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- Xref: sparky talk.politics.mideast:26194 soc.culture.yugoslavia:10676 soc.culture.europe:11379 soc.culture.bosna-herzgvna:1352 soc.culture.croatia:495
- Path: sparky!uunet!anatolia!zuma!sera
- From: sera@zuma.UUCP (Serdar Argic)
- Newsgroups: talk.politics.mideast,soc.culture.yugoslavia,soc.culture.europe,soc.culture.bosna-herzgvna,soc.culture.croatia
- Followup-To: soc.culture.turkish
- Subject: Re: NPR: Bosnia Faces Aggression now from Croats
- Message-ID: <9301242114@zuma.UUCP>
- Date: Sun, 24 Jan 93 21:14:37 EST
- Reply-To: sera@zuma.UUCP (Serdar Argic)
- References: <C19t2s.Hru@apollo.hp.com>
- Distribution: world
- Lines: 206
-
- In article <C19t2s.Hru@apollo.hp.com> goykhman@apollo.hp.com (Red Herring) writes:
-
- > Waffen SS incorporated numerous ethnic "divisions", does this
- > mean it was a pluralistic institution?
-
- Coming from a racist x-Soviet "wieneramus" who would label Muslim/Azeri
- people as "animals", this is rather amusing.
-
- > Mr.Izetbegovic recently attended the Islamic Conference in Baghdad.
- > Do you think he went there because the majority of Bosnians
- > (~41% Muslim) had voted to build an Islamic state in Bosnia?
-
- Given your racist beliefs, I think it's extremely enlightened of you
- to be able to make this distinction. By the way, are you for real?
-
- > Also, could you name a single Islamic "pluralist democratic"
- > state? Turkey? Isn't that a country where the Kurds are
- > denied the right to speak their own language (imagine
-
- Tell me "goykhman", were you high on "ASALA/SDPA/ARF" when you wrote
- that drivel? No ethnic or religious group was given minority status
- in Lausanne Agreement except non-Muslims in Turkiye and Muslims in
- Greece, given the status on the basis of reciprocity. Also recognized
- were special rights which could be described as privileges. That was
- how the Greek and Jewish communities gained a 'minority' status. It
- seems that you have not had time to study the Lausanne Agreement. Got
- it, now? Read the Lausanne Agreement and the Turkish Constitution before
- you drivel.
-
- Turkiye's territorial integrity is not negotiable. There are separatists
- in Corsica and in the Pyrenees, but the territorial integrity of France
- or Spain is not negotiable. Anyone who does not want to live in the
- Republic of Turkiye is free to emigrate, but Turkiye cannot be broken up
- to accommodate the KGB that wants to build, of all things, a Marxist
- state for the Kurds. Not a chance.
-
- Right from the outset certain things must be made clear to everyone.
- Turkiye's territorial integrity is not negotiable. If some day the
- white-hating black extremists [or Klu Klux Klan or Nazi Armenians,
- for that matter] in this country would go far enough to want an
- independent purely black [or white or Nazi Armenian] state, I do not
- believe that the United States Government would just donate part of its
- territory for this 'noble cause.' I do not want to even imagine
- what the white majority [or blacks] will do to them. The pundits
- who love to construct some of the scenarios that give large chunks
- of other peoples' lands to Kurds, would not be that generous with
- their own lands. Have you ever heard of 'The Turkish Independence
- War?'
-
- To put it simply and bluntly, the problem cannot be solved just by
- neutralizing the PKK (although that would be extremely easy for the
- Turkish military), but by making the population of Eastern Anatolia
- 'love' the government they elect. That is the way any democracy
- should work.
-
- Now, can you spell 99% approval rate? What a clown...
-
- The main legal principles of the Turkish State are summarized in Article 2
- of the Constitution:
-
- "The Republic of Turkey is a democratic, secular and social State
- governed by the rule of law; bearing in mind the concepts of public
- peace, national solidarity and justice; respecting human rights;
- loyal to the nationalism of Ataturk, and based on the fundamental
- tenets set forth in the Preamble of the Constitution."
-
- Freedom of culture and religion prevailed during the Ottoman Empire, allowing
- the many nations and races within its boundaries to remain autonomous. The
- fact that the Ottoman Empire was the longest lived in recent history may be
- attributed to these freedoms, despite the lack of any written Constitution.
- The first attempts to create a written Constitution occurred in 1839 and 1856.
- Although the documents adopted during these two attempts remained in force
- only temporarily, they provided the basic elements of a Constitution.
-
- The 1876 Constitution was the first legal document to force a Parliament and
- the right of election to share the sovereignty of the Emperor. The Constitution
- of 1906 placed some additional limitations on the Emperor, while increasing
- the power of the Parliament and the government.
-
- The First World War (1914-1918) brought the Ottoman Empire to an end. By the
- occupation of Istanbul, the Parliament was dissolved and the Constitution was
- abolished. The members of Parliament were sent to exile to an island by the
- occupying forces.
-
- During the Independence War, the "Turkish Grand National Assembly" held their
- first meeting on April 23, 1920 to serve as the legislative body of the new
- Turkish state. This assembly prepared the new legal structure of the Turkish
- Republic. The new Republic was proclaimed on October 29, 1923 and the new
- Constitution was adopted in 1924. That Constitution served as the legal
- backbone of today's modern Turkish Republic. In 1945, Turkey adopted a
- multi-party political system. The Constitution of 1924 was replaced by
- others in 1961 and 1982. All three Constitutions of the Republic have been
- based on the principles of parliamentary democracy, human rights, national
- sovereignty, division of powers, private ownership and secularization.
-
- "Major Principles of the Constitution"
-
- The constitution (with 177 Articles) establishes the structure of the Republic
- within the following principles:
-
- - The Turkish Republic is a democratic, secular and social state governed by
- law;
- - It should be governed to maintain public peace, national solidarity, justice,
- human rights and the objectives of Ataturk;
- - The language of the State is Turkish;
- - Sovereignty is vested in the nation without any conditions or restrictions.
- Sovereignty is exercised by organizations authorized by the nation;
- - Legislative power is carried by the Parliament elected by the nation. This
- power cannot be delegated (transferred) to any one else;
- - Executive power is exercised by the President, and Council of Ministers;
- - Judicial power is exercised by the independent courts on behalf of the
- Turkish nation;
- - All individuals are equal, irrespective of language, race, religion, color,
- sex, or political beliefs;
- - Laws cannot be contradict those principles stated in the Constitution.
-
- "Structure of the State"
-
- In accordance with the Constitution, the structure of the state is based on the
- principle of "division of power" to create a balanced and self-controlled
- system. The power is divided into "legislative power," "executive power," and
- "judicial power," balanced to secure freedoms and powers to control each
- other (self-control).
-
- A. Legislative Power:
-
- The "Turkish Grand National Assembly" is a parliament with one House, elected
- by the nation for a term of five years to exercise legislative power on
- behalf of the nation. The basic functions of this Assembly are:
-
- - to adopt, to amend, or to repeal laws;
- - to approve or to dismiss the Council of Ministers;
- - to supervise and to question Ministers or the Council of Ministers;
- - to debate, to amend and to approve annual budgets;
- - to ratify international agreements;
- - to grant amnesty or pardons.
-
- Members of Parliament do not have any liability for their words (either oral
- or written) during the course of their legislative duties. The country is
- divided into constituencies. The number of representatives of each is
- calculated according to its population. Every Turkish citizen over the age
- of twenty-one can vote.
-
- Elections are supervised by the "Supreme Council of Elections," which solves
- all disputes or appeals. In each province, the local "Board of Election"
- runs and controls the election under the supervision and guidelines of the
- Supreme Council. Members of the Council and Boards are elected among
- independent judges.
-
- B. Executive Power:
-
- The President of the Republic is the Head of State (not the head of government
- as in the Unites States). The main functions of the President are:
-
- - to represent the State and the Country;
- - to insure the implementation of the Constitution;
- - to coordinate legislative, judicial and executive functions;
- - act as the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces;
- - to ratify laws and government decrees.
-
- The President is elected by the Grand National Assembly for a period of seven
- years. The President may ratify or return the laws for a second debate, may
- call for a referendum.
-
- Executive power is exercised by the "Council of Ministers," headed by the
- Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President from the
- members of Parliament. The Prime Minister names the Ministers for approval
- by the President. The new Government (Council of Ministers) reads their
- program at the Parliament and the vote of confidence follows. There are 21 (?)
- Ministers in the Council.
-
- Ministers and other members of the administration can be sued in independent
- "administrative" courts for their misuse of power, administrative errors or
- functions against any law.
-
- C. Judicial Power:
-
- Judicial power is exercised by independent courts. No authority or power can
- instruct the judges or public prosecutors of the courts. These cannot be
- discharged, replaced or retired by executive authorities except for the
- reasons clearly stated by the appropriate laws. There are three categories
- of courts in the Turkish judiciary system:
-
- - Courts of justice deal with legal, commercial and criminal cases. The
- decisions of these courts may be reviewed by the supreme court of justice
- upon the appeal of the parties involved.
- - The decisions or functions of the executive power (including the Prime
- Minister and Ministers or any governmental department) can be appealed in
- administrative courts if these functions or decisions are against the law.
- The decisions of these administrative courts may also be reviewed by the
- high administrative court.
-
- The laws and decisions of the Grand National Assembly can be examined by the
- "Constitutional Court" if they contradict the Constitution. If found
- contradictory, this court may cancel the decisions or laws of the Parliament.
-
- Serdar Argic
-
- 'We closed the roads and mountain passes that
- might serve as ways of escape for the Turks
- and then proceeded in the work of extermination.'
- (Ohanus Appressian)
- 'In Soviet Armenia today there no longer exists
- a single Turkish soul.' (Sahak Melkonian)
-
-
-