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- Path: sparky!uunet!pipex!unipalm!uknet!comlab.ox.ac.uk!oxuniv!zetie
- From: zetie@vax.oxford.ac.uk (The Edible Dormouse)
- Newsgroups: rec.juggling
- Subject: Coloured Flames - FAQ answer
- Message-ID: <1993Jan22.150858.11473@vax.oxford.ac.uk>
- Date: 22 Jan 93 15:08:58 GMT
- Organization: Oxford University, Dept of Antiquated Physics
- Lines: 90
-
- [Terry -- can you put this in the FAQ file under coloured flames please?
- Thanks]
- This is the base of a FAQ answer on coloured flames. I am inviting others to
- send detailed accounts of specific colours to be inserted into the file which
- also covers basic safety and use of the metal salts.
-
-
- Coloured Flames for Fire Torches
-
- Many people have asked about this and many have played with coloured flames. On
- the whole I would say from my experience that there is not a great deal which
- can be done in this area by the amateur not willing to spend a lot of money and
- time. For what it's worth here are my thoughts:
-
- Colouring flame is done by dissolving salts (metal compounds such as sodium
- chloride) in a solvent which also acts as the fuel. When the fuel burns, it
- also causes the metal ions to emit on their characteristic wavelengths (just
- like the flame colour tests in chemistry). To see the colour it is important
- that the flame colour does not mask it.
-
- Fuels
- =====
- The standard fuel for juggling is paraffin (kerosine) or lamp fuel (eg
- Coleman's). See my file on torches and fire in the FAQ for more info.
- Unfortunately the metal salts do not dissolve in these fuels which are mostly
- short and mid-length alkanes and variants, as they are non-polar. You need a
- polar fuel such as ethanol, which has the advantage of also producing a fairly
- colourless flame. This is available as 'Meths' or 'Industrial methylated
- alcohol' with impurities of no consequence (unless you want to drink it!). Be
- warned that meths is poisonous. If ingested, drink milk of magnesia preferably,
- but just water would be a good idea. If large quantities ingested, induce
- vomiting. If splashed in the eye wash with running water immediately and seek
- medical advice - meths is particulalry toxic to the optic nerve.
-
- Be especially careful when mixing - wear eye protection and thin rubber/latex
- gloves.
-
- Meths is more expensive than paraffin - about UK$2 per litre in early 1993 and
- available from most chemists. Also the chemist may refuse to sell large
- quantities - buy a few litres at a time.
-
- Chemicals
- ==========
- Start with the best - boric acid is cheap (about 5 pounds for 500g, enough for
- 20 or more litres of meths) and gives an excellent bright green colour.
- Dissolve as much as will go into solution. Any precipitate can be dissolved in
- more meths. Dip and burn as a normal club - remember to shake off excess
- carefully. Boric acid can be obtained at chemists and through laboratory
- supplies. It is a mild irritant but not especially dangerous.
-
- Lithium chloride gives a gentle red colour. It is not a very bright flame, it
- is expensive (more like 20 pounds for 500g when I last tried it) and more
- difficult to get hold of - lab supplies again being the best option (I shan't
- put addresses as they will differ for every country. post to rec.pyrotechnics
- for a list of suppliers). Lithium perchlorate is a better red which also
- sparkles a bit but it is very expensive (20 pounds for 100g) and quite
- dangerous - irritant, and strong oxidising agent. It may be marked 'lab use
- only' in some countries in which case you may be prosecutable under dangerous
- substances laws for taking it to a public place.
-
- Blue is nearly impossible to achieve as it requires a very cool flame. The mark
- of a good pyrotechnician is his blue. Potassium acetate is wimpish and a poor
- colour but cheap. Copper salts start green and only go blue briefly as the
- flame dies away. Both are quite cheap.
-
- [Please add more personal experience tales along similar lines here].
-
- Use of Chemicals
- ================
- They will nearly all destroy your wicks and clubs if mistreated. After use burn
- off at least once in clean meths (with boric acid this gives a nice colour
- still). Then burn with paraffin before storing. Preferably use them on cheap
- props and home made toys of metal with easily replaced wicks.
-
- Before use, clean the torch of paraffin by burning it as long as possible
- without damaging the wick. The first one or two times the colour of paraffin
- (yellow) will continue to burn with the chemicals, producing an eerie two tone
- effect if you are lucky.
-
- Have fun and be safe.
-
- Ken Zetie (ZETIE@vax.ox.ac.uk)
-
-
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