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- From: jch@alexander.cs.umn.edu (J.C. Hamlin)
- Newsgroups: rec.audio.car
- Subject: Passive Crossover Networks (was Re: crossover networks)
- Keywords: crossover
- Message-ID: <C1HH7L.ss@news2.cis.umn.edu>
- Date: 26 Jan 93 22:59:46 GMT
- Article-I.D.: news2.C1HH7L.ss
- References: <1jqms8INNbrt@tamsun.tamu.edu>
- Sender: news@news2.cis.umn.edu (Usenet News Administration)
- Organization: University of Minnesota
- Lines: 183
- Nntp-Posting-Host: alexander.cs.umn.edu
-
- In article <1jqms8INNbrt@tamsun.tamu.edu>, wdevine@andrew.cea.pvamu.edu (William Devine II) writes:
- |> anybody ever built their own crossover (that is, themselves without
- |> buying inductors?) if so please send me any and all info possible
- |> on the subject.. as i might be able to use this as a circuits lab
- |> project! *8-P......
-
- Simple Passive Crossover Contruction
- by J.C. Hamlin (jch@Cray.COM)
-
- First, how to choose the proper values:
-
- For a first order, high pass filter (a capacitor):
-
- Let C = The needed capacitance of the capacitor, in Farads.
- Let f = The desired frequency of cutoff, in Hertz.
- Let R = The resistance of the the circuit (driver), in Ohms.
- pi = 3.1415926535...
-
- 1
- C = ----------------
- (2 * pi * f * R)
- 6
- C is more useful in microfarads, so multiply by 1x10 (1,000,000).
- Remeber that the values listed for capacitors aren't exact. So you
- may not get the desired frequency unless the actual value is near
- the computed one.
-
- Also remeber that capacitors are polarized unless explicitly stated
- "bipolar". Since the voltage in your speaker lines is AC, you need
- to use a "bipolar" capacitor, or two polarized capacitors of half
- the value, in parallel and opposite polarity.
-
- There are two types of common capacitors, NP electrolytic and solid
- dielectric. Solid dielectric capacitors are a better choice for
- high frequency uses. But for low frequency uses, the NP electrolytics
- will work just fine, and at a lower cost.
-
- The last point is to make sure the capacitor will be able to handle
- the power you will be using it with. Most capacitors are rated in
- the maximum voltage they can handle. This value can be computed by:
-
- V = SQRT( Power in the circuit * Resistance of the circuit )
-
- The cut-off for a first order high pass filter is 6dB/octave.
-
- For a first order, low pass filter (an inductor coil):
-
- Let L = The needed inductance of the inductor coil, in Henries.
- Let f = The desired frequency of cutoff, in Hertz.
- Let R = The resistance of the the circuit (driver), in Ohms.
- pi = 3.1415926535...
-
- R
- L = ------------
- (2 * pi * f)
- 3
- L is more useful in millihenries, so multiply by 1x10 (1,000).
- Remeber again, that the values listed for inductors aren't exact.
- You may not get the desired frequency.
-
- There are two types of common inductors, air-core coils and
- iron-core coils. An air core can a core made of any nonmagnetic
- material. Iron core coils can be smaller, but it is likely that
- a cheap iron core coil will cause distortion. In almost all cases,
- it pays to get the best air-core coil you can afford.
-
- It is desirable to keep the DC resistance of the coil as small as
- possible. As a rule of thumb, it is desirable to use a coil that
- has a DC resistance of no more than 5 percent of the resistance
- of the circuit (driver).
-
- The last point is to make sure the capacitor will be able to handle
- the power you will be using it with. Most capacitors are rated in
- the maximum voltage they can handle. This value can be computed by:
-
- V = SQRT( Power in the circuit * Resistance of the circuit )
-
- The cut-off for a first order low pass filter is 6dB/octave.
-
-
- > What is the difference between using a cap and buying a "real" crossover?
-
- Now for the theory:
-
- A capacitor is truly a first order, high pass crossover. So this is
- a "real" crossover. Most "common" crossovers are a second order
- crossover, and contain both a high pass and a low pass section,
- prepackaged in a black box with inputs and outputs.
-
- Most crossovers are two-way or three way. They either split the signal
- into the highs and the lows, or they split it into the highs, mids, and
- the lows. Some can even split it five ways, highs, mids, mid-basses,
- basses, and sub-basses.
-
- This discussion is about passive crossovers. That is, they don't require
- any power to do their job other than the power from the speaker lines.
-
- An active crossover goes in-line somewhere with your preamp cables, and
- electronically does the filtering. This is often better if you have
- the money to invest in a seperate amplifier for each band of frequencies
- that you want to use--it allows you to adust many factors of the crossover
- like the slope, frequencies, and number of input and output channels.
- You will need a stereo pair of amplification for every frequency range
- you wish to use (highs, mids, mid-basses, basses, sub-basses). You can
- get away with some woofer and subwoofer frequencies in mono, however.
-
- A passive crossover goes in-line with your speakers and does the filtering
- at a cost, some of your amplifier power. The is often better if you
- have only one amplifier to amplify the signal. You can then split the
- signal after amplification. Passive crossovers are usually not adjustable,
- but usually come matched with a set of seperate drivers. In this cass,
- adjustment is usually not nescessary.
-
- A crossover "rolls off" the frequencies equal to:
- (6dB / Octave) * order of the crossover.
-
- FIRST ORDER:
- A first order, two way, parallel crossover is shown below:
-
- C1
- + -------+-----||------ +
- in | tweeter
- - -------|----+-------- -
- | |
- | | L1
- | +--OOO--- +
- | woofer
- +------------- -
-
- Where C1 and L1 can be computed directly, using the formulas given above.
-
- SECOND ORDER:
- A second order, two way, parallel crossover is shown next:
-
- C1
- + -------+-----||-----+--- -
- | |
- in | L1 OOO tweeter
- | |
- - -------|----+-------+--- +
- | |
- | | L1
- | +--OOO--+--- +
- | |
- | C1 === woofer
- | |
- +------------+--- -
-
- Notice the polarity reversal of the tweeter. This is because a second
- order crossover network produces a 180 phase shift.
-
- There are three types of second order crossover networks common today:
- - The first is the Linkwitz-Riley (L-R), and is characterized
- by a null in the frequency response at the crossover point.
- - The second is called a Butterworth network, and is more common.
- With this type you get a peak in the response curve at that point.
- - The third is called a Bessel network, and is characterized by a
- smaller peak at the crossover point than the Butterworth.
-
- The values for C1 and L1 can be computed using the formulas above
- as a basis. Find C and L from the formulas above, and then multiply
- them by the following constants to get the proper values for your
- choice of network.
-
- L-R Butterworth Bessel
- ---------- ----------- ------------
- C1 x 0.50 x 0.71 x 0.57
- L1 x 2.00 x 1.41 x 1.74
-
- There are other factors that make a greater difference in the sound
- of your system than the choice of networks, so it really isn't that
- important.
-
- There are also third, fourth, fifth, and even higher order crossover
- networks, or three-way networks that can be constructed, but I will
- not go into detail about those here. If you are interested, you can
- email me or buy the book.
-
- J.C. Hamlin
- Automotive Sound & Security by Hamlin, Minneapolis, MN
- jch@cs.umn.edu
-
- P.S. The answers to, "How to wind your own inductors coming right up!"
-