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- Planetary Spacecraft as Observers
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- Comet Impact '94
- Fact Sheet
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- Three NASA spacecraft missions launched some years ago to explore various
- planets and the sun will observe the events surrounding the Shoemaker-Levy 9
- impacts with Jupiter from unique perspectives far removed from Earth. They are
- Voyager 2, Galileo and the joint NASA/European Space Agency Ulysses mission.
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- Voyager and Galileo will be the only two spacecraft actually with a direct view
- of the nightside impact points for the many comet fragments.
-
- Voyager 2, launched in August 1977 and now leaving the solar system after
- flying by and observing Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, will be some 6
- billion kilometers (3.7 billion miles) from Jupiter in mid-July when the events
- begin. It will use its ultraviolet spectrometer and its planetary radio
- astronomy instrument to detect, time and measure emissions stimulated by the
- comet impacts.
-
- The Galileo spacecraft is now on the final leg of its flight path to Jupiter
- after a complex interplanetary trajectory involving gravity-assist fly-bys of
- Venus and Earth and two encounters with asteroids. It is scheduled to send a
- probe into Jupiter's atmosphere and begin a two-year Jupiter orbital tour in
- December 1995.
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- Galileo will be about 240 million kilometers (150 million miles) from Jupiter
- between July 16 and July 22 when the comet fragments are colliding with the
- planet, and will view the nightside impact regions directly. At that range, its
- camera can resolve Jupiter as a disc 60 pixels across, comparable to the
- capability of many large Earth-based telescopes. (A pixel, or picture element,
- is one point in the digitized picture.)
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- Galileo's near-infrared mapping spectrometer, the photopolarimeter and the
- ultraviolet spectrometer will measure all of the light from Jupiter, attempting
- to detect increases at the time of the impacts. Plasma-wave sensors and the
- dust detector will be operating to detect radio emissions from the impacts and
- to search for changes in Jupiter's dust environment.
-
- The Galileo imaging team plans to try several different strategies to capture
- the Shoemaker-Levy phenomena One approach is to collect many time-lapse
- exposures in mosaic patterns,
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- because the times of impact will be uncertain to within minutes. The timing
- uncertainties and data storage limitations mean that this procedure can be used
- to observe only a few of the fragment collisions. Multi-color imagingQin which
- the camera takes several exposures in a row through various colored
- filtersQwill be attempted for other impacts.
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- The commands to execute this complex, multiple-instrument observation program
- must be transmitted to the spacecraft many days in advance, with limited
- opportunity for later updates. The spacecraft will then carry out the program
- when the time comes, while the flight team monitors its actions and receives
- some science data sent back at a low rate over Galileo's low-gain antenna
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- After the Shoemaker-Levy events have concluded, the flight team will search
- through data recorded on Galileo's onboard tape recorder and will command the
- spacecraft to selectively transmit observations of interest. This selective
- procedure has been proven in the two asteroid encounters. It may be as late as
- October or November 1994 before the majority of Galileo's data from these
- events are transmitted to Earth from the spacecraft.
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- Ulysses, the NASA/ESA mission to study the poles of the Sun, will also search
- for possible radio emissions caused by Shoemaker-Levy. During July the
- spacecraft will be in the midst of its southern passage around the
- SunQmeasuring the solar wind as well as fields and particles from positions
- less than 20 degrees from the Sun's south pole.
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- At that time Ulysses will be about 400 million kilometers (250 million miles)
- from the sun, and about twice that distance from Jupiter. Its combined radio
- and plasma wave instrument will also search for radio emissions from Jupiter's
- magnetosphere that show effects of the Shoemaker-Levy impacts.
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- JPL Scientist Contacts on Shoemaker-Levy 9 Observations
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- SL9 Ephemeris (where the pieces are, when they'll hit, etc):
- Dr. Donald Yeomans, 818-354-2127. Dr. Paul Chodas, 354-7795.
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- Galileo Mission-
- Project Manager: William J. O'Neil, 818-354-4195. Project
- Scientist: Dr. Torrence Johnson, 818-393-7957.
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- Voyager Mission:
- Project Manager: George P. Textor, 818-306 6001.
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- Ulysses Mission:
- Project Scientist Dr. Edward J. Smith, 818-354-2248.
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- Goldstone Radio Astronomy Observations (NASA/JPL Jupiter Patrol)
- Dr. Michael J. Klein, 818-354-7132
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