1988), 21.819 (1987), 21.230 (1986), 18.246 (1985)
-
- Fiscal year: 16 July-15 July
-
- Communications
- Railroads: 52 km (1985), all 0.762-meter narrow gauge; all in Tarai close
- to Indian border; 10 km from Raxaul to Birganj is government owned
-
- Highways: 5,958 km total (1986); 2,645 km paved, 815 km gravel or crushed
- stone, 2,257 km improved and unimproved earth; also 241 km of seasonally
- motorable tracks
-
- Civil air: 5 major and 11 minor transport aircraft
-
- Airports: 38 total, 38 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways;
- none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with
- runways 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Telecommunications: poor telephone and telegraph service; fair radio
- communication and broadcast service; international radio communication service
- is poor; 30,000 telephones (1987); stations--4 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean
- INTELSAT earth station
-
- Defense Forces
- Branches: Royal Nepalese Army, Royal Nepalese Army Air Service, Nepalese
- Police Force
-
- Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,531,660; 2,347,412 fit for military
- service; 225,349 reach military age (17) annually
-
- Defense expenditures: 2% of GDP, or $58 million (1989 est.)
- .pa
- Netherlands
- Geography
- Total area: 37,290 km2; land area: 33,940 km2
-
- Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey
-
- Land boundaries: 1,027 km total; Belgium 450 km, FRG 577 km
-
- Coastline: 451 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 12 nm
-
- Climate: temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters
-
- Terrain: mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some
- hills in southeast
-
- Natural resources: natural gas, crude oil, fertile soil
-
- Land use: 25% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 34% meadows and
- pastures; 9% forest and woodland; 31% other; includes 15% irrigated
-
- Environment: 27% of the land area is below sea level and protected from
- the North Sea by dikes
-
- Note: located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine,
- Maas or Meuse, Schelde)
-
- People
- Population: 14,936,032 (July 1990), growth rate 0.6% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 13 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: 2 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 81 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women); adjective--Dutch
-
- Ethnic divisions: 96% Dutch, 4% Moroccans, Turks, and others (1988)
-
- Religion: 36% Roman Catholic, 27% Protestant, 4% other, 33%
- unaffiliated (1986)
-
- Language: Dutch
-
- Literacy: 99%
-
- Labor force: 5,300,000; 50.1% services, 28.2% manufacturing and
- construction, 15.9% government, 5.8% agriculture (1986)
-
- Organized labor: 29% of labor force
-
- Government
- Long-form name: Kingdom of the Netherlands
-
- Type: constitutional monarchy
-
- Capital: Amsterdam, but government resides at The Hague
-
- Administrative divisions: 12 provinces (provincien,
- singular--provincie); Drenthe, Flevoland, Friesland, Gelderland, Groningen,
- Limburg, Noord-Brabant, Noord-Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland,
- Zuid-Holland
-
- Dependent areas: Aruba, Netherlands Antilles
-
- Independence: 1579 (from Spain)
-
- Constitution: 17 February 1983
-
- Legal system: civil law system incorporating French penal theory;
- judicial review in the Supreme Court of legislation of lower order rather
- than Acts of Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
-
- National holiday: Queen's Day, 30 April (1938)
-
- Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, vice prime minister, Cabinet,
- Cabinet of Ministers
-
- Legislative branch: bicameral States General (Staten Generaal) consists of
- an upper chamber or First Chamber (Eerste Kamer) and a lower chamber or Second
- Chamber (Tweede Kamer)
-
- Judicial branch: Supreme Court (De Hoge Raad)
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State--Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980);
- Heir Apparent WILLEM-ALEXANDER, Prince of Orange, son of Queen Beatrix (born
- 27 April 1967);
-
- Head of Government--Prime Minister Ruud (Rudolph) F. M. LUBBERS (since
- 4 November 1982); Deputy Prime Minister Wim KOK (since 2 November 1989)
-
- Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), Willem
- van Velzen; Labor (PvdA), Wim Kok; Liberal (VVD), Joris Voorhoeve; Democrats '66
- (D'66), Hans van Mierio; Communist (CPN), Henk Hoekstra; a host of minor parties
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 18
-
- Elections:
- First Chamber--last held on 9 June l987 (next to be held 9 June 1991);
- results--elected by the country's 12 provincial councils;
- seats--(75 total) percent of seats by party NA;
-
- Second Chamber--last held on 6 September 1989 (next to be held by
- September 1993);
- results--CDA 35.3%, PvdA 31.9%, VVD 14.6%, D'66 7.9%, others 10.3%;
- seats--(150 total) CDA 54, PvdA 49, VVD 22, D'66 12, others 13
-
- Communists: about 6,000
-
- Other political or pressure groups: large multinational firms; Federation
- of Netherlands Trade Union Movement (comprising Socialist and Catholic trade
- unions) and a Protestant trade union; Federation of Catholic and Protestant
- Employers Associations; the nondenominational Federation of Netherlands
- Enterprises; and IKV--Interchurch Peace Council
-
- Member of: ADB, Benelux, CCC, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ECE, EIB,
- EMS, ESA, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA,
- IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO,
- INRO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council
- (with respect to interests of the Netherlands Antilles and Suriname), NATO, OAS
- (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO,
-
- Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Richard H. FEIN; Chancery at
- 4200 Linnean Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 244-5300;
- there are Dutch Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New
- York, and San Francisco;
- US--Ambassador C. Howard WILKINS; Embassy at Lange Voorhout 102,
- 2514 EJ The Hague (mailing address APO New York 09159);
- telephone ╒31σ (70) 62-49-11; there is a US Consulate General in Amsterdam
-
- Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar
- to the flag of Luxembourg which uses a lighter blue and is longer
-
- Economy
- Overview: This highly developed and affluent economy is based on
- private enterprise. The government makes its presence felt, however,
- through many regulations, permit requirements, and welfare programs
- affecting most aspects of economic activity. The trade and financial
- services sector contributes over 50% of GDP. Industrial activity,
- including construction, provides about 25% of GDP, and is led by the
- food-processing, oil-refining, and metal-working industries. The highly
- mechanized agricultural sector employs only 6% of the
- labor force, but provides large surpluses for export and the domestic
- food-processing industry. An unemployment rate of over 8.6% and a sizable
- budget deficit are currently the most serious economic problems.
-
- GDP: $205.9 billion, per capita $13,900; real growth rate 4.2% (1989 est.)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.5% (1989 est.)
-
- Unemployment rate: 8.6% (1989 est.)
-
- Budget: revenues $71 billion; expenditures $82 billion, including
- capital expenditures of $NA billion (1989)
-
- Exports: $110.3 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--agricultural
- products, processed foods and tobacco, natural gas, chemicals, metal products,
- textiles, clothing; partners--EC 74.9% (FRG 28.3%, Belgium-Luxembourg
- 14.2%, France 10.7%, UK 10.2%), US 4.7% (1988)
-
- Imports: $100.9 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--raw materials
- and semifinished products, consumer goods, transportation equipment, crude oil,
- food products; partners--EC 63.8% (FRG 26.5%, Belgium-Luxembourg 23.1%,
- UK 8.1%), US 7.9% (1988)
-
- External debt: none
-
- Industrial production: growth rate 4.8% (1989 est.)
-
- Electricity: 22,216,000 kW capacity; 63,570 million kWh
- produced, 4,300 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: agroindustries, metal and engineering products, electrical
- machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum, fishing, construction,
- microelectronics
-
- Agriculture: accounts for 4% of GDP; animal production predominates;
- crops--grains, potatoes, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables; shortages of grain,
- fats, and oils
-
- Aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $15.8 billion
-
- Currency: Netherlands guilder, gulden, or florin (plural--guilders,
- gulden, or florins); 1 Netherlands guilder, gulden, or florin (f.) = 100 cents
-
- Exchange rates: Netherlands guilders, gulden, or florins (f.) per
- US$1--2.2906 (January 1990), 2.1207 (1989), 1.9766 (1988), 2.0257 (1987),
- 2.4500 (1986), 3.3214 (1985)
-
- Fiscal year: calendar year
-
- Communications
- Railroads: 3,037 km track (includes 1,871 km electrified and
- 1,800 km double track; 2,871 km 1.435-meter standard gauge operated by
- Netherlands Railways (NS); 166 km privately owned
-
- Highways: 108,360 km total; 92,525 km paved (including 2,185 km of limited
- access, divided highways); 15,835 km gravel, crushed stone
-
- Inland waterways: 6,340 km, of which 35% is usable by craft of
- 1,000 metric ton capacity or larger
-
- Pipelines: 418 km crude oil; 965 km refined products; 10,230 km natural
- gas
-
- Ports: maritime--Amsterdam, Delfzijl, Den Helder, Dordrecht,
- Eemshaven, Ijmuiden, Rotterdam, Scheveningen, Terneuzen, Vlissingen;
- inland--29 ports
-
- Merchant marine: 345 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,661,822
- GRT/3,732,282 DWT; includes 2 short-sea passenger, 187 cargo, 42 refrigerated
- cargo, 23 container, 9 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 livestock carrier,
- 12 multifunction large-load carrier, 15 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)
- tanker, 27 chemical tanker, 11 liquefied gas, 2 specialized tanker, 1 combinatio
- n ore/oil, 9 bulk, 2 combination bulk; note--many Dutch-owned ships are also
- registered in the captive Netherlands Antilles register
-
- Civil air: 98 major transport aircraft
-
- Airports: 28 total, 28 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways;
- none with runways over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with
- runways 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Telecommunications: highly developed, well maintained, and integrated;
- extensive system of multiconductor cables, supplemented by radio relay links;
- 9,418,000 telephones; stations--6 AM, 20 (32 repeaters) FM, 21 (8 repeaters) TV;
- 5 submarine cables;
- communication satellite earth stations operating in INTELSAT (1 Indian Ocean and
- 2 Atlantic Ocean) and EUTELSAT systems
-
- Defense Forces
- Branches: Royal Netherlands Army, Royal Netherlands Navy/Marine Corps,
- Royal Netherlands Air Force
-
- Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,134,006; 3,660,048 fit for military
- service; 111,948 reach military age (20) annually
-
- Defense expenditures: 2.9% of GDP, or $6.0 billion (1989 est.)
- .pa
- Netherlands Antilles
- (part of the Dutch realm)
- Geography
- Total area: 960 km2; land area: 960 km2; includes Bonaire,
- Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten (Dutch part of the
- island of Saint Martin)
-
- Comparative area: slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC
-
- Land boundaries: none
-
- Coastline: 364 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 12 nm
-
- Climate: tropical; modified by northeast trade winds
-
- Terrain: generally hilly, volcanic interiors
-
- Natural resources: phosphates (Curacao only), salt (Bonaire only)
-
- Land use: 8% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0%
- forest and woodland; 92% other
-
- Environment: Curacao and Bonaire are south of Caribbean hurricane
- belt, so rarely threatened; Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are
- subject to hurricanes from July to October
-
- Note: consists of two island groups--Curacao and Bonaire
- are located off the coast of Venezuela, and Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint
- Eustatius lie 800 km to the north
-
- People
- Population: 183,503 (July 1990), growth rate 0.2% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 18 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: - 11 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 79 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 2.0 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Netherlands Antillean(s); adjective--Netherlands
- Antillean
-
- Ethnic divisions: 85% mixed African; remainder Carib Indian, European,
- Latin, and Oriental
-
- Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic; Protestant, Jewish,
- Seventh-Day Adventist
-
- Language: Dutch (official); Papiamento, a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English
- dialect predominates; English widely spoken; Spanish
-
- Literacy: 95%
-
- Labor force: 89,000; 65% government, 28% industry and commerce
- (1983)
-
- Organized labor: 60-70% of labor force
-
- Government
- Long-form name: none
-
- Type: part of the Dutch realm--full autonomy in internal affairs
- granted in 1954
-
- Capital: Willemstad
-
- Administrative divisions: none (part of the Dutch realm)
-
- Independence: none (part of the Dutch realm)
-
- Constitution: 29 December 1954, Statute of the Realm of the Netherlands,
- as amended
-
- Legal system: based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common
- law influence
-
- National holiday: Queen's Day, 30 April (1938)
-
- Executive branch: Dutch monarch, governor, prime minister, vice prime
- minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
-
- Legislative branch: Parliament (Staten)
-
- Judicial branch: Joint High Court of Justice
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State--Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980),
- represented by Governor General Jaime SALEH (since October 1989);
-
- Head of Government--Prime Minister Maria LIBERIA-PETERS (since 17 May
- 1988, previously served from September 1984 to November 1985)
-
- Political parties and leaders: political parties are indigenous to each
- island:
-
- Curacao--National People's Party (NVP), Maria
- Liberia-Peters; New Antilles Movement (MAN), Domenico Felip Martina;
- Democratic Party of Curacao (DP), Augustus Diaz; Workers' Liberation
- Front (FOL), Wilson (Papa) Godett; Socialist Independent (SI), George
- Hueck and Nelson Monte;
-
- Bonaire--New Force, Rudy Ellis; Democratic Party of Bonaire (PDB),
- John Evert (Jopie) Abraham;
-
- Sint Maarten--Democratic Party of Sint Maarten, Claude Wathey;
- Patriotic Movement of Sint Maarten, Romeo Paplophlet;
-
- Sint Eustatius--Democratic Party of Sint Eustatius, Albert
- K. Van Putten; Windward Islands People's Movement (WIPM), Eric Henriquez;
-
- Saba--Windward Islands People's Movement (WIPM Saba), Will
- Johnston; Saba Democratic Labor Movement, Vernon Hassell; Saba Unity
- Party, Carmen Simmonds
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 18
-
- Elections:
- Parliament--last held on 22 November 1985 (next to be held
- November 1989); results--percent of vote by party NA;
- seats--(22 total) PNP 6, MAN 4, DP-Curacao 3, DP-St. Maarten 3,
- DP-Bonaire 2, DP-St. Eustatius 1, FOL 1, UPB 1, WIPM 1; note--the
- government of Prime Minister Maria Liberia-Peters is a coalition of
- several parties
-
- Communists: small leftist groups
-
- Member of: EC (associate), INTERPOL; associated with UN through the
- Netherlands; UPU, WMO
-
- Diplomatic representation: as an autonomous part of the Netherlands,
- Netherlands Antillean interests in the US are represented by the Netherlands;
- US--Consul General Sharon P. WILKINSON; Consulate General at
- St. Anna Boulevard 19, Willemstad, Curacao (mailing address P. O. Box 158,
- Willemstad, Curacao); telephone ╒599σ (9) 613066
-
- Flag: white with a horizontal blue stripe in the center superimposed
- on a vertical red band also centered; five white five-pointed stars are
- arranged in an oval pattern in the center of the blue band; the five stars
- represent the five main islands of Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint
- Eustatius, and Sint Maarten
-
- Economy
- Overview: Tourism, petroleum refining, and offshore finance are the
- mainstays of the economy. The islands enjoy a comparatively high per
- capita income and a well-developed infrastructure compared with other
- countries in the region. Unlike many Latin American countries, the
- Netherlands Antilles has avoided large international debt. Almost all
- consumer and capital goods are imported, with the US being the major
- supplier. The economy has suffered somewhat in recent years because
- of the depressed state of the world oil market and declining tax revenues.
- In 1983 the drop in oil prices led to the devaluation of the Venezuelan
- bolivar, which ended a substantial flow of Venezuelan tourists to the
- islands. As a result of a decline in tax revenues, the government has
- been seeking financial support from the Netherlands.
-
- GDP: $1.0 billion, per capita $5,500; real growth rate 3% (1988 est.)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.0% (1988)
-
- Unemployment rate: 26.0% (1988)
-
- Budget: revenues $180 million; expenditures $289 million, including
- capital expenditures of $NA (1987 est.)
-
- Exports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--petroleum
- products 98%; partners--US 55%, UK 7%, Jamaica 5%
-
- Imports: $1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--crude petroleum
- 64%, food, manufactures; partners--Venezuela 52%, Nigeria 15%, US 12%
-
- External debt: $701.2 million (December 1987)
-
- Industrial production: growth rate NA%
-
- Electricity: 125,000 kW capacity; 365 million kWh produced,
- 1,990 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: tourism (Curacao and Sint Maarten), petroleum refining
- (Curacao), petroleum transshipment facilities (Curacao and Bonaire),
- light manufacturing (Curacao)
-
- Agriculture: hampered by poor soils and scarcity of water; chief
- products--aloes, sorghum, peanuts, fresh vegetables, tropical fruit; not
- self-sufficient in food
-
- Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
- (1970-79), $353 million
-
- Currency: Netherlands Antillean guilder, gulden, or florin
- (plural--guilders, gulden, or florins);
- 1 Netherlands Antillean guilder, gulden, or florin (NAf.) = 100 cents
-
- Exchange rates: Netherlands Antillean guilders, gulden, or florins
- (NAf.) per US$1--1.80 (fixed rate since 1971)
-
- Fiscal year: calendar year
-
- Communications
- Highways: 950 km total; 300 km paved, 650 km gravel and earth
-
- Ports: Willemstad, Philipsburg, Kralendijk
-
- Merchant marine: 52 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 418,206
- GRT/414,325 DWT; includes 4 passenger, 19 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo,
- 7 container, 4 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 6 multifunction large-load carrier,
- 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 2 chemical tanker,
- 2 liquefied gas, 2 bulk; note--all but a few are foreign owned
-
- Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
-
- Airports: 7 total, 7 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways;
- none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with
- runways 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Telecommunications: generally adequate facilities; extensive interisland
- radio relay links; stations--9 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; 2 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic
- Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
-
- Defense Forces
- Military Manpower: males 15-49 49,299; 27,888 fit for military service;
- 1,678 reach military age (20) annually
-
- Note: defense is responsibility of the Netherlands
- .pa
- New Caledonia
- (overseas territory of France)
- Geography
- Total area: 19,060 km2; land area: 18,760 km2
-
- Comparative area: slightly smaller than New Jersey
-
- Land boundaries: none
-
- Coastline: 2,254 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
-
- Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 12 nm
-
- Climate: tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid
-
- Terrain: coastal plains with interior mountains
-
- Natural resources: nickel, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold,
- lead, copper
-
- Land use: NEGL% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 14% meadows and
- pastures; 51% forest and woodland; 35% other
-
- Environment: typhoons most frequent from November to March
-
- Note: located 1,750 km east of Australia in the South Pacific
- Ocean
-
- People
- Population: 153,215 (July 1990), growth rate 1.1% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 24 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: - 7 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 39 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 71 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 3.0 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--New Caledonian(s); adjective--New Caledonian
-
- Ethnic divisions: Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%,
- Polynesian 3.8%, Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3.0%
-
- Religion: over 60% Roman Catholic, 30% Protestant, 10% other
-
- Language: French; Melanesian-Polynesian dialects
-
- Labor force: 50,469; foreign workers for plantations and mines from
- Wallis and Futuna, Vanuatu, and French Polynesia (1980 est.)
-
- Organized labor: NA
-
- Government
- Long-form name: Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies
-
- Type: overseas territory of France
-
- Capital: Noumea
-
- Administrative divisions: none (overseas territory of France)
-
- Independence: none (overseas territory of France); note--a
- referendum on independence will be held in 1998, with a review of the
- issue in 1992
-
- Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
-
- Legal system: the 1988 Matignon Accords grant substantial autonomy
- to the islands; formerly under French law
-
- National holiday: Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
-
- Executive branch: high commissioner, Consultative Committee (cabinet)
-
- Legislative branch: unicameral Territorial Assembly
-
- Judicial branch: Court of Appeal
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981);
-
- Head of Government High Commissioner and President of the Council
- of Government Bernard GRASSET (since 15 July 1988)
-
- Political parties: white-dominated Rassemblement pour la Caledonie
- dans la Republique (RPCR), conservative; Melanesian proindependence Kanak
- Socialist National Liberation Front (FLNKS); Melanesian moderate Kanak Socialist
- Liberation (LKS); National Front (FN), extreme right; Caledonian
- Separatist Front, extreme left
-
- Suffrage: universal adult at age NA
-
- Elections:
- Territorial Congress--last held NA June 1989 (next to be held NA
- 1993);
- results--percent of vote by party NA;
- seats--(54 total) RPCR 27, FLNKS 19, FN 3, others 5;
-
- French Senate--last held 24 September 1989 (next to be
- held September 1992);
- results--percent of vote by party NA;
- seats--(1 total) RPCR 1;
-
- French National Assembly--last held 5 and 12 June 1988
- (next to be held June 1993);
- results--percent of vote by party NA;
- seats--(2 total) RPCR 2
-
- Communists: number unknown; Palita extreme left party; some politically
- active Communists deported during 1950s; small number of North Vietnamese
-
- Member of: EIB (associate), WFTU, WMO
-
- Diplomatic representation: as an overseas territory of France,
- New Caledonian interests are represented in the US by France
-
- Flag: the flag of France is used
-
- Economy
- Overview: New Caledonia has more than 40% of the world's known nickel
- resources. In recent years the economy has suffered because of depressed
- international demand for nickel, the principal source of export earnings.
- Only a negligible amount of the land is suitable for cultivation, and food
- accounts for about 25% of imports.
-
- GNP: $860 million, per capita $5,810; real growth rate 2.4% (1989 est.)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.5% (1986)
-
- Unemployment rate: 6.2% (1983)
-
- Budget: revenues $110.5 million; expenditures $110.5 million, including
- capital expenditures of NA (1981)
-
- Exports: $75 million (f.o.b., 1986); commodities--nickel metal
- 87%, nickel ore; partners--France 56.3%, Japan
-
- Imports: $180 million (c.i.f., 1986); commodities--foods, fuels,
- minerals, machines, electrical equipment; partners--France 50.3%,
- Australia
-
- External debt: $NA
-
- Industrial production: growth rate NA%
-
- Electricity: 400,000 kW capacity; 2,200 million kWh produced,
- 14,440 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: nickel mining
-
- Agriculture: large areas devoted to cattle grazing; coffee, corn,
- wheat, vegetables; 60% self-sufficient in beef
-
- Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
- (1970-87), $3.6 billion
-
- Currency: Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (plural--francs);
- 1 CFP franc (CFPF) = 100 centimes
-
- Exchange rates: Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF)
- per US$1--104.71 (January 1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 (1988), 109.27 (1987),
- 125.92 (1986), 163.35 (1985); note--linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French
- franc
-
- Fiscal year: calendar year
-
- Communications
- Highways: 5,448 km total; 558 km paved, 2,251 km improved earth,
- 2,639 km unimproved earth
-
- Ports: Noumea, Nepoui, Poro, Thio
-
- Civil air: no major transport aircraft
-
- Airports: 29 total, 27 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways;
- none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with
- runways 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Telecommunications: 32,578 telephones (1987); stations--5 AM, 3 FM, 7 TV;
- 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
-
- Defense Forces
- Note: defense is the responsibility of France
- .pa
- New Zealand
- Geography
- Total area: 268,680 km2; land area: 268,670 km2; includes
- Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands, Campbell Island,
- Chatham Islands, and Kermadec Islands
-
- Comparative area: about the size of Colorado
-
- Land boundaries: none
-
- Coastline: 15,134 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
-
- Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 12 nm
-
- Disputes: territorial claim in Antarctica (Ross Dependency)
-
- Climate: temperate with sharp regional contrasts
-
- Terrain: predominately mountainous with some large coastal plains
-
- Natural resources: natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber,
- hydropower, gold, limestone
-
- Land use: 2% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 53% meadows and
- pastures; 38% forest and woodland; 7% other; includes 1% irrigated
-
- Environment: earthquakes are common, though usually not severe
-
- People
- Population: 3,295,866 (July 1990), growth rate 0.4% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 16 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: - 3 migrant/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 78 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 2.0 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--New Zealander(s); adjective--New Zealand
-
- Ethnic divisions: 88% European, 8.9% Maori, 2.9% Pacific Islander,
- 0.2% other
-
- Religion: 81% Christian, 18% none or unspecified, 1% Hindu, Confucian, and
- other
-
- Language: English (official), Maori
-
- Literacy: 99%
-
- Labor force: 1,591,900; 67.4% services, 19.8% manufacturing, 9.3% primary
- production (1987)
-
- Organized labor: 681,000 members; 43% of labor force (1986)
-
- Government
- Long-form name: none; abbreviated NZ
-
- Type: parliamentary democracy
-
- Capital: Wellington
-
- Administrative divisions: 93 counties, 9 districts*, and
- 3 town districts**; Akaroa, Amuri, Ashburton, Bay of Islands, Bruce, Buller,
- Chatham Islands, Cheviot, Clifton, Clutha, Cook, Dannevirke, Egmont, Eketahuna,
- Ellesmere, Eltham, Eyre, Featherston, Franklin, Golden Bay,
- Great Barrier Island, Grey, Hauraki Plains, Hawera*, Hawke's Bay, Heathcote,
- Hikurangi**, Hobson, Hokianga, Horowhenua, Hurunui, Hutt, Inangahua, Inglewood,
- Kaikoura, Kairanga, Kiwitea, Lake, Mackenzie, Malvern, Manaia**, Manawatu,
- Mangonui, Maniototo, Marlborough, Masterton, Matamata, Mount Herbert, Ohinemuri,
- Opotiki, Oroua, Otamatea, Otorohanga*, Oxford, Pahiatua, Paparua, Patea, Piako,
- Pohangina, Raglan, Rangiora*, Rangitikei, Rodney, Rotorua*, Runanga,
- Saint Kilda, Silverpeaks, Southland, Stewart Island, Stratford, Strathallan,
- Taranaki, Taumarunui, Taupo, Tauranga, Thames-Coromandel*, Tuapeka, Vincent,
- Waiapu, Waiheke, Waihemo, Waikato, Waikohu, Waimairi, Waimarino, Waimate,
- Waimate West, Waimea, Waipa, Waipawa*, Waipukurau*, Wairarapa South, Wairewa,
- Wairoa, Waitaki, Waitomo*, Waitotara, Wallace, Wanganui, Waverley**, Westland,
- Whakatane*, Whangarei, Whangaroa, Woodville
-
- Dependent areas: Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau
-
- Independence: 26 September 1907 (from UK)
-
- Constitution: no formal, written constitution; consists of various
- documents, including certain acts of the UK and New Zealand Parliaments;
- Constitution Act 1986 was to have come into force 1 January 1987, but has
- not been enacted
-
- Legal system: based on English law, with special land legislation and land
- courts for Maoris; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
-
- National holiday: Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British
- sovereignty), 6 February (1840)
-
- Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
- deputy prime minister, Cabinet
-
- Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives (commonly called
- Parliament)
-
- Judicial branch: High Court, Court of Appeal
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II ( since 6 February 1952), represented
- by Governor General The Most Rev. Sir Paul REEVES (since 20 November 1985);
-
- Head of Government--Prime Minister Geoffrey PALMER (since 8 August
- 1989); Deputy Prime Minister Helen CLARK (since 8 August 1989)
-
- Political parties and leaders: New Zealand Labor Party (NZLP; government),
- Geoffrey Palmer; National Party (NP; opposition), Jim Bolger; Democratic Party,
- Neil Morrison; Socialist Unity Party (SUP; pro-Soviet), Ken Douglas
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 18
-
- Elections:
- House of Representatives--last held on 15 August 1987 (next to be
- held by August 1990);
- results--LP 47%, NP 45%, DP 6%;
- seats--(97 total) LP 58, NP 39
-
- Communists: SUP about 140, other groups, about 200
-
- Member of: ADB, ANZUS, ASPAC, CCC, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth,
- DAC, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO,
- IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITU, OECD, SPF, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
- WMO, WSG
-
- Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Harold Huyton FRANCIS; Chancery at
- 37 Observatory Circle NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-4800;
- there are New Zealand Consulates General in Los Angeles and New York;
- US--Ambassador Della NEWMAN; Embassy at 29 Fitzherbert Terrace,
- Thorndon, Wellington (mailing address is Private Bag, Wellington, or
- FPO San Francisco 96690-0001); telephone ╒64σ (4) 722-068; there is a US
- Consulate General in Auckland
-
- Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with
- four red five-pointed stars edged in white centered in the outer half of the
- flag; the stars represent the Southern Cross constellation
-
- Economy
- Overview: Since 1984 the government has been reorienting an
- agrarian economy dependent on a guaranteed British market to an open
- free market economy that can compete on the global scene. The government
- has hoped that dynamic growth would boost real incomes, reduce
- inflationary pressures, and permit the expansion of welfare benefits. The
- results have been mixed: inflation is down from double-digit levels
- but growth has been sluggish and unemployment, always a highly sensitive
- issue, has been at a record high 7.4%. In 1988 GDP fell by 1% and in
- 1989 grew by a moderate 2.4%.
-
- GDP: $39.1 billion, per capita $11,600; real growth rate 2.4% (1989 est.)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5% (1989)
-
- Unemployment rate: 7.4% (1989)
-
- Budget: revenues $18.6 billion; expenditures $19.1 billion, including
- capital expenditures of $NA (FY90 est.)
-
- Exports: $8.9 billion (f.o.b., FY89); commodities--wool, lamb,
- mutton, beef, fruit, fish, cheese, manufactures, chemicals, foresty products;
- partners--EC 18.3%, Japan 17.9%, Australia 17.5%, US 13.5%, China 3.6%,
- South Korea 3.1%
-
- Imports: $7.5 billion (c.i.f., FY89); commodities--petroleum,
- consumer goods, motor vehicles, industrial equipment;
- partners--Australia 19.7%, Japan 16.9%, EC 16.9%, US 15.3%,
- Taiwan 3.0%
-
- External debt: $17.0 billion (1989)
-
- Industrial production: growth rate - 1.6% (FY88)
-
- Electricity: 7,800,000 kW capacity; 27,600 million kWh produced,
- 8,190 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: food processing, wood and paper products, textiles, machinery,
- transportation equipment, banking and insurance, tourism, mining
-
- Agriculture: accounts for about 9% of GNP and 10% of the
- work force; livestock predominates--wool, meat, dairy products all export
- earners; crops--wheat, barley, potatoes, pulses, fruits, and
- vegetables; surplus producer of farm products; fish catch reached a
- record 431,000 metric tons in 1987
-
- Aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $448 million
-
- Currency: New Zealand dollar (plural--dollars);
- 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents
-
- Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1--1.6581 (January 1990),
- 1.6708 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987), 1.9088 (1986),
- 2.0064 (1985)
-
- Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
-
- Communications
- Railroads: 4,716 km total; all 1.067-meter gauge; 274 km double track;
- 113 km electrified; over 99% government owned
-
- Highways: 92,648 km total; 49,547 km paved, 43,101 km gravel or
- crushed stone
-
- Inland waterways: 1,609 km; of little importance to transportation
-
- Pipelines: 1,000 km natural gas; 160 km refined products; 150 km
- condensate
-
- Ports: Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin, Wellington, Tauranga
-
- Merchant marine: 18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 190,553 GRT/257,782
- DWT; includes 1 cargo, 2 container, 4 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 railcar carrier,
- 4 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 5 bulk
-
- Civil air: about 40 major transport aircraft
-
- Airports: 157 total, 157 usable; 33 with permanent-surface runways;
- none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 47 with
- runways 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Telecommunications: excellent international and domestic systems;
- 2,110,000 telephones; stations 64 AM, 2 FM, 14 TV; submarine cables extend
- to Australia and Fiji; 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
-
- Defense Forces
- Branches: Royal New Zealand Navy, New Zealand Army, Royal New Zealand
- Air Force
-
- Military manpower: males 15-49, 872,336; 740,207 fit for military service;
- 29,532 reach military age (20) annually
-
- Defense expenditures: 2.1% of GDP, or $820 million (1989 est.)
- .pa
- Nicaragua
- Geography
- Total area: 129,494 km2; land area: 120,254 km2
-
- Comparative area: slightly larger than New York State
-
- Land boundaries: 1,231 km total; Costa Rica 309 km, Honduras 922 km
-
- Coastline: 910 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Contiguous zone: 25 nm security zone (status of claim uncertain);
-
- Continental shelf: not specified;
-
- Territorial sea: 200 nm
-
- Disputes: territorial disputes with Colombia over the Archipelago de
- San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank
-
- Climate: tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands
-
- Terrain: extensive Atlantic coastal plains rising to central interior
- mountains; narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by volcanoes
-
- Natural resources: gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber,
- fish
-
- Land use: 9% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 43% meadows and
- pastures; 35% forest and woodland; 12% other; including 1% irrigated
-
- Environment: subject to destructive earthquakes, volcanoes,
- landslides, and occasional severe hurricanes; deforestation; soil erosion;
- water pollution
-
- People
- Population: 3,722,683 (July 1990), growth rate 2.8% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 40 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: - 3 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 68 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 61 years male, 62 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 5.0 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Nicaraguan(s); adjective--Nicaraguan
-
- Ethnic divisions: 69% mestizo, 17% white, 9% black, 5% Indian
-
- Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Protestant
-
- Language: Spanish (official); English- and Indian-speaking minorities on
- Atlantic coast
-
- Literacy: 88% (1981)
-
- Labor force: 1,086,000; 43% service, 44% agriculture, 13% industry (1986)
-
- Organized labor: 35% of labor force
-
- Government
- Long-form name: Republic of Nicaragua
-
- Type: republic
-
- Capital: Managua
-
- Administrative divisions: 9 administrative regions encompassing 17
- departments (departamentos, singular--departamento); North, Atlantic Coast,
- South, Atlantic Coast, Boaco, Carazo, Chinandega, Chontales, Esteli,
- Granada, Jinotega, Leon, Madriz, Managua, Masaya, Matagalpa, Nueva Segovia,
- Rio San Juan, Rivas
-
- Independence: 15 September 1821 (from Spain)
-
- Constitution: January 1987
-
- Legal system: civil law system; Supreme Court may review
- administrative acts
-
- National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September (1821)
-
- Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
-
- Legislative branch: National Assembly (Asamblea Nacional)
-
- Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) and municipal courts
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State and Head of Government--President-Elect Violeta
- Barios de CHAMORRO (since 25 February 1990; takes office 25 April 1990);
- Vice President-elect Virgilio GODOY (since 25 February 1990; takes office
- 25 April 1990)
-
- Political parties and leaders:
-
- Ruling coalition: National Opposition Union (UNO)--14 party
- alliance: National Conservative Party (PNC), Silviano Matamoros;
- Conservative Popular Alliance Party (PAPC), Miriam Arguello;
- National Conservative Action Party (PANC), Hernaldo Zuniga;
- National Democratic Confidence Party (PDCN), Augustin Jarquin;
- Independent Liberal Party (PLI), Virgilio Godoy;
- Neo-Liberal Party (PALI), Andres Zuniga;
- Liberal Constitutionalist Party (PLC), Jose Ernesto Somarriba;
- National Action Party (PAN), Eduardo Rivas;
- Nicaraguan Socialist Party (PSN), Gustavo Tablada;
- Communist Party of Nicaragua (PCdeN), Eli Altimirano;
- Popular Social Christian Party (PPSC), Luis Humberto;
- Nicaraguan Democratic Movement (MDN), Roberto Urroz;
- Social Democratic Party (PSD), Guillermo Potoy;
- Central American Integrationist Party (PIAC), Alejandro Perez;
-
- Opposition parties: Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN),
- Daniel Ortega;
- Central American Unionist Party (PUCA), Blanca Rojas;
- Democratic Conservative Party of Nicaragua (PCDN), Jose Brenes;
- Liberal Party of National Unity (PLUIN), Eduardo Coronado;
- Movement of Revolutionary Unity (MUR), Francisco Samper;
- Social Christian Party (PSC), Erick Ramirez;
- Revolutionary Workers' Party (PRT), Bonifacio Miranda;
- Social Conservative Party (PSOC), Fernando Aguerro;
- Popular Action Movement--Marxist-Leninist (MAP-ML), Isidro Tellez;
- Popular Social Christian Party (PPSC), Mauricio Diaz
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 16
-
- Elections:
- President--last held on 25 February 1990 (next to be held February
- 1996);
- results--Violeta Barrios de Chamorro (UNO) 54.7%, Daniel Ortega Saavedra
- (FSLN) 40.8%, others 4.5%;
-
- National Constituent Assembly--last held on 25 February 1990
- (next to be held February 1996);
- results--UNO 53.9%, FSLN 40.8%, PSC 1.6%, MUR 1.0%;
- seats--(92 total) UNO 51, FSLN 39, PSC 1, MUR 1
-
- Communists: FSLN--35,000; other Communists--15,000-20,000
-
- Other political or pressure groups: Permanent Congress of Workers
- (CPT), Confederation of Labor Unification (CUS), Autonomous Nicaraguan
- Workers' Central (CTN-A), Independent General Confederation of Workers
- (CTG-I), Communist Labor Action and Unity Central (CAUS), Nicaraguan
- Workers' Central (CST); Superior Council of Private Enterprise (COSEP) is
- an umbrella group of 11 different business groups, including the Chamber of
- Commerce, the Chamber of Industry, and the Nicaraguan Development Institute
- (INDE)
-
- Member of: CACM, CEMA (observer), FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
- ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
- INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS, ODECA, PAHO, SELA, UN,
- UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
-
- Diplomatic representation: Charge d'Affaires Leonor Arguello de HUPER;
- Chancery at 1627 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone
- (202) 387-4371 or 4372;
- US--Charge d'Affaires John P. LEONARD; Embassy at Kilometer 4.5
- Carretera Sur, Managua (mailing address is APO Miami 34021); telephone ╒505σ
- (2) 66010 or 66013, 66015 through 66018, 66026, 66027, 66032 through 66034;
- note--Nicaragua expelled the US Ambassador on 11 July 1988, and the US expelled
- the Nicaraguan Ambassador on 12 July 1988
-
- Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the
- national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a
- triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on the top and
- AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; similar to the flag of El Salvador which
- features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA
- AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of
- Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in
- the white band
-
- Economy
- Overview: Government control of the economy historically has been
- extensive, although the new government has pledged to reduce it.
- The financial system is directly controlled by the state, which also
- regulates wholesale purchasing, production, sales, foreign trade, and
- distribution of most goods. Over 50% of the agricultural and industrial
- firms are state owned. Sandinista economic policies and the war have
- produced a severe economic crisis. The foundation of the economy
- continues to be the export of agricultural commodities, largely coffee
- and cotton. Farm production fell by roughly 7% in 1989, the fifth
- successive year of decline. The agricultural sector employs 44%
- of the work force and accounts for 23% of GDP and 86% of export earnings.
- Industry, which employs 13% of the work force and contributes 26% to GDP,
- showed a sharp drop of - 23% in 1988 and remains below pre-1979 levels.
- External debt is one of the highest in the world on a per capita basis.
- In 1989 the annual inflation rate was 1,700%, down from a record
- 16,000% in 1988. Shortages of basic consumer goods are widespread.
-
- GDP: $1.7 billion, per capita $470; real growth rate - 5.0% (1989
- est.)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1,700% (1989)
-
- Unemployment rate: 25% (1989)
-
- Budget: revenues $0.9 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion, including
- capital expenditures of $0.15 billion (1987)
-
- Exports: $250 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--coffee,
- cotton, sugar, bananas, seafood, meat, chemicals; partners--CEMA 15%,
- OECD 75%, others 10%
-
- Imports: $550 million (c.i.f., 1989 est.); commodities--petroleum,
- food, chemicals, machinery, clothing; partners--CEMA 55%, EC 20%,
- Latin America 10%, others 10%
-
- External debt: $8 billion (year end 1988)
-
- Industrial production: growth rate - 23% (1988 est.)
-
- Electricity: 415,000 kW capacity; 1,340 million kWh produced,
- 380 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: food processing, chemicals, metal products, textiles,
- clothing, petroleum refining and distribution, beverages, footwear
-
- Agriculture: accounts for 23% of GDP and 44% of work force; cash
- crops--coffee, bananas, sugarcane, cotton; food crops--rice, corn,
- cassava, citrus fruit, beans; variety of animal products--beef, veal,
- pork, poultry, dairy; while normally self-sufficient in food, war-induced
- shortages now exist
-
- Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-82), $290 million; Western
- (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $981 million;
- Communist countries (1970-88), $3.3 billion
-
- Currency: cordoba (plural--cordobas); 1 cordoba (C$) = 100 centavos
-
- Exchange rates: cordobas (C$) per US$1--65,000 (February 1990)
- is the free market rate; official rate is 46,000 (February 1990),
- 270 (1988), 0.103 (1987), 0.097 (1986), 0.039 (1985)
-
- Fiscal year: calendar year
-
- Communications
- Railroads: 373 km 1.067-meter gauge, government owned; majority of system
- not operating; 3 km 1.435-meter gauge line at Puerto Cabezas (does not connect
- with mainline)
-
- Highways: 25,930 km total; 4,000 km paved (includes all 2,170 km
- gravel or crushed stone, 5,425 km earth or graded earth, 14,335 km
- unimproved, 368.5 km of the Pan-American highway)
-
- Inland waterways: 2,220 km, including 2 large lakes
-
- Pipelines: crude oil, 56 km
-
- Ports: Corinto, El Bluff, Puerto Cabezas, Puerto Sandino, Rama
-
- Merchant marine: 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,161
- GRT/2,500 DWT
-
- Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft
-
- Airports: 261 total, 169 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways;
- none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
- 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Telecommunications: low-capacity radio relay and wire system being
- expanded; connection into Central American Microwave System; 60,000 telephones;
- stations--45 AM, no FM, 7 TV, 3 shortwave; satellite earth stations--1
- Intersputnik and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
-
- Defense Forces
- Branches: Sandinista Popular Army, Sandinista Navy, Sandinista Air
- Force/Air Defense, Sandinista People's Militia
-
- Military manpower: males 15-49, 747,144; 459,333 fit for military service;
- 44,213 reach military age (18) annually
-
- Defense expenditures: NA
- .pa
- Niger
- Geography
- Total area: 1,267,000 km2; land area: 1,266,700 km2
-
- Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Texas
-
- Land boundaries: 5,697 km total; Algeria 956 km, Benin 266 km,
- Burkina 628 km, Chad 1,175 km, Libya 354 km, Mali 821 km, Nigeria 1,497 km
-
- Coastline: none--landlocked
-
- Maritime claims: none--landlocked
-
- Disputes: Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in northern Niger; exact locations
- of the Chad-Niger-Nigeria and Cameroon-Chad-Nigeria tripoints in Lake Chad have
- not been determined, so the boundary has not been demarcated and border
- incidents have resulted; Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary
- demarcation, including the tripoint with Niger
-
- Climate: desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south
-
- Terrain: predominately desert plains and sand dunes; flat to
- rolling plains in south; hills in north
-
- Natural resources: uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates
-
- Land use: 3% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 7% meadows and
- pastures; 2% forest and woodland; 88% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
-
- Environment: recurrent drought and desertification severely affecting
- marginal agricultural activities; overgrazing; soil erosion
-
- Note: landlocked
-
- People
- Population: 7,969,309 (July 1990), growth rate 3.6% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 52 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 17 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 131 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 48 years male, 53 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 7.4 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Nigerien(s) adjective--Nigerien
-
- Ethnic divisions: 56% Hausa; 22% Djerma; 8.5% Fula; 8% Tuareg; 4.3% Beri
- Beri (Kanouri); 1.2% Arab, Toubou, and Gourmantche; about 4,000 French
- expatriates
-
- Religion: 80% Muslim, remainder indigenous beliefs and Christians
-
- Language: French (official); Hausa, Djerma
-
- Literacy: 13.9%
-
- Labor force: 2,500,000 wage earners (1982); 90% agriculture, 6% industry
- and commerce, 4% government; 51% of population of working age (1985)
-
- Organized labor: negligible
-
- Government
- Long-form name: Republic of Niger
-
- Type: republic; presidential system in which military officers
- hold key offices
-
- Capital: Niamey
-
- Administrative divisions: 7 departments (departements,
- singular--departement); Agadez, Diffa, Dosso, Maradi, Niamey, Tahoua, Zinder
-
- Independence: 3 August 1960 (from France)
-
- Constitution: adopted NA December 1989 after 15 years of
- military rule
-
- Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law;
- has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
-
- National holidays: Republic Day, 18 December (1958)
-
- Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers
- (cabinet)
-
- Legislative branch: National Development Council
-
- Judicial branch: State Court (Cour d'Etat), Court of Appeal
- (Cour d'Apel)
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State--President Brig. Gen. Ali SAIBOU (since 14 November 1987);
-
- Head of Government--Prime Minister ALIOU MAHAMIDA (since 2 March
- 1990)
-
- Political parties and leaders: only party--National Movement
- for the Development Society (MNSD), leader NA
-
- Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
-
- Elections:
- President--last held December 1989 (next to be held NA 1996);
- results--President Ali Saibou was reelected without opposition;
-
- National Development Council--last held December 1989 (next to be
- held NA 1994); results--MNSD is the only party;
- seats--(150 total) MNSD 150 (indirectly elected)
-
- Communists: no Communist party; some sympathizers in outlawed Sawaba party
-
- Member of: ACP, AfDB, APC, CCC, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente,
- FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank,
- IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, Lake Chad Basin
- Commission, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO,
- UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
-
- Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Moumouni Adamou DJERMAKOYE;
- Chancery at 2204 R Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-4224
- through 4227; US--Ambassador Carl C. CUNDIFF; Embassy at Avenue des
- Ambassadeurs, Niamey (mailing address is B. P. 11201, Niamey); telephone
- ╒227σ 72-26-61 through 64 and 72-26-70
-
- Flag: three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with
- a small orange disk (representing the sun) centered in the white band; similar
- to the flag of India which has a blue, spoked wheel centered in the white band
-
- Economy
-
- Overview: About 90% of the population is engaged in farming and
- stock rearing, activities which generate almost half of the national income.
- The economy also depends heavily on exploitation of large uranium deposits.
- Uranium production grew rapidly in the mid-1970s, but tapered off in the
- early 1980s, when world prices declined. France is a major customer,
- while FRG, Japan, and Spain also make regular purchases. The depressed
- demand for uranium has contributed to an overall sluggishness in the
- economy, a severe trade imbalance, and a mounting external debt.
-
- GDP: $2.4 billion, per capita $330; real growth rate 7.1% (1988 est.)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.4% (1988)
-
- Unemployment rate: NA%
-
- Budget: revenues $254 million; expenditures $510 million, including
- capital expenditures of $239 million (1988 est.)
-
- Exports: $371 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--uranium 76%,
- livestock, cowpeas, onions, hides, skins; partners--NA
-
- Imports: $441 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.); commodities--petroleum
- products, primary materials, machinery, vehicles and parts, electronic
- equipment, pharmaceuticals, chemical products, cereals, foodstuffs
-
- External debt: $1.8 billion (December 1989 est.)
-
- Industrial production: growth rate 4.7% (1989 est.)
-
- Electricity: 102,000 kW capacity; 225 million kWh produced,
- 30 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: cement, brick, rice mills, small cotton gins, oilseed presses,
- slaughterhouses, and a few other small light industries; uranium production
- began in 1971
-
- Agriculture: accounts for roughly 40% of GDP and 90% of labor force; cash
- crops--cowpeas, cotton, peanuts; food crops--millet, sorghum, cassava, rice;
- livestock--cattle, sheep, goats; self-sufficient in food except in drought years
-
- Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $349 million; Western
- (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $2.8 billion;
- OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $504 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
- $61 million
-
- Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural--francs);
- 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
-
- Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF)
- per US$1--287.99 (January 1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987),
- 346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)
-
- Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
-
- Communications
- Highways: 39,970 km total; 3,170 km bituminous, 10,330 km gravel
- and laterite, 3,470 km earthen, 23,000 km tracks
-
- Inland waterways: Niger river is navigable 300 km from Niamey to Gaya on
- the Benin frontier from mid-December through March
-
- Civil air: no major transport aircraft
-
- Airports: 31 total, 29 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways;
- 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 11 with runways
- 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Telecommunications: small system of wire, radiocommunications, and radio
- relay links concentrated in southwestern area; 11,900 telephones; stations--15
- AM, 5 FM, 16 TV; satellite earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian
- Ocean INTELSAT, and 4 domestic
-
- Defense Forces
- Branches: Army, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie, paramilitary
- Republican Guard, paramilitary Presidential Guard, paramilitary National Police
-
- Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,656,466; 894,095 fit for military
- service; 87,478 reach military age (18) annually
-
- Defense expenditures: $20.6 million (1988)
- .pa
- Nigeria
- Geography
- Total area: 923,770 km2; land area: 910,770 km2
-
- Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of California
-
- Land boundaries: 4,047 km total; Benin 773 km, Cameroon 1,690 km,
- Chad 87 km, Niger 1,497 km
-
- Coastline: 853 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
-
- Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 30 nm
-
- Disputes: exact locations of the Chad-Niger-Nigeria and
- Cameroon-Chad-Nigeria tripoints in Lake Chad have not been determined, so the
- boundary has not been demarcated and border incidents have resulted; Nigerian
- proposals to reopen maritime boundary negotiations and redemarcate the entire
- land boundary have been rejected by Cameroon
-
- Climate: varies--equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north
-
- Terrain: southern lowlands merge into central hills and plateaus;
- mountains in southeast, plains in north
-
- Natural resources: crude oil, tin, columbite, iron ore, coal,
- limestone, lead, zinc, natural gas
-
- Land use: 31% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 23% meadows and
- pastures; 15% forest and woodland; 28% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
-
- Environment: recent droughts in north severely affecting marginal
- agricultural activities; desertification; soil degradation, rapid deforestation
-
- People
- Population: 118,819,377 (July 1990), growth rate 3.0% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 46 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 17 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: 1 migrant/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 119 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 48 years male, 49 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 6.5 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Nigerian(s); adjective--Nigerian
-
- Ethnic divisions: more than 250 tribal groups; Hausa and Fulani of the
- north, Yoruba of the southwest, and Ibos of the southeast make up 65% of the
- population; about 27,000 non-Africans
-
- Religion: 50% Muslim, 40% Christian, 10% indigenous beliefs
-
- Language: English (official); Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo, Fulani, and several
- other languages also widely used
-
- Literacy: 42.4%
-
- Labor force: 42,844,000; 54% agriculture, 19% industry, commerce,
- and services, 15% government; 49% of population of working age (1985)
-
- Organized labor: 3,520,000 wage earners belong to 42 recognized trade
- unions, which come under a single national labor federation--the Nigerian
- Labor Congress (NLC)
-
- Government
- Long-form name: Federal Republic of Nigeria
-
- Type: military government since 31 December 1983
-
- Capital: Lagos
-
- Administrative divisions: 21 states and 1 territory*;
- Abuja Capital Territory*, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bendel, Benue, Borno,
- Cross River, Gongola, Imo, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kwara, Lagos, Niger, Ogun,
- Ondo, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto
-
- Independence: 1 October 1960 (from UK)
-
- Constitution: 1 October 1979, amended 9 February 1984, revised 1989
-
- Legal system: based on English common law, Islamic, and tribal law
-
- National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October (1960)
-
- Executive branch: president of the Armed Forces Ruling Council,
- Armed Forces Ruling Council, National Council of State, Council of
- Ministers (cabinet)
-
- Legislative branch: National Assembly was dissolved after the military
- coup of 31 December 1983
-
- Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Federal Court of Appeal
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State and Head of Government--President and Commander in
- Chief of Armed Forces Gen. Ibrahim BABANGIDA (since 27 August 1985)
-
- Political parties and leaders: two political parties established by
- the government in 1989--Social Democratic Party (SDP) and National
- Republican Convention (NRC)
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 21
-
- Elections:
- President--scheduled for 1 October 1992
-
- Communists: the pro-Communist underground consists of a small fraction of
- the Nigerian left; leftist leaders are prominent in the country's central
- labor organization but have little influence on government
-
- Member of: ACP, AfDB, APC, CCC, Commonwealth, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO,
- G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMO, IMF,
- INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC--International Wheat
- Council, Lake Chad Basin Commission, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU,
- OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
-
- Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Hamzat AHMADU; Chancery at
- 2201 M Street NW, Washington DC 20037; telephone (202) 822-1500;
- there are Nigerian Consulates General in Atlanta, New York and San Francisco;
- US--Ambassador Lannon WALKER; Embassy at 2 Eleke Crescent,
- Victoria Island, Lagos (mailing address is P. O. Box 554, Lagos);
- telephone ╒234σ (1) 610097; there is a US Consulate General in Kaduna
-
- Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green
-
- Economy
- Overview: In 1989, despite rising oil prices, the economic
- performance failed to meet government expectations because of higher
- inflationary pressures fueled by a relatively poor agricultural
- performance. Agricultural production was up only 4% following a 10%
- decline in 1988, and manufacturing remained below the 1985 level
- with only a 6% increase. The government is continuing an economic
- adjustment program to reduce Nigeria's dependence on oil and to help
- create a basis for sustainable noninflationary growth.
-
- GNP: $30.0 billion, per capita $270; real growth rate 4% (1989)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 47.5% (1989)
-
- Unemployment rate: 7.5% (1988 est.)
-
- Budget: revenues $6.5 billion; expenditures $7.4 billion, including
- capital expenditures of $1.9 billion (1988 est.)
-
- Exports: $8.4 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--oil 95%,
- cocoa, palm kernels, rubber; partners--EC 51%, US 32%
-
- Imports: $5.7 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.); commodities--consumer
- goods,
- capital equipment, chemicals, raw materials; partners--EC, US
-
- External debt: $32 billion, medium and long-term (December 1989
- est.)
-
- Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1987 est.)
-
- Electricity: 4,737,000 kW capacity; 11,270 million kWh produced,
- 100 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: mining--crude oil, natural gas, coal, tin, columbite;
- primary processing industries--palm oil, peanut, cotton, rubber, petroleum,
- wood, hides and skins; manufacturing industries--textiles, cement, building
- materials, food products, footwear, chemical, printing, ceramics, steel
-
- Agriculture: accounts for 28% of GNP and half of labor force; inefficient
- small-scale farming dominates; once a large net exporter of food and
- now an importer; cash crops--cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, rubber; food
- crops--corn, rice, sorghum, millet, cassava, yams; livestock--cattle,
- sheep, goats, pigs; fishing and forestry resources extensively exploited
-
- Illicit drugs: illicit heroin and some cocaine trafficking;
- marijuana cultivation for domestic consumption and export; major transit
- country for heroin en route from Southwest Asia via Africa to Western
- Europe and the US; growing transit route for cocaine from South America
- via West Africa to Western Europe and the US
-
- Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $662 million; Western
- (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.9 billion;
- Communist countries (1970-88), $2.2 billion
-
- Currency: naira (plural--naira); 1 naira (N) = 100 kobo
-
- Exchange rates: naira (N) per US$1--7.6221 (December 1989), 7.3647
- (1989), 4.5370 (1988), 4.0160 (1987), 1.7545 (1986), 0.8938 (1985)
-
- Fiscal year: calendar year
-
- Communications
- Railroads: 3,505 km 1.067-meter gauge
-
- Highways: 107,990 km total 30,019 km paved (mostly bituminous-surface
- treatment); 25,411 km laterite, gravel, crushed stone, improved earth;
- 52,560 km unimproved
-
- Inland waterways: 8,575 km consisting of Niger and Benue Rivers and
- smaller rivers and creeks
-
- Pipelines: 2,042 km crude oil; 500 km natural gas; 3,000 km refined
- products
-
- Ports: Lagos, Port Harcourt, Calabar, Warri, Onne, Sapele
-
- Merchant marine: 28 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 428,116
- GRT/680,343 DWT; includes 19 cargo, 1 refrigerated, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo,
- 5 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 1 bulk
-
- Civil air: 76 major transport aircraft
-
- Airports: 84 total, 72 usable; 32 with permanent-surface runways;
- 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
- 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Telecommunications: above-average system limited by poor maintenance;
- major expansion in progress; radio relay and cable routes; 155,000 telephones;
- stations--37 AM, 19 FM, 38 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean
- INTELSAT, domestic, with 19 stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable
-
- Defense Forces
- Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Police Force
-
- Military manpower: males 15-49, 27,282,248; 15,587,485 fit for military
- service; 1,263,883 reach military age (18) annually
-
- Defense expenditures: 1% of GNP, or $300 million (1990 est.)
- .pa
- Niue
- (free association with New Zealand)
- Geography
- Total area: 260 km2; land area: 260 km2
-
- Comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
-
- Land boundaries: none
-
- Coastline: 64 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 12 nm
-
- Climate: tropical; modified by southeast trade winds
-
- Terrain: steep limestone cliffs along coast, central plateau
-
- Natural resources: fish, arable land
-
- Land use: 61% arable land; 4% permanent crops; 4% meadows and
- pastures; 19% forest and woodland; 12% other
-
- Environment: subject to typhoons
-
- Note: one of world's largest coral islands; located about 460 km
- east of Tonga
-
- People
- Population: 2,019 (July 1990), growth rate NA (1990)
-
- Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Niuean(s); adjective--Niuean
-
- Ethnic divisions: Polynesian, with some 200 Europeans, Samoans, and
- Tongans
-
- Religion: 75% Ekalesia Nieue (Niuean Church)--a Protestant
- church closely related to the London Missionary Society, 10% Mormon, 5% Roman
- Catholic, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day Adventist
-
- Language: Polynesian tongue closely related to Tongan and Samoan; English
-
- Literacy: NA%, but education compulsory between 5 and 14 years of age
-
- Labor force: 1,000 (1981 est.); most work on family plantations; paid work
- exists only in government service, small industry, and the Niue Development
- Board
-
- Organized labor: NA
-
- Government
- Long-form name: none
-
- Type: self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand
-
- Capital: Alofi
-
- Administrative divisions: none
-
- Independence: none (self-governing territory in free association with
- New Zealand)
-
- Constitution: no formal, written constitution
-
- Legal system: English common law
-
- National holiday: Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British
- sovereignty), 6 February (1840)
-
- Executive branch: British monarch, premier, Cabinet
-
- Legislative branch: Legislative Assembly
-
- Judicial branch: Appeal Court of New Zealand, High Court
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
- by New Zealand Representative John SPRINGFORD (since 1974);
-
- Head of Government--Premier Sir Robert R. REX (since NA October
- 1974)
-
- Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
-
- Political parties and leaders: Niue People's Action Party,
- leader NA
-
- Elections:
- Legislative Assembly--last held on 28 March 1987 (next to be
- held NA 1990);
- results--percent of vote NA;
- seats--(20 total, 6 elected) independents 5, Niue People's Action Party 1
-
- Member of: ESCAP (associate member), SPF
-
- Diplomatic representation: none (self-governing territory in free
- association with New Zealand)
-
- Flag: yellow with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the
- flag of the UK bears five yellow five-pointed stars--a large one on a blue
- disk in the center and a smaller one on each arm of the bold red cross
-
- Economy
- Overview: The economy is heavily dependent on aid from New
- Zealand. Government expenditures regularly exceed revenues, with the
- shortfall made up by grants from New Zealand--the grants are used to pay
- wages to the 80% or more of the work force employed in public service.
- The agricultural sector consists mainly of subsistence gardening, although some
- cash crops are grown for export. Industry consists primarily of small factories
- to process passion fruit, lime oil, honey, and coconut cream. The sale of
- postage stamps to foreign collectors is an important source of revenue.
- The island in recent years has suffered a serious loss of population
- because of migration of Niueans to New Zealand.
-
- GNP: $2.1 million, per capita $1,000; real growth rate NA% (1989 est.)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.6% (1984)
-
- Unemployment rate: NA%
-
- Budget: revenues $5.5 million; expenditures $6.3 million, including
- capital expenditures of NA (FY85 est.)
-
- Exports: $175,274 (f.o.b., 1985); commodities--canned coconut cream,
- copra, honey, passion fruit products, pawpaw, root crops, limes, footballs,
- stamps, handicrafts; partners--NZ 89%, Fiji, Cook Islands, Australia
-
- Imports: $3.8 million (c.i.f., 1985); commodities--food, live
- animals, manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, lubricants, chemicals, drugs;
- partners--NZ 59%, Fiji 20%, Japan 13%, Western Samoa, Australia, US
-
- External debt: $NA
-
- Industrial production: growth rate NA%
-
- Electricity: 1,500 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced,
- 1,420 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: tourist, handicrafts
-
- Agriculture: copra, coconuts, passion fruit, honey, limes; subsistence
- crops--taro, yams, cassava (tapioca), sweet potatoes; pigs, poultry, beef cattle
-
- Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
- (1970-87), $58 million
-
- Currency: New Zealand dollar (plural--dollars);
- 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents
-
- Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1--1.6581 (January 1990),
- 1.6708 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987), 1.9088 (1986), 2.0064 (1985)
-
- Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
-
- Communications
- Highways: 123 km all-weather roads, 106 km access and plantation roads
-
- Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
-
- Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway of 1,650 m
-
- Telecommunications: single-line telephone system connects all villages on
- island; 383 telephones; 1,000 radio receivers (1987 est.); stations--1 AM, 1 FM,
- no TV
-
- Defense Forces
- Note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
- .pa
- Norfolk Island
- (territory of Australia)
- Geography
- Total area: 34.6 km2; land area: 34.6 km2
-
- Comparative area: about 0.2 times the size of Washington, DC
-
- Land boundaries: none
-
- Coastline: 32 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
-
- Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
-
- Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 3 nm
-
- Climate: subtropical, mild, little seasonal temperature variation
-
- Terrain: volcanic formation with mostly rolling plains
-
- Natural resources: fish
-
- Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 25% meadows and
- pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 75% other
-
- Environment: subject to typhoons (especially May to July)
-
- Note: located 1,575 km east of Australia in the South Pacific
- Ocean
-
- People
- Population: 2,533 (July 1990), growth rate 1.7% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Norfolk Islander(s); adjective--Norfolk Islander(s)
-
- Ethnic divisions: descendants of the Bounty mutiny; more recently,
- Australian and New Zealand settlers
-
- Religion: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Uniting Church in
- Australia, and Seventh-Day Adventist
-
- Language: English (official) and Norfolk--a mixture of 18th century
- English and ancient Tahitian
-
- Literacy: NA%, but probably high
-
- Labor force: NA
-
- Organized labor: NA
-
- Government
- Long-form name: Territory of Norfolk Island
-
- Type: territory of Australia
-
- Capital: Kingston (administrative center), Burnt Pine (commercial center)
-
- Administrative divisions: none (territory of Australia)
-
- Independence: none (territory of Australia)
-
- Constitution: Norfolk Island Act of 1957
-
- Legal system: wide legislative and executive responsibility under the
- Norfolk Island Act of 1979; Supreme Court
-
- National holiday: Pitcairners Arrival Day Anniversary, 8 June (1856)
-
- Executive branch: British monarch, governor general of Australia,
- administrator, Executive Council (cabinet)
-
- Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly
-
- Judicial branch: Supreme Court
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
- by Administrator H. B. MACDONALD (since NA 1989), who is appointed
- by the Governor General of Australia;
-
- Head of Government--Assembly President and Chief Minister John
- Terence BROWN (since NA)
-
- Political parties and leaders: NA
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 18
-
- Elections:
- Legislative Assembly--last held NA (next to be held NA);
- results--percent of vote by party NA;
- seats--(9 total) percent of seats by party NA
-
- Diplomatic representation: none (territory of Australia)
-
- Flag: three vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green with a
- large green Norfolk Island pine tree centered in the slightly wider white band
-
- Economy
- Overview: The primary economic activity is tourism, which has brought
- a level of prosperity unusual among inhabitants of the Pacific Islands. The
- number of visitors has increased steadily over the years and reached almost
- 30,000 in 1986. Revenues from tourism have given the island a favorable balance
- of trade and helped the agricultural sector to become self-sufficient in the
- production of beef, poultry, and eggs.
-
- GNP: NA
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
-
- Unemployment rate: NA%
-
- Budget: revenues $3.4 million; expenditures $3.4 million, including
- capital expenditures of NA (FY88)
-
- Exports: $1.8 million (f.o.b., FY85); commodities--postage
- stamps, seeds of the Norfolk Island pine and Kentia Palm, small quantities of
- avocados;
- partners--Australia, Pacific Islands, NZ, Asia, Europe
-
- Imports: $16.3 million (c.i.f., FY85); commodities--NA;
- partners--Australia, Pacific Islands, NZ, Asia, Europe
-
- External debt: NA
-
- Industrial production: growth rate NA%
-
- Electricity: 7,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced,
- 3,210 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: tourism
-
- Agriculture: Norfolk Island pine seed, Kentia palm seed, cereals,
- vegetables, fruit, cattle, poultry
-
- Aid: none
-
- Currency: Australian dollar (plural--dollars);
- 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents
-
- Exchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1--1.2784 (January 1990),
- 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987), 1.4905 (1986), 1.4269 (1985)
-
- Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
-
- Communications
- Highways: 80 km of roads, including 53 km of sealed roads; remainder are
- earth formed or coral surfaced
-
- Ports: none; loading jetties at Kingston and Cascade
-
- Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
- (Australian owned)
-
- Telecommunications: 1,500 radio receivers (1982); radio link service
- with Sydney; 987 telephones (1983); stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV
-
- Defense Forces
- Note: defense is the responsibility of Australia
- .pa
- Northern Mariana Islands
- (commonwealth associated with the US)
- Geography
- Total area: 477 km2; land area: 477 km2; includes Saipan, Rota, and Tinian
-
- Comparative area: slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
-
- Land boundaries: none
-
- Coastline: 1,482 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
-
- Continental shelf: 200 m;
-
- Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 3 nm
-
- Climate: tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little
- seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to July, rainy season
- July to October
-
- Terrain: southern islands are limestone with level terraces and fringing
- coral reefs; northern islands are volcanic; highest elevation is 471 meters
- (Mt. Tagpochu on Saipan)
-
- Natural resources: arable land, fish
-
- Land use: 1% arable land; NA% permanent crops; 19% meadows and
- pastures; NA% forest and woodland; NA% other
-
- Environment: Mt. Pagan is an active volcano (last erupted in October
- 1988); subject to typhoons during the rainy season
-
- Note: strategic location 5,635 km west-southwest of Honolulu in the
- North Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and
- the Philippines
-
- People
- Population: 22,719 (July 1990), growth rate 3.4% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 43 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: - 3 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 17 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 70 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 5.8 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: undetermined
-
- Ethnic divisions: Chamorro majority; Carolinians and other Micronesians;
- Spanish, German, Japanese admixtures
-
- Religion: Christian with a Roman Catholic majority, although traditional
- beliefs and taboos may still be found
-
- Language: English, but Chamorro and Carolinian are also spoken in the
- home and taught in school
-
- Literacy: NA%
-
- Labor force: 17,533, including 10,000 foreign workers (1988 est.)
-
- Organized labor: NA
-
- Government
- Long-form name: Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
-
- Type: commonwealth associated with the US and administered by the
- Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the
- Interior
-
- Capital: Saipan
-
- Administrative divisions: none
-
- Independence: none (commonwealth associated with the US)
-
- Constitution: Covenant Agreement effective 3 November 1986
-
- Legal system: NA
-
- National holiday: Commonwealth Day, 8 January (1978)
-
- Executive branch: governor, lieutenant governor
-
- Legislative branch: bicameral Legislature consists of an upper house
- or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives
-
- Judicial branch: Supreme Court
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State--President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989);
- Vice President Dan QUAYLE (since 20 January 1989);
-
- Head of Government--Governor Pedro P. TENORIO (since 1978);
- Lieutenant Governor Pedro A. TENORIO (since NA)
-
- Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party, Antonio S. Guerrero;
- Republican Party, Alonso Igisomar
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 18; indigenous inhabitants are US
- citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections
-
- Elections:
- Governor--last held on NA (next to be held NA);
- results--Pedro P. TENORIO (Democratic Party) was elected;
-
- Senate--last held on NA (next to be held NA);
- results--percent of vote by party NA;
- seats--(9 total) number of seats by party NA;
-
- House of Representatives--last held on NA (next to be held NA);
- results--percent of vote by party NA;
- seats--(14 total) number of seats by party NA;
-
- US House of Representatives--last held NA (next to be held NA);
- results--percent of vote by party NA;
- seats--(1 total) party of nonvoting delegate NA
-
- Diplomatic representation: none
-
- Flag: blue with a white five-pointed star superimposed on the gray
- silhouette of a latte stone (a traditional foundation stone used in building)
- in the center
-
- Economy
- Overview: The economy benefits substantially from financial assistance
- from the US. An agreement for the years 1986 to 1992 entitles the islands to
- $228 million for capital development, government operations, and special
- programs. Another major source of income is the tourist industry, which
- employs about 10% of the work force. The agricultural sector is made up of
- cattle ranches and small farms producing coconuts, breadfruit, tomatoes, and
- melons. Industry is small scale in nature--mostly handicrafts and fish
- processing.
-
- GNP: $165 million, per capita $9,170; real growth rate NA% (1982)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
-
- Unemployment rate: NA%
-
- Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $70.6 million, including capital
- expenditures of $NA (1987)
-
- Exports: $NA; commodities--vegetables, beef, pork;
- partners--NA
-
- Imports: $NA; commodities--NA;
- partners--NA
-
- External debt: $NA
-
- Industrial production: growth rate NA%
-
- Electricity: 25,000 kW capacity; 35 million kWh produced,
- 1,640 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: tourism, construction, light industry, handicrafts
-
- Agriculture: coffee, coconuts, fruits, tobacco, cattle
-
- Aid: none
-
- Currency: US currency is used
-
- Exchange rates: US currency is used
-
- Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
-
- Communications
- Highways: 300 km total (53 km primary, 55 km secondary, 192 km local)
-
- Ports: Saipan, Rota, Tinian
-
- Airports: 6 total, 4 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways;
- none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with
- runways 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Telecommunications: stations--2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT
- earth stations
-
- Defense Forces
- Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
- .pa
- Norway
- Geography
- Total area: 324,220 km2; land area: 307,860 km2
-
- Comparative area: slightly larger than New Mexico
-
- Land boundaries: 2,582 km total; Finland 729 km, Sweden 1,657,
- USSR 196 km
-
- Coastline: 21,925 km (3,419 km mainland; 2,413 km large islands;
- 16,093 km long fjords, numerous small islands, and minor indentations)
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Contiguous zone: 10 nm;
-
- Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
-
- Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 4 nm
-
- Disputes: maritime boundary dispute with USSR; territorial claim in
- Antarctica (Queen Maud Land); Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime
- claims beween Greenland and Jan Mayen
-
- Climate: temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder
- interior; rainy year-round on west coast
-
- Terrain: glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken
- by fertile valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented
- by fjords; arctic tundra in north
-
- Natural resources: crude oil, copper, natural gas, pyrites,
- nickel, iron ore, zinc, lead, fish, timber, hydropower
-
- Land use: 3% arable land; 0% permanent crops; NEGL% meadows and
- pastures; 27% forest and woodland; 70% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
-
- Environment: air and water pollution; acid rain
-
- Note: strategic location adjacent to sea lanes and air routes in
- North Atlantic; one of most rugged and longest coastlines in world; Norway and
- Turkey only NATO members having a land boundary with the USSR
-
- People
- Population: 4,252,806 (July 1990), growth rate 0.5% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: 2 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 81 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Norwegian(s); adjective--Norwegian
-
- Ethnic divisions: Germanic (Nordic, Alpine, Baltic) and racial-cultural
- minority of 20,000 Lapps
-
- Religion: 94% Evangelical Lutheran (state church), 4% other Protestant and
- Roman Catholic, 2% other
-
- Language: Norwegian (official); small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking
- minorities
-
- Literacy: 100%
-
- Labor force: 2,164,000; 33.6% services, 17.4% commerce, 16.6% mining and
- manufacturing, 8.4% transportation, 7.8% construction,
- 6.8% banking and financial services, 6.5% agriculture, forestry, and
- fishing (1986)
-
- Organized labor: 66% of labor force (1985)
-
- Government
- Long-form name: Kingdom of Norway
-
- Type: constitutional monarchy
-
- Capital: Oslo
-
- Administrative divisions: 19 provinces (fylker, singular--fylke);
- Akershus, Aust-Agder, Buskerud, Finnmark, Hedmark, Hordaland, More og Romsdal,
- Nordland, Nord-Trondelag, Oppland, Oslo, Ostfold, Rogaland,
- Sogn og Fjordane, Sor-Trondelag, Telemark, Troms, Vest-Agder, Vestfold
-
- Independence: 26 October 1905 (from Sweden)
-
- Constitution: 17 May 1814, modified in 1884
-
- Dependent areas: Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard
-
- Legal system: mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law
- traditions; Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature when asked;
- accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
-
- National holiday: Constitution Day, 17 May (1814)
-
- Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, State Council (cabinet)
-
- Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Storting or Stortinget)
- with an Upper Chamber (Lagting) and a Lower Chamber (Odelsting)
-
- Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Hoiesterett)
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State--King OLAV V (since 21 September 1957); Heir Apparent
- Crown Prince HARALD (born 21 February 1937);
-
- Head of Government--Prime Minister Jan P. SYSE (since 16 October
- 1989)
-
- Political parties and leaders: Labor, Gro Harlem Brundtland;
- Conservative, Jan P. Syse; Center, Johan J. Jakobsen; Christian
- People's, Kjell Magne Bondevik; Socialist Left, Eric Solheim; Norwegian
- Communist, Hans I. Kleven; Progress, Carl I. Hagen; Liberal, Arne
- Fjortoft; Finnmark List, leader NA
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 18
-
- Elections:
- Parliament--last held on 11 September 1989 (next to be held
- 6 September 1993);
- results--Labor 34.3%, Conservative 22.2%, Progress 13.0%, Socialist Left
- 10.1%, Christian People's 8.5%, Center 6.6%, Finnmark List 0.3%, others
- 5%;
- seats--(165 total) Labor 63, Conservative 37, Progress 22, Socialist
- Left 17, Christian People's 14, Center 11, Finnmark List 1
-
- Communists: 15,500 est.; 5,500 Norwegian Communist Party (NKP); 10,000
- Workers Communist Party Marxist-Leninist (AKP-ML, pro-Chinese)
-
- Member of: ADB, CCC, Council of Europe, DAC, EFTA, ESA, FAO,
- GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA (associate member),
- IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU,
- IWC--International Whaling Commission, IWC--International
- Wheat Council, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
- WMO, WSG
-
- Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Kjeld VIBE; Chancery at
- 2720 34th Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 333-6000;
- there are Norwegian Consulates General in Houston, Los Angeles,
- Minneapolis, New York, and San Francisco, and Consulates in Miami and New
- Orleans;
- US--Ambassador Loret Miller RUPPE; Embassy at Drammensveien 18,
- Oslo 2 (mailing address is APO New York 09085); telephone ╒47σ
- (2) 44-85-50
-
- Flag: red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of
- the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the
- style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
-
- Economy
- Overview: Norway is a prosperous capitalist nation with the resources
- to finance extensive welfare measures. Since 1975 exploitation of large
- crude oil and natural gas reserves has helped achieve an average annual
- growth of roughly 4%, the third-highest among OECD countries. Growth
- slackened in 1987-88 because of the sharp drop in world oil prices and a
- slowdown in consumer spending, but picked up again in 1989. Future
- economic issues involve the aging of the population, the increased
- economic integration of Europe, and the balance between private and
- public influence in economic decisions.
-
- GDP: $75.8 billion, per capita $17,900; real growth rate 5.7% (1989 est.)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.5% (1989)
-
- Unemployment rate: 3.9% (1989 est., excluding people in
- job-training programs)
-
- Budget: revenues $40.6 billion; expenditures $41.3 billion,
- including capital expenditures of $NA (1989)
-
- Exports: $22.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
- commodities--petroleum and petroleum products 25%, natural gas
- 11%, fish 7%, aluminum 6%, ships 3.5%, pulp and paper;
- partners--UK 26%, EFTA 16.3%, less developed countries 14%,
- Sweden 12%, FRG 12%, US 6%, Denmark 5% (1988)
-
- Imports: $18.7 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--machinery,
- fuels and lubricants, transportation equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, clothing,
- ships; partners--Sweden 18%, less developed countries 18%,
- FRG 14%, Denmark 8%, UK 7%, US 7%, Japan 5% (1988)
-
- External debt: $18.3 billion (December 1989)
-
- Industrial production: growth rate 15.8% (1989)
-
- Electricity: 26,735,000 kW capacity; 121,685 million kWh produced,
- 28,950 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: petroleum and gas, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and
- paper products, metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles, fishing
-
- Agriculture: accounts for 3.1% of GNP and 6.5% of labor force;
- among world's top 10 fishing nations; livestock output exceeds value
- of crops; over half of food needs imported; fish catch of 1.9 million
- metric tons in 1987
-
- Aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $3.7 billion
-
- Currency: Norwegian krone (plural--kroner);
- 1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 ore
-
- Exchange rates: Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1--6.5405 (January 1990),
- 6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988), 6.7375 (1987), 7.3947 (1986), 8.5972 (1985)
-
- Fiscal year: calendar year
-
- Communications
- Railroads: 4,223 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; Norwegian State Railways
- (NSB) operates 4,219 km (2,450 km electrified and 96 km double track); 4
- km other
-
- Highways: 79,540 km total; 18,600 km concrete, bituminous, stone block;
- 19,980 km bituminous treated; 40,960 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth
-
- Inland waterways: 1,577 km along west coast; 1.5-2.4 m draft vessels
- maximum
-
- Pipelines: refined products, 53 km
-
- Ports: Oslo, Bergen, Fredrikstad, Kristiansand, Stavanger,
- Trondheim
-
- Merchant marine: 660 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,702,254
- GRT/28,722,304 DWT; includes 11 passenger, 19 short-sea passenger, 104 cargo,
- 3 passenger-cargo, 19 refrigerated cargo, 6 container, 40 roll-on/roll-off
- cargo, 6 vehicle carrier, 1 railcar carrier, 128 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
- (POL) tanker, 86 chemical tanker, 62 liquefied gas, 26 combination ore/oil,
- 142 bulk, 7 combination bulk; note--the government has created a captive
- register, the Norwegian International Ship Register (NIS), as a subset of
- the Norwegian register; ships on the NIS enjoy many benefits of flags of
- convenience and do not have to be crewed by Norwegians; the majority of
- ships under the Norwegian flag are now registered with the NIS
-
- Civil air: 76 major transport aircraft
-
- Airports: 104 total, 104 usable; 64 with permanent-surface runways;
- none with runways over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
- 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Telecommunications: high-quality domestic and international telephone,
- telegraph, and telex services; 3,102,000 telephones; stations--8 AM, 46 (1,400
- relays) FM, 55 (2,100 relays) TV; 4 coaxial submarine cables; communications
- satellite earth stations operating in the EUTELSAT, INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean),
- MARISAT, and domestic systems
-
- Defense Forces
- Branches: Royal Norwegian Army, Royal Norwegian Navy, Royal Norwegian Air
- Force
-
- Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,115,620; 937,555 fit for military
- service; 32,748 reach military age (20) annually
-
- Defense expenditures: 3.3% of GDP, or $2.5 billion (1989 est.)
- .pa
- Oman
- Geography
- Total area: 212,460 km2; land area: 212,460 km2
-
- Comparative area: slightly smaller than Kansas
-
- Land boundaries: 1,374 km total; Saudi Arabia 676 km, UAE 410 km,
- PDRY 288 km
-
- Coastline: 2,092 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Continental shelf: to be defined;
-
- Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 12 nm
-
- Disputes: Administrative Line with PDRY; no defined boundary with
- most of UAE, Administrative Line in far north
-
- Climate: dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong
- southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south
-
- Terrain: vast central desert plain, rugged mountains in north and south
-
- Natural resources: crude oil, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone,
- chromium, gypsum, natural gas
-
- Land use: NEGL% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 5% meadows and
- pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 95% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
-
- Environment: summer winds often raise large sandstorms and duststorms
- in interior; sparse natural freshwater resources
-
- Note: strategic location with small foothold on Musandam
- Peninsula controlling Strait of Hormuz (17% of world's oil production
- transits this point going from Persian Gulf to Arabian Sea)
-
- People
- Population: 1,457,064 (July 1990), growth rate 3.1% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 43 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 12 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 105 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 56 years male, 58 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 6.8 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Omani(s); adjective--Omani
-
- Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Arab, with small Balochi, Zanzibari, and
- Indian groups
-
- Religion: 75% Ibadhi Muslim; remainder Sunni Muslim, Shia Muslim, some
- Hindu
-
- Language: Arabic (official); English, Balochi, Urdu, Indian dialects
-
- Literacy: 20%
-
- Labor force: 430,000; 60% agriculture (est.); 58% are non-Omani
-
- Organized labor: trade unions are illegal
-
- Government
- Long-form name: Sultanate of Oman
-
- Type: absolute monarchy; independent, with residual UK influence
-
- Capital: Muscat
-
- Administrative divisions: none
-
- Independence: 1650, expulsion of the Portuguese
-
- Constitution: none
-
- Legal system: based on English common law and Islamic law; ultimate
- appeal to the sultan; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
-
- Executive branch: sultan, Cabinet, State Consultative Assembly
-
- Legislative branch: none
-
- Judicial branch: none; traditional Islamic judges and a nascent
- civil court system
-
- National holiday: National Day, 18 November
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State and Head of Government--Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS
- bin Said Al Said (since 23 July 1970)
-
- Political parties: none
-
- Suffrage: none
-
- Elections: none
-
- Other political or pressure groups: outlawed Popular Front for the
- Liberation of Oman (PFLO), based in South Yemen; small, clandestine Shia
- fundamentalist groups are active
-
- Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic
- Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OIC, UN,
- UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
-
- Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Awadh Bader AL-SHANFARI; Chancery at
- 2342 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 387-1980
- through 1982;
- US--Ambassador Richard BOEHM; Embassy at address NA, Muscat
- (mailing address is P. O. Box 966, Muscat); telephone 738-231 or 738-006
-
- Flag: three horizontal bands of white (top, double width), red, and green
- (double width) with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national
- emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords
- in scabbards) in white is centered at the top of the vertical band
-
- Economy
- Overview: Economic performance is closely tied to the fortunes of the oil
- industry. Petroleum accounts for nearly all export earnings, about 70% of
- government revenues, and more than 50% of GDP. Oman has proved oil reserves of
- 4 billion barrels, equivalent to about 20 years' supply at the current
- rate of extraction. Although agriculture employs a majority of the population,
- urban centers depend on imported food.
-
- GDP: $7.8 billion, per capita $6,006; real growth rate - 3.0% (1987 est.)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.0% (1988 est.)
-
- Unemployment rate: NA%
-
- Budget: revenues $3.1 billion; expenditures $4.2 billion,
- including capital expenditures of $1.0 billion (1989 est.)
-
- Exports: $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.);
- commodities--petroleum, reexports, processed copper, dates, nuts, fish;
- partners--Japan, South Korea, Thailand
-
- Imports: $1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities
- --machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food,
- livestock, lubricants; partners--Japan, UAE, UK, FRG, US
-
- External debt: $3.1 billion (December 1989 est.)
-
- Industrial production: growth rate 5.0% (1986)
-
- Electricity: 1,130,000 kW capacity; 3,600 million kWh produced,
- 2,760 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: crude oil production and refining, natural gas production,
- construction, cement, copper
-
- Agriculture: accounts for 3.4% of GDP and 60% of the labor force
- (including fishing); less than 2% of land cultivated; largely subsistence
- farming (dates, limes, bananas, alfalfa, vegetables, camels, cattle); not
- self-sufficient in food; annual fish catch averages 100,000 metric tons
-
- Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $122 million; Western
- (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $92 million;
- OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $797 million
-
- Currency: Omani rial (plural--rials); 1 Omani rial (RO) = 1,000 baiza
-
- Exchange rates: Omani rials (RO) per US$1--0.3845 (fixed rate since 1986)
-
- Fiscal year: calendar year
-
- Communications
- Highways: 22,800 km total; 3,800 km bituminous surface, 19,000 km
- motorable track
-
- Pipelines: crude oil 1,300 km; natural gas 1,030 km
-
- Ports: Mina Qabus, Mina Raysut
-
- Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
-
- Airports: 128 total, 119 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways;
- 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 63 with runways
- 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Telecommunications: fair system of open-wire, radio relay, and radio
- communications stations; 50,000 telephones; stations--3 AM, 3 FM, 11 TV;
- satellite earth stations--2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT and 8 domestic
-
- Defense Forces
- Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Royal Oman Police
-
- Military manpower: males 15-49, 350,173; 198,149 fit for military service
-
- Defense expenditures: 16.5% of GDP, or $1.3 billion (1990 est.)
- .pa
- Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the
- (Palau)
- Geography
- Total area: 458 km2; land area: 458 km2
-
- Comparative area: slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
-
- Land boundaries: none
-
- Coastline: 1,519 km
-
- Maritime claims:
-
- Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
-
- Continental shelf: 200 m;
-
- Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
-
- Territorial sea: 3 nm
-
- Climate: wet season May to November; hot and humid
-
- Terrain: islands vary geologically from the high mountainous main island
- of Babelthuap to low, coral islands usually fringed by large barrier reefs
-
- Natural resources: forests, minerals (especially gold), marine
- products; deep-seabed minerals
-
- Land use: NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures;
- NA% forest and woodland; NA% other
-
- Environment: subject to typhoons from June to December; archipelago of
- six island groups totaling over 200 islands in the Caroline chain
-
- Note: important location 850 km southeast of the Philippines;
- includes World War II battleground of Peleliu and world-famous rock
- islands
-
- People
- Population: 14,310 (July 1990), growth rate 0.7% (1990)
-
- Birth rate: 25 births/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Net migration rate: - 12 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
-
- Infant mortality rate: 26 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
-
- Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 74 years female (1990)
-
- Total fertility rate: 3.3 children born/woman (1990)
-
- Nationality: noun--Palauan(s); adjective--Palauan
-
- Ethnic divisions: Palauans are a composite of Polynesian, Malayan,
- and Melanesian races
-
- Religion: predominantly Christian, mainly Roman Catholic
-
- Language: Palauan is the official language, though English is
- commonplace; inhabitants of the isolated southwestern islands speak a
- dialect of Trukese
-
- Literacy: NA%, but education compulsory through eight grades
-
- Labor force: NA
-
- Organized labor: NA
-
- Government
- Long-form name: Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
- (no short-form name); may change to Republic of Palau after independence;
- note--Belau, the native form of Palau, is sometimes used
-
- Type: UN trusteeship administered by the US; constitutional
- government signed a Compact of Free Association with the US on
- 10 January 1986, after approval in a series of UN-observed plebiscites;
- until the UN trusteeship is terminated with entry into force of the
- Compact, Palau remains under US administration as the Palau District of
- the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
-
- Capital: Koror; a new capital is being built about 20 km northeast
- in eastern Babelthuap
-
- Administrative divisions: none
-
- Independence: still part of the US-administered UN trusteeship
- (the last polity remaining under the trusteeship; the Republic of the
- Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, and Commonwealth of the
- Northern Marianas have left); administered by the Office of Territorial
- and International Affairs, US Department of Interior
-
- Constitution: 11 January 1981
-
- Legal system: based on Trust Territory laws, acts of the
- legislature, municipal, common, and customary laws
-
- National holiday: Constitution Day, 9 July (1979)
-
- Executive branch: US president, US vice president, national president,
- national vice president
-
- Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Olbiil Era Kelulau or OEK)
- consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Delegates
-
- Judicial branch: Supreme Court
-
- Leaders:
- Chief of State--President Walker BUSH (since 20 January
- 1989), represented by High Commissioner Janet MCCOY (since NA);
-
- Head of Government--President Ngiratkel ETPISON (since 2 November 1988)
-
- Political parties: no formal parties
-
- Suffrage: universal at age 18
-
- Elections:
- President--last held on 2 November 1988 (next to be held November
- 1992); Ngiratkel Etpison 26.3%, Roman Tmetuchl 25.9%,
- Thomas Remengesau 19.5%, others 28.3%;
-
- Senate--last held 2 November 1988 (next to be held November 1992);
- results--percent of vote NA;
- seats--(18 total);
-
- House of Delegates--last held 2 November 1988 (next to be held
- November 1992);
- results--percent of vote NA;
- seats--(16 total)
-
- Diplomatic representation: none;
- US--US Liaison Officer Steven R. PRUETT; US Liaison Office at Top Side,
- Neeriyas, Koror (mailing address: P. O. Box 6028, Koror, Republic of Palau
- 96940); telephone 160-680-920 or 990
-
- Flag: light blue with a large yellow disk (representing the moon) shifted
- slightly to the hoist side
-
- Economy
- Overview: The economy consists primarily of subsistence agriculture
- and fishing. Tourism provides some foreign exchange, although the remote
- location of Palau and a shortage of suitable facilities has hindered
- development. The government is the major employer of the work force, relying
- heavily on financial assistance from the US.
-
- GDP: $31.6 million, per capita $2,260; real growth rate NA% (1986)
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
-
- Unemployment rate: 20% (1986)
-
- Budget: revenues $6.0 million; expenditures NA, including capital
- expenditures of NA (1986)
-
- Exports: $0.5 million (f.o.b., 1986); commodities--NA;
- partners--US, Japan
-
- Imports: $27.2 million (c.i.f., 1986); commodities--NA;
- partners--US
-
- External debt: $NA
-
- Industrial production: growth rate NA%
-
- Electricity: 16,000 kW capacity; 22 million kWh produced,
- 1,550 kWh per capita (1989)
-
- Industries: tourism, craft items (shell, wood, pearl), some commercial
- fishing and agriculture
-
- Agriculture: subsistence-level production of coconut, copra, cassava,
- sweet potatoes
-
- Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $2 billion;
- Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87),
- $62.6 million
-
- Currency: US currency is used
-
- Exchange rates: US currency is used
-
- Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
-
- Communications
- Highways: 25.7 km paved macadam and concrete roads, otherwise
- stone-, coral-, or laterite-surfaced roads (1986)
-
- Ports: Koror
-
- Airports: 2 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
-
- Telecommunications: stations--1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT
- earth station
-
- Defense Forces
- Note: defense is the responsibility of the US and that will not
- change when the UN trusteeship terminates
- .pa
- Pacific Ocean
- Geography
- Total area: 165,384,000 km2; includes Arafura Sea, Banda Sea,
- Bellingshausen Sea, Bering Sea, Bering Strait, Coral Sea, East China Sea,
- Gulf of Alaska, Makassar Strait, Philippine Sea, Ross Sea, Sea of Japan,
- Sea of Okhotsk, South China Sea, Tasman Sea, and other tributary water bodies
-
- Comparative area: slightly less than 18 times the size of the US;
- the largest ocean (followed by the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Arctic
- Ocean); covers about one-third of the global surface; larger than the total
- land area of the world
-
- Coastline: 135,663 km
-
- Climate: the western Pacific is monsoonal--a rainy season occurs during
- the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the
- land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from
- the Asian land mass back to the ocean
-
- Terrain: surface in the northern Pacific dominated by a clockwise, warm
- water gyre (broad, circular system of currents) and in the southern Pacific by
- a counterclockwise, cool water gyre; sea ice occurs in the Bering Sea and
- Sea of Okhotsk during winter and reaches maximum northern extent from
- Antarctica in October; the ocean floor in the eastern Pacific is dominated by
- the East Pacific Rise, while the western Pacific is dissected by deep trenches;
- the world's greatest depth is 10,924 meters in the Marianas Trench
-
- Natural resources: oil and gas fields, polymetallic nodules, sand and
- gravel aggregates, placer deposits, fish
-
- Environment: endangered marine species include the dugong, sea lion,
- sea otter, seals, turtles, and whales; oil pollution in Philippine Sea and
- South China Sea; dotted with low coral islands and rugged volcanic islands in
- the southwestern Pacific Ocean; subject to tropical cyclones (typhoons) in
- southeast and east Asia from May to December (most frequent from July to
- October); tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico and strike
- Central America and Mexico from June to October (most common in August and
- September); southern shipping lanes subject to icebergs from Antarctica;
- occasional El Nino phenomenon occurs off the coast of Peru when the trade
- winds slacken and the warm Equatorial Countercurrent moves south, which
- kills the plankton that is the primary food source for anchovies;
- consequently, the anchovies move to better feeding grounds, causing resident
- marine birds to starve by the thousands because of their lost food source
-
- Note: the major choke points are the Bering Strait, Panama Canal,
- Luzon Strait, and the Singapore Strait; the Equator divides the Pacific Ocean
- into the North Pacific Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean; ships subject to
- superstructure icing in extreme north from October to May and in extreme south
- from May to October; persistent fog in the northern Pacific from June to
- December is a hazard to shipping; surrounded by a zone of violent volcanic
- and earthquake activity sometimes referred to as the Pacific Ring of Fire
-
- Economy
- Overview: The Pacific Ocean is a major contributor to the world
- economy and particularly to those nations its waters directly touch.
- It provides cheap sea transportation between East and West, extensive fishing
- grounds, offshore oil and gas fields, minerals, and sand and gravel for the
- construction industry. In 1985 over half (54%) of the world's total fish catch
- came from the Pacific Ocean, which is the only ocean where the fish catch
- has increased every year since 1978. Exploitation of offshore oil and gas
- reserves is playing an ever increasing role in the energy supplies of Australia,
- New Zealand, China, US, and Peru. The high cost of recovering offshore oil
- and gas, combined with the lower world prices for oil since 1985, has slowed
- but not stopped new drillings.
-
- Industries: fishing, oil and gas production
-
- Communications
- Ports: Bangkok (Thailand), Hong Kong, Los Angeles (US),
- Manila (Philippines), Pusan (South Korea), San Francisco (US), Seattle (US),
- Shanghai (China), Singapore, Sydney (Australia), Vladivostok (USSR),
- Wellington (NZ), Yokohama (Japan)
-
- Telecommunications: several submarine cables with network focused
- on Guam and Hawaii
- .pa