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- Path: sparky!uunet!cs.utexas.edu!asuvax!ukma!mont!pencil.cs.missouri.edu!rich
- From: rich@pencil.cs.missouri.edu (Rich Winkel)
- Subject: Rape in war: enforcing power
- Message-ID: <1993Jan22.091510.2377@mont.cs.missouri.edu>
- Followup-To: alt.activism.d
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- Organization: PACH
- Date: Fri, 22 Jan 1993 09:15:10 GMT
- Approved: map@pencil.cs.missouri.edu
- Lines: 80
-
- The ACTivist Volume 9 #1, January 1993.
-
- The ACTivist is published monthly by the ACT for Disarmament
- Coalition, 736 Bathurst St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2R4, phone
- 416-531-6154, fax 416-531-5850, e-mail web:act. Hard copy
- subscriptions are available with a donation of $10 or more to ACT for
- Disarmament. Reprint freely, but please credit us (and send us a copy!)
-
- /** gen.newsletter: 129.7 **/
- ** Written 11:44 pm Jan 9, 1993 by web:act in cdp:gen.newsletter **
- RAPE IN WAR -- ENFORCING POWER
-
- In recent months, reports of the systematic rape of Bosnian women
- in detention camps have seized the attention of peace and women's
- groups around the world. Nothing can lessen the horror of this
- situation; but they are far from an isolated case. Rape has always been
- an institutionalized part of war; rape in wartime is always to a large
- extent systematic and deliberate. The raping of women is, symbolically,
- one of the essential means of gaining control of a given territory and its
- population.
-
- Women working on violence hot-lines in former-Yugoslavia stress
- that rape is used in several ways to wage war -- both as an act of war
- in itself, and as a standard feature of nationalist propaganda. They
- stress that rapes have been committed against women of all
- nationalities, and by men from all military and paramilitary groups,
- as well as the civilian population. Though we can be fairly certain that
- Muslim women are disproportionately among the victims, and Serbian
- paramilitaries and militias disproportionately among the rapists, the
- women of the SOS Telephone in Belgrade remind us that rape is "first
- and foremost a crime against women. Rape is a form of controlling
- women which men knew before they started fighting each other."
-
- Women from the SOS Telephone have isolated certain characteristics
- they see as particular to rape in wartime. First, it is a public event.
- Frequently, the women are raped in front of their families and
- neighbours. "This becomes an act against her husband/father/nation,
- not against her body," writes Stasa Zajovic. "Through humiliation and
- destruction of the enemy's property, the power of the warrior is
- enforced."
-
- Second, war rapes are usually mass rapes -- "boys do it together
- and in mutual solidarity."
-
- Third, the rape frequently ends with the murder of the woman.
- Sometimes it is hard to know if the rape or the murder was the first
- motive; the two are so tangled together. Yayori Matsui of the Asian
- Women's Network notes that when the Iranian army took captives
- during the war with Iraq, the women were routinely raped before
- they were killed because "if they died as virgins they might go to
- heaven."
-
- Finally, women who become pregnant after war-rapes often have
- even less access to abortion than other unwillingly pregnant women,
- and may be forced to bear the child of the rape. This is connected,
- of course, to the clear tendency for women to be deprived
- reproductive rights during wartime, when access to birth control
- and abortion are commonly restricted.
-
- The institutionalization of rape as part of war is not by any means
- separate from the invariable increase of prostitution in wartime,
- or indeed around military bases at any time. War *requires*
- prostitution for the constant reinforcement of the 'masculinity' of
- the soldiers. Women may be drafted into military prostitution by
- sheer force, like the Korean "comfort women" or the Karen women
- porters in Burma. Or women who have lost their families, husbands,
- lands or livelihoods in war may be forced into prostitution as their
- only means of survival; like the large number of women who have
- fled Burma and become prostitutes in Thailand.
-
- It is significant that this increase in prostitution has been found to
- accompany not only 'conventional' armies, but United Nations
- peacekeeping troops -- something mentioned, at the War Resisters'
- International Women's Conference in November, by women from
- as far apart as Cambodia and ex-Yugoslavia. Men with guns, it seems,
- are pretty much like other men with guns. And, as Stasa Zajovic
- writes, "in any moment, the warrior must never forget which gender
- he belongs to, which is the gender of the gun."
- ** End of text from cdp:gen.newsletter **
-
-