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- SUN
- Hazards: There are hazards in observing the sun, and effective safety
- precautions must be taken.
-
- Sunspots: Successive 11-year peaks of sunspot activity follow long-term trends
- that can in extreme cases result in prolonged periods of very low activity.
-
- Aurorae: For an observer at the ground, the shifting patterns of the aurora
- over the night sky reflect the changes in the magnetic and electric fields
- along the paths of electrons streaming toward earth. A faint auroral display
- may not exceed the brightness threshold of color perception for the eye; it
- will be sensed as white. Most aurorae appear green or blue-green with
- occasional faint patches of pink or red.
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- MERCURY
- Of the five planets visible to the unaided eye, Mercury is by far the most
- difficult to observe and is seldom conveniently located for either unaided eye
- or telescopic observation.
-
- Binoculars are of great assistance in searching for the planet about 40 minutes
- to an hour after sunset, or before sunrise during the periods when it is
- visible. Mercury's true color is almost pure white, but absorption from
- Earth's atmosphere within 15o of the horizon, where Mercury is usually best
- seen, usually imparts a yellow or ochre hue to the planet.
-
- Telescopic observers will find the rapidly-changing phases of Mercury of
- interest. The planet appears to zip from gibbous to crescent phase in about
- three weeks during each of its elongations.
-
- Mercury's phases have been detected with telescopes of 75 mm aperture or less,
- but generally a 100-mm or larger telescope is required to distinguish them. In
- larger instruments under conditions of excellent seeing (usually when Mercury
- is viewed in the daytime), dusky features have been glimpsed by experienced
- observers.
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- VENUS
- Venus is the brightest natural celestial object in the nighttime sky apart from
- the moon and, whenever visible, is readily recognized.
-
- When Venus is about a 20% crescent, even rigidly-held, good-quality binoculars
- can be used to distinguish that the planet is not spherical or a point source.
- A 60-mm refractor should be capable of revealing all but the gibbous and full
- phases of Venus. Experienced observers prefer to observe Venus during the
- daytime, and indeed the planet is bright enough to be seen with the unaided eye
- if one knows where to look.
-
- Venus appears to most observer to be featureless no matter what type of
- telescope is used or what the planet's phase. However, over the past century
- some observers using medium- or large-size telescopes have reported dusky,
- patchy markings usually described as slightly less brilliant than the dazzling
- white of the rest of the planet.
-
- When Venus is less than 10% illuminated, the cusps (the points at the ends of
- the crescent) can sometimes be seen to extend into the night side of the
- planet. When Venus is a thin sliver of a crescent, the extended cusps may be
- seen to ring the entire planet.
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- EARTH
- Moon (Luna)
-
- Libration is the shifting, or rather apparent shifting, of the visible disc of
- the moon. Sometimes the observer sees features farther around the eastern or
- the western limb (libration in longitude), or the northern or southern limb
- (libration in latitude).
-
- The moon often passes between earth and a star, an event called an occultation.
- During an occultation a star suddenly disappears as the east limb of the moon
- crosses the line between the star and observer. The star reappears from behind
- the west limb some time later. Because the moon moves through an angle about
- equal to its own diameter every hour, the longest time for an occultation is
- about an hour. Since observing occultations is rather easy, amateur
- astronomers are encouraged to try this activity.
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- MARS
- In many ways Mars is the most interesting planet to observe with the unaided
- eye. It moves rapidly among the stars--its motion can usually be detected
- after an interval of less than a week--and it varies in brightness over a far
- greater range than any other planet. Mars may be distinguished by its orange-
- red color, a hue that originates with rust-colored dust that covers much of the
- planet.
-
- Telescopically, Mars is usually a disappointingly-small, featureless, ochre
- disc except within a few months of opposition, when its distance from the earth
- is then near minimum. Such close approaches occur at intervals of 15 to 17
- years. At a perihelion opposition much detail on the planet can be
- distinguished with telescopes of 100 mm aperture or greater. At oppositions
- other than when Mars is at perihelion, the disc is correspondingly smaller.
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- JUPITER
- The equatorial region of Jupiter's clouds rotates five minutes faster than the
- rest of the planet. This means that there are basically two rotational systems
- from the viewpoint of week-to-week telescopic observation.
-
- The Great Red Spot, a salmon-colored oval vortex, and the changing cloud
- structures that stripe the planet can be easily observed in small telescopes
- because the apparent size of the visible surface of Jupiter is far greater than
- that of any other planet. Occasionally the Red Spot loses its prominence,
- becoming difficult to detect in smaller telescopes, only to return to its
- normal state a few years later.
-
- The smallest of telescopes will reveal Jupiter's four moons, each of which is
- equal to or larger than earth's satellite. A 150-mm telescope reveals the size
- differences as well as color variations among the moons. When the Galilean
- satellites transit the disc of Jupiter, they are seldom visible in telescopes
- under 100 mm and are best seen near the planet's limb when entering or leaving
- the disc. Tracking a satellite transit completely across Jupiter is a
- challenging observation. On the occasions when one of the moons casts its
- shadow on the disc of the planet, the thin black shadow of one of the moons can
- be particularly evident if it is cast on one of the bright zones of Jupiter.
- According to some observers this phenomenon is evident in a good 60-mm
- refractor.
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- SATURN
- Saturn is the telescopic showpiece of the night sky--the chilling beauty of the
- small pale orb floating in a field of velvet. In telescopes less than 100-mm
- aperture, probably no features will ever be seen on the surface of the planet
- other than the shadow cast by the rings. As the size of the telescope is
- increased, the pale equatorial region, a dusky equatorial band, and the darker
- polar regions become evident. Seldom in telescopes less than 200-mm aperture
- do more than one or two belts come into view.
-
- From earth only the three most prominent components of the rings--known simply
- as rings A, B, and C--can be distinguished visually. Cassini's Division, a gap
- between rings A and B, is visible in small telescopes when the ring system is
- well included to our view. Ring C, also known as the crepe ring, is seen only
- with difficulty in small telescopes. From year to year the rings of Saturn
- take on different appearances from maximum inclination to edge-on.
-
- Titan, the largest satellite, is easily seen in any telescope about 5 ring
- diameters from the planet at elongation. Telescopes over 60-mm aperture should
- reveal Rhea less than 2 ring-diameters from Saturn. When brightest, Iapetus is
- located about 12 ring-diameters west of its parent planet. Tethys and Dione may
- be glimpsed in a 150-mm telescope; the other moons require larger apertures.
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- URANUS
- Uranus can be seen with the unaided eye under a clear, dark sky. It can be
- easily seen with binoculars, and a telescope will reveal its small, greenish,
- featureless disc.
-
- Uranus has at least fifteen satellites, none of which can be detected in small-
- or moderate-sized telescopes.
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- NEPTUNE
- Telescopically, the planet appears as a very small, featureless, bluish-green
- disc.
-
- Neptune's large moon Triton can be seen by an experienced observer using a 300-
- mm telescope.
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- PLUTO
- Pluto is a difficult target in telescopes below 250 mm.
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- Compiled from OBSERVER'S HANDBOOK 1987, pp. 57-58, 106-118, 28, 90.
-
- Copyright 1984, 1985, 1986 AstroSoft, Inc. Excerpts from copyrighted material
- are included by permission of The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada.