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- From: aboyd@quantum.qnx.com (Andrew Boyd)
- Subject: Re: pitch & power on landings
- Message-ID: <jgcsbpb@quantum.qnx.com>
- Date: Tue, 26 Jan 93 18:55:05 GMT
- Organization: Quantum Software Systems, Ltd.
- References: <1k1001INN2g5@early-bird.think.com> <1993Jan25.194628.18856@pony.Ingres.COM>
- Lines: 101
-
- In article <1993Jan25.194628.18856@pony.Ingres.COM> kerry@Ingres.COM
- (Kerry Kurasaki) writes:
- >I ascribe to the theory that pitch is PRIMARY for airspeed and power is
- >PRIMARY for altitude
-
- Like any simplifications, that ain't perfect.
-
- Let's look at the basic physics of what is going on during an approach.
- I can't help it, I'm an engineer as well as a flight instructor :-)
-
- The a/c has energy due it's height (mgh), and due to it's forward motion
- (1/2 mv**2). Forgetting about the engine for a moment, we can easily
- convert from one form of energy to another. eg if you are high and slow,
- shove the nose down and you will be low and fast. Conversely, if you
- are low and fast, if you pull the nose up, you can go high & slow. Glider
- and aerobatic pilots, please stop yawning :-)
-
- So, pitch controls both airspeed and altitude, which makes sense, given
- that they are as close as pigs & sausages.
-
- Sure, I'm neglecting the effects of drag, but approaches are usually
- flown near the endurance speed - the "bottom" of the power curve, where
- the drag is as low as it gets.
-
- I teach my students my own method of analyzing and correcting their
- approaches, which is based on energy management. Check out the
- following chart, which has airspeed along the top, and altitude on
- the bottom:
-
- AIRSPEED
-
- LOW ON HIGH
-
- A LOW NOT enuf not enuf / pull nose
- L energy energy / up
- T /
- I ON not enuf perfect too much
- T energy / energy
- U /
- D /
- E HIGH shove nose too much way too much
- down energy energy
-
-
- If our a/s & alt are bang on (center), well, we don't need to do
- much, just be sure we're trimmed up.
-
- If we are above the glidepath, but too slow, all we need
- to do is to pitch the nose down & intercept the glidepath again
- at the correct speed.
-
- If we are below the glidepath, but too fast, all we need
- to do is to pitch the nose up & intercept the glidepath again
- at the correct speed.
-
- Note that all three of the above cases are on the diagonal line,
- where the a/c has the right amount of energy, but the energy may
- be in the wrong form.
-
-
- Let's consider the three cases to the right and below the diagonal
- line, where the a/c has too much energy.
-
- If the a/c is on the glidepath, but the a/s is too high, we cannot
- just pull the nose up, as that will convert our excess a/s into altitude,
- and we do not wish to be above the glidepath. We must reduce our
- energy, by one of the following techniques:
-
- 1) increase flap (max 20 degrees until on final)
- 2) reduce power (I use 250 RPM +/- increments)
- 3) sideslip (forward slips are fun!)
-
- If the a/c is at the correct speed, but above the glidepath, we
- cannot just shove the nose down, as we would have excess a/s when
- we intercept the glidepath, which is the case above. We must reduce
- the energy of the a/c, using the techniques above.
-
- If the a/c is too fast and too high, you've got to get rid of
- even more energy. Same techniques.
-
-
- Let's consider the three cases to the left and above the diagonal
- line, where the a/c has too little energy.
-
- If the a/s is correct, but the a/c is below the glidepath, we do
- not have enough energy - we must add power. This typically will
- cause the a/c to climb at the same airspeed, which is exactly what
- we want to do to get back up the to the glidepath.
-
- If the a/c is on the glidepath, but the a/s is too low, we cannot
- shove the nose down if we are to make the runway. We must add
- energy, which means we add power. Typically, the a/c will wish
- to climb with the addition of power, which we don't want, so we
- will simultaneously push the nose down, to stay on the glidepath.
-
- If we are low and slow, we are seriously low on energy, and a
- smooth application of full power is recommended - back side of the
- power curve, anyone?
-
- ----
- #include <std.disclaimer>
-