NetNews Usenet Archive 1993 #3/NN_1993_3.iso/spool/comp/groupwar/993

Internet Message Format | 1993-01-28 | 251.6 KB

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From: [e-mail] (The Trabants of the networking field)
Newsgroups: comp.groupware
Subject: Re: The Start of a Groupware Bibliography
Message-ID: <[e-mail]>
Date: 26 Jan 93 17:35:00 GMT
References: <[e-mail]>
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Here is my groupware bibliography.  It's in BibTeX format, which is
trivially convertible to Scribe format.  This is about 2 years out
of date; since I changed the topic of my dissertation, I haven't
added anything to it.

There may be duplicate entries; this is actually three different
bibliographies concatenated.  The third is courtesy of Prof. Stephen
Hayne (who was last seen somewhere cold in Canada).

jms

Joel Snyder, Opus One
[e-mail]

----------------

@string{jmis="Journal of Management Information Systems"}
@string{misq="Management Information Systems Quarterly"}
@string{cacm="Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery"}
@string{jacm="Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery"}
@string{bstj="The Bell System Technical Journal"}
@string{cah = "Computers and the Humanities"}

% vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
% These articles added after November 25-30 research
% session at U of A library.
%

@article{Zimmerman87,
    author = "D.  Patrick Zimmerman",
    author-address = "University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois",
    title  = "Effects of Computer Conferencing on the language use
        of emotionally disturbed adolescents",
    Journal = "Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers",
    volume = "19",
    number = "2",
    pages = "224--230",
    year = 1987,
    abstract = "This study compared the computer-mediated
communications among 18 severely disturbed adolescents with their small-
group, face-to-face discussions. A content analysis was performed to explore
psychological, interpersonal, and expressive differences between the two
communication modes, The findings indicated that computer involvement
tended to improve communication in these areas."}

@article{Almes87,
    author = "Guy T. Almes and Cara L. Holman",
    author-address = "Dep't of Computer Science, Univ of Wash, Seattle,
            WA, 98195",
    title = "Edmas:  {An} Object-Oriented, Locally Distributed Mail System",
    journal = "IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering",
    volume = "SE-13",
    number = "9",
    month = "September",
    year = "1987",
    pages = "1001--1009",
    abstract = "The Eden Project conducts research in the design and
implementation of a distributed computing environment for a local area
network. A specific goal in designing Eden was to provide users the
advantages of both physical distribution {\it and} logical integration. Edmas,
the Eden mail system, provided an early test of Eden as a base for building
distributed applications. This paper discusses Edmas, and shows how
Eden's advanced functionality aided in structuring a distributed mail system,
particularly in the areas of replying and distribution lists."}

@article{Noll85,
    author = "A. Michael Noll",
    title = "Videotex:  {Anatomy} of a Failure",
    author-address = "Annenberg School of Communications at the
        University of Southern California, LA,CA, 90089,
        [phone]",
    journal = "Information and Management",
    volume = "9",
    year = "1985",
    pages = "99--109",
    abstract = "Considerable excitement has been generated in Europe and
North America in videotex---namely, the concept of electronic access in the
home to centrally-located computerized data-based containing vast amount
of data. However, the public offering of such services has thus far been
unsuccessful in achieving significant penetrations in the residential market.
    Videotex is examined in this paper to illuminate possible reasons for
its failure thus far in the residential marketplace. Comparisons are made
with somewhat similar on-line systems for accessing computerized data-
bases and for performing transactions and transmitting messages to other
people. The final conclusion is that most consumers simply do not have a
need nor a desire to access vast computerized data-bases of general
information. Videotex or any other similar system that attempts to satisfy
consumer needs for information in such a fashion will surely fail."}

@article{Kaye86,
    author = "A. R. Kaye and K. E. Byne",
    title = "Insights on the Implementation of a Computer-based Message
System",
    journal = "Information and Management",
    volume = "10",
    year = "1986",
    pages = "277--284",
    abstract = "Although computer-based message systems (CBMS) have
been adopted in parts of many corporations, they are still a new form of
communications to many others. This paper is addressed to management and
planners who may be contemplating the introduction of a CBMS into their
operations. Its purpose is to present insights we gained from a case study of
such an implementation in a medium-sized, multi-national firm which
decided to introduce a CBMS on a company-wide basis. We present results on
usage patterns, including traffic volumes, and on what motivated staff and
management to adopt the use of the system, the way they used it and the
effects it had on their work and their interactions with others. The paper
concludes wit a set of suggested implementation guidelines which flow from
our experience."}

@incollection{Steinfield86,
    title = "Computer Mediated Communication in an Organizational
    Setting: {Explaining} Task-Related and Socioemotional Uses",
    booktitle = "Communication Yearbook~9",
    editor = "Margaret L. McLaughlin",
    publisher = "Sage Publications",
    address = "Beverly Hills",
    author-address = "Michigan State University",
    year = "1986",
    pages = "777-803",
    author = "Charles W. Steinfield",
    abstract = "Electronic mail systems are often viewed as the cornerstone
of the ``office of the future'' (Bair,1979). These systems, which enable
asynchronous yet potentially rapid textual interaction between individuals
or groups, can be integrated with other functions of computers such as word
processing or information retrieval to create a powerful support system for
information workers. A substantial body of literature supports the general
finding that managers and professionals spend a large proportion of their
work day in communication-related activities, as much as 79 to 80 percent
(Bair, 1979; Klemmer \& Snyder, 1972; Mintzberg, 1973; Ruchinskas, 1982).
Because the managerial and professional labor force represent the greatest
proportion of costs for labor, and the bulk of their time is spent
communicating, improvements in the process of communication should have
the greatest payoff to organizations. The argument  is made by proponents of
new office technologies that computer-mediated systems of communication
can overcome many of the inefficiencies of communication in the work place,
leading  to significant increases in productivity (compare Bair,1979;
Uhlig,Farber,Bair,1979)."}

@incollection{Rice82,
    booktitle = "Communication Yearbook~6",
    editor = "Michael Burgoon",
    publisher = "Sage Publications",
    address = "Beverly Hills",
    year = "1982",
    author = "Ronald E Rice",
    pages = "925--944",
    title = "Communication Networking in Computer Conferencing Systems:
        A Longitudinal Study of Group Roles and System Structure."}


@incollection{Rice86,
    booktitle = "Communication Yearbook~9",
    editor = "Margaret L. McLaughlin",
    publisher = "Sage Publications",
    address = "Beverly Hills",
    year = "1986",
    pages = "315-338",
    author = "Ronald E. Rice and George A. Barnett",
    title = "Group Communication Networking in an Information
        Environment: {A}pplying Metric Multidimensional Scaling",
    author-address = "USC/Annenberg School and SUNY/Buffalo",
    abstract = "Two major components of social interaction have been
receiving increasing attention by researchers. The first in new
communication media and the second is social networks. The research
reported here combines these interests by describing and modeling the
changes in the communication network of ten groups using a computer
conferencing system over a two-year period. This combined focus in natural
in that communication technologies facilitate human networks, while the
analysis of networks can begin to identify patterns of use and social
structure in new situations, such as new communication systems.
    Two aspects of {\it new media} are emphasized here: (a) the potential
for changes in traditional communication patterns among groups due to
attributes of these communication systems and (b) the availability of
behavioral communication data collected by the medium's computer system.
Two aspects of {\it network analysis} are emphasized here as well: (a)
longitudinal analysis and modeling and (b) the application of metric
multidimensional scaling as one appropriate network methodology."}

@incollection{Rice80,
    title = "Computer Conferencing",
    author = "Ronald E. Rice",
    editor = "Brenda Dervin and Melvin J. Volgt",
    booktitle = "Progress in Communication Sciences",
    author-address = "Institute for Communication Research, Stanford U",
    editor-address = "University of Washington and UCSD",
    volume = "II",
    publisher = "Ablex Publishing Corporation",
    address = "Norwood, New Jersey 07648",
    year = "1980",
    pages = "215--240",
    abstract = "Overview of computer conferencing systems"}

@article{Sproull86,
    author = "Lee Sproull and Sara Kiesler",
    title = "Reducing Social Context Cues:  {Electronic} Mail in
    Organizational Communication",
    journal = "Management Science",
    volume = "32",
    number = "11",
    month = "November",
    year = "1986",
    pages = "1492--1512",
    abstract = "This paper examines electronic mail in organizational
communication. Based on ideas about how social context cues within a
communication setting affect information exchange, it argues that electronic
mail does not simply speed up the exchange of information but leads to the
exchange of new information as well. In a field study in a Fortune 500
company, we used questionnaire data and actual messages to examine
electronic mail communication at all levels of the organization. Based on
hypotheses from research on social communication, we explored effects of
electronic communication related to self-absorption, status equalization, and
uninhibited behavior. Consistent with experimental studies, we found that
decreasing social context cues has substantial deregulating effects on
communication. And we found that much of the information conveyed
through electronic mail was information that would not have been conveyed
through another medium."}

@article{Lederberg80,
    author = "Joshua Lederberg",
    title = "Digital Communications and the Conduct of Science : {The} New
        Literacy",
    journal = "Human Systems Management",
    volume = "1",
    year = "1980",
    pages = "29--37",
    abstract = "This essay is a personal perspective on the emergence of a
new form of communication, optimistically call the 'eugram'. This form is
based on the convergence of economical digital communications with
computer aided facilities for file management, and protocols to facilitate the
interconnection of users separated both in time and space. The eugram is
contrasted with the telephone, with the latter's demands on instant
availability and the subjugation of the user to an almost uninterruptable
stream of data. The eugram is expected to increase the thoughtfulness of
communication, the return of literacy in the efficient and precise use of
language, and to enhance discourse in many other ways."}

@article{McLeod87,
    author = "Raymond McLeod and Jack Williams Jones",
    title = "A Framework for Office Automation",
    journal = misq,
    month = "March",
    year = "1987",
    pages = "87--104",
    abstract = "Much attention currently is being aimed at office
automation. Proponents are recognizing its potential value to the manager as
an information source, in addition to its initial focus on improved clerical
operations. However, proponents are recommending office automation as an
information system without citing any basis, theoretical or empirical, for
their claims. The authors construct a theoretical framework that may be
useful to the manager, or the system designer, in channeling office
automation efforts in the right direction. The framework is based on Henry
Mintzberg's concept of managerial roles, and is presented in the context of
data gathered from five senior executives."}

@article{Mahmood87,
    author = "Mo A. Mahmood",
    title = "System Development Methods---{A} Comparative Investigation",
    journal = misq,
    month = "September",
    year = "1987",
    pages = "292--311",
    abstract = "This article presents a retrospective comparative study of
the use of the system development life cycle (SDLC) and prototyping methods
to help select a development approach for a given information systems (IS)
project.  The respondents were asked (a) to decide independently whether
one of the recent IS projects was developed using either the SDLC or
prototyping approach and if so, (b) to evaluate the merit of that
approach in terms of ease of project management, project requirements,
project characteristics, impact on decision making, and user and
designer satisfaction.  The results indicate:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Design methods cannot be considered apart from project,
environment, and decision characteristics.
\item A clear cut preference of one method over the other could not be
established.  Each method performed better in some areas than in others.
\item A framework that can be used by a project director for selecting a
design method to develop a system could be postulated.
\end{enumerate}"}

@article{Culnan86,
    author = "Mary J Culnan",
    authors-address = "Department of Management, Kogod College of
        Business Administration, The American University,
        Washington, DC, 20016",
    title = "The Intellectual Structure of {M}anagement {I}nformation
        {S}ystems, 1972--1982: {A} Co-citation Analysis",
    journal = "Management Science",
    volume = 32,
    number = 2,
    Month = "February",
    year = 1986,
    pages = "289--301"}

@article{Culnan87,
    author = "Mary J Culnan",
    authors-address = "Department of Management, Kogod College of
        Business Administration, The American University,
        Washington, DC, 20016",
    title = "Mapping the Intellectual Structure of {MIS}, 1980-1985:
        {A} Co-Citation Analysis",
    journal = misq,
    month = "September",
    year = "1987",
    pages = "341--353",
    abstract = "This study is the second of two studies which assess
the intellectual development of MIS.  The present study documents the
current intellectual structure of MIS research based on an author
co-citation analysis.  Five invisible colleges, or informal clusters of
research activity, were identified (foundations; psychological
approaches to MIS design and use; MIS management; organizational
approaches to MIS design and use; and curriculum).  When contrasted with
the earlier study, these results suggest that MIS has made significant
progress toward a cumulative research tradition."}

@article{Livari87,
    author = "Juhani Livari and Erkki Koskela",
    authors-address = "University of Oulu, Institute of Data
        Processing Science, Linnanmaa, SF-90570 OULU 57, Finland",
    title = "The {PIOCO} Model for Information Systems Design",
    journal = misq,
    month = "September",
    year = "1987",
    pages = "401--419",
    abstract = "The PIOCO model is a comprehensive methodology for
information systems design consisting of a meta-model for an information
system, the corresponding description languages, a process model for
information systems design, and a model for choice and quality criteria.
 The meta-model for an information system consists of three levels of
abstraction and forms a profound and articulated conceptual basis for
the PIOCO model for the IS design process.
    The article gives an overview of the PIOCO approach from a
management perspective, emphasizing the role of IS design as an inquiry
process supporting the decision-making concerning the information
design, the quality criteria related to the IS design, and the use of
the PIOCO model as a macro-framework which integrates more detailed
micro-level methodologies, methods, techniques and tools."}

@article{Stanley81,
    author = "Bob Stanley",
    title = "Computer Conferencing: A tool for Third World
Scientists?",
    journal = "International Perspectives",
    month = "November",
    year = "1981",
    pages = "SP1--SP3"}

@article{Ergener86,
    author="Deniz Ergener and A. Rodney Wellens",
    authors-address="University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida,
    Dep't of Psychology, Univ of Miami, PO Box 248185, 33124",
    title = "A split-screen electronic messaging system for Apple {II}
    computers",
    journal = "Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and
Computers",
    volume = 17,
    number = 5,
    pages = "556--564",
    year = 1985,
    abstract = "A method is described for configuring an Apple II+
or Apple IIe computer to create a multiuser, multiwindowed, electronic
messaging system for use in computer-mediated communication research."}

@article{Kochen82,
    author="Manfred Kochen",
    authors-address="Mental Health Research Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA",
    title = "On-line communities for conflict management",
    journal = "Human Systems Management",
    year = 1982,
    volume = 3,
    pages = "129-135",
    abstract = "Conflict appears to be concomitant with all forms of
life.  It can enhance survival and quality of life if it is not
excessive and remains under control.  A model of conflict and its
management is used to derive conditions favoring, inhibiting,
controlling or regulating conflict.  The idea is to divert energy from
engaging in conflict and its dissipation toward constructive goal
revision and the formation of a new community of interest around the
revised goal.  Computer conferencing is proposed as a catalyst in this
communication process.  The possibility of maintaining an
action-oriented community of inquiry that would sustain debate toward
new goals at or above an acceptable level and keep conflict-related
energy dissipation below acceptable limits is an empirically testable
hypothesis on which further research is suggested."}

@inbook{Vallee84,
    author = "Jacques Vallee",
    title = "Computer Message Systems",
    publisher = "McGraw-Hill Publications Company",
    year = 1984,
    series = "Data Communications Book Series",
    address = "New York, New York",
    additional-address = "1221 Avenue of the Americas, NY, NY, 10020",
    pages = "70-87",
    abstract = "In Chap 5: Tools of Conferencing, the author
describes two systems PARTICIPATE and NOTEPAD.  In Chap 6: Analysis of
Group Communications, the author addresses capturing group usage and
cost data, user-level statistics, and reactions and perceptions"}

@inproceedings{Racke86,
    author = "Wilhelm F Racke and Thomas E {Sch\"utt}",
    author-address = "IBM Germany, European Networking Center,
Tiegartenstrasse 15, D-6900 Heidelberg, Germany, Tel [phone]",
    title = "Integration of Group Communication into {CCITT} {X.400}
    Message Handling Systems",
    booktitle = "Networking in Open Systems",
    year = 1986,
    editor = "{G\"unter} {M\"uller} and Robert P Blanc",
    pages = "117-127",
    publisher = "Springer-Verlag",
    address = "Berlin",
    note = "Proceedings of International Seminar held in Oberlech,
Austria, August 18-22, 1986",
    abstract = "This paper discusses the basic concepts of the X.400
specification for an electronic Message Handling System with respect to
the integration of group communication processes.  Three group
communication scenarios are distinguished: distribution-oriented,
collection-oriented, and coordination-oriented communication.  Possible
solutions for the integration of the distribution-oriented features into
an X.400 based MHS are described and some light is shed onto the
problems involved with the more complex collection-oriented and
coordination-oriented communication."}

@inproceedings{Kuo79,
    author = "Franklin F. Kuo",
    title = "Message Services in Computer Networks",
    author-address = "Dep't of Electrical Engineering, University of
    Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 96822",
    booktitle = "Interlinking of Computer Networks",
    year = 1978,
    editor = "Kenneth G. Beauchamp",
    editor-address = "University of Lancaster, UK",
    pages = "387-395",
    publisher = "D. Reidel Publishing Company",
    address = "Dordrecht, Holland",
    note = "Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute held
    at Bonas, France, August 28 -- September 8, 1978",
    abstract = "In this paper we discuss the key issues in the generation
and distribution of messages in a computer network.  The principal issues are:
user support, privacy and security, addressing, and standards and regulations.
Examples of current message systems on the ARPANET are discussed."}

@article{Chess87,
    author = "D. M. Chess and M. F. Cowlishaw",
    author-address = "Chess: IBM Research Division, TJ Watson Research
    Center, PO Box 218, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, Cowlishaw: IBM
    United Kingdom Ltd, Sheridan House, 41-43 Jewry Street, Winchester,
    Hants SO23 8RY, England",
    title = "A large-scale computer conferencing system",
    journal = "IBM Systems Journal",
    volume = 26,
    number = 1,
    year = 1987,
    pages = "138-153",
    abstract = "This paper discusses the relationships between
computer-mediated communications and other forms of communication and
describes a particular computer conferencing system in use within IBM.  The
system described is quite large, with over three thousand contributors and
over twenty thousand readers.  We discuss the structure of the system, the
actions that users can take, and the ways in which the system is being used.
Neither the definitions presented nor the system described are intended to be
the last, or only, word on the subject; as computer-mediated communications
and distribution become more and more important in the business and
professional communities, we will need more ways of thinking about
communication systems and about information distribution in general."}

@article{Liang87,
    author = "Ting-peng Liang",
    author-address = "Dep't of Accountancy, Univ of Illinois at
Champaign-Urbana, 1206 S 6th Street, Champaign, IL, 61820",
    title = "User Interface Design for Decision Support Systems :
    {A} Self-Adaptive Approach",
    journal = "Information and Management",
    year = 1987,
    volume = 12,
    pages = "181-193",
    publisher = "Elsevier Science Publishers BV (North-Holland)",
    abstract = "This paper presents a self-adaptive approach to user
interface design.  The primary philosophy of this design is that the user
interface must be aware of the changes in its user's behavior and then adapt
to it.  Three different default policies are proposed to control the adaption
of a user interface: fixed default, dynamic default, and no default.
Performance of these policies are compared for various patterns of usage.
Mechanisms that determine the optimal default value to reduce the unnecessary
effort are also discussed."}

@article{Crawford82,
    title = "Corporate Electronic Mail---{A} Communication-Intensive
    Application of Information Technology",
    author = "A. B. {Crawford, Jr.}",
    journal = misq,
    year = 1982,
    pages = "1-13",
    month = "September",
    abstract = "Extending the ARPANET technology of an asynchronous,
packet-switched ``electronic mailbox,'' the Corporate Information Systems
department introduced a pilot mail service within Digital Equipment
Corporation which has now grown into a full-fledged production system with
some 6,000 users --- and is till growing.  The architecture for the Electronic
Mail System (EMS) is based on a multinode network of dedicated minicomputers.
Technical, administrative and human factors, and cost considerations were
recorded throughout the pilot and production period.  Lessons learned have
highlighted the need for better network engineering, capacity planning, and
operational policies procedures.  User surveys were used to capture the
demographic data and reaffirmed the highly favorable impact on personal
productivity and each manager's effectiveness.  Recommendations are offered on
how to plan for a pilot and to assure a smooth transition to production
service."}


@article{Hirschheim85,
    author = "R. A. Hirschheim",
    author-address = "Templeton College, Oxford University",
    title = "User Experience with and Assessment of Participative Systems
Design",
    journal = misq,
    month = "December",
    year = 1985,
    pages = "295-303",
    abstract = "This article reports on the second half of a two-part
study addressing user experiences with participative systems design.  The
concept of a participative design is outline and compared to more conventional
approaches.  User experiences are noted and the issue of evaluation is
explored."}

@article{Caldwell82,
    author = "Roger L Caldwell",
    title = "The Coming Role of Computer Conferencing",
    author-address = "The University of Arizona",
    journal = "Plant Disease",
    volume = 66,
    number = 3,
    month = "March",
    year = 1982,
    pages = "193-198",
    abstract = "none [This article describes the use of computer
conferencing as a tool in research.  It describes particular conferences on
EIES. In addition, there are some economic rationalizations for the use of
computer conferencing over telephone or face-to-face meetings.
Bibliography with 8 references. jms]

[author's summary]

    Discusses computer conferencing as a new approach to existing
problem solving and management issues. Special advantages include:
organizational and geographical constraints are reduced, committee
members become more equal in ability to participate in discussion, speed
of entry/retrieval, a written transcript, looking over material prior to
responding, and personal choice of when to use the system. Some
limitations include: new interactive processes must be learned, new
management processes are required for record keeping and filing, a
terminal or personal computer must be readily available, and some
familarity with typing is useful (but not required).

Three case studies are summarized: White House Conference on Library and
Information Services, Community New Exchange, and Energy and Environment
On- line Conference. Possible applications relating to pest management
projects are presented. Success criteria are listed: the need for
communication would be significant, a management structure is agreed
upon and a team leader designated, the membership is sufficient to new
material to be generated in a timely fashion, training is provided and a
learning period allowed, and computer conferencing is not used to the
exclusion of other communications media.

An economic analysis is given for 1) face-to-face meeting, 2) telephone
conference call, and 3) computer conference. Costs are compared for
various numbers of persons ``attending'' the meeting or conference on the
basis of cost per message (where message is defined as equivalent
information for listening/reading and speaking/writing. Using 1982
costs, computer conferencing is less expensive than telephone which is
less than face-to-face meeting; these differences were magnified as the
participants increased from 5 to 25."}

@article{Lerch83,
    author = "Irving A Lerch",
    title = "Computer Conferencing: {New} tool for scientific
    communication",
    journal = "Physics Today",
    Month = "August",
    year = 1983,
    pages = "9,90-91",
    volume = 36,
    number = 8,
    abstract = "none [This article discusses use of computer
conferencing systems for scientific communication.  It mentions
Participate, NOTEPAD, Hub/Planet, and EIES.  It is generally
a rah-rah about conferencing.  No bibliography. jms.]"}

@article{Hiltz81,
    author = "Starr Roxanne Hiltz and Murray Turoff",
    author-address = "New Jersey Institute of Technology",
    journal = cacm,
    month = "November",
    title = "The Evolution of User Behavior in a Computerized
Conferencing System",
    number = 11,
    volume = 24,
    year = 1981,
    abstract = "Data from 18-month operational trial of the EIES
system indicate that the range of features considered valuable in a
computer-based communication system increases with the amount of
experience gained by using this medium of communication.  Simple message
systems alone are not likely to satisfy the communications needs of long
term, regular users of computerized communications systems.  Among the
capabilities which long term, regular users find valuable are group
conferences, notebooks for text composition, and self-defined
commands."}

@inbook{Vallee82,
    author = "Jacques Vallee",
    title = "The Network Revolution : {Confessions} of a computer
scientist",
    publisher = "{AND/OR} Press, Inc",
    address = "Berkeley, California",
    ISBN = "0-915904-76-4",
    year = 1982,
    pages = "193-200",
    abstract = "none [This chapter describes the use of computer
conferencing in the earth sciences, especially with regard to cost
effectiveness compared to other tele-conferencing and video-conferencing
methods.  While the rhetoric is a little heady, the message is clear.
jms.]"}

@book{Zimmerman86,
    author = "Jan Zimmerman",
    title = "Once Upon The Future : {A} Woman's Guide to Tomorrow's
Technology",
    year = 1986,
    publisher = "Pandora Press",
    address = "New York, New York",
    LC = "QA 76.25 Z56 1986",
    abstract = "none [This book discusses some of the futures for
computer conferencing, especially with respect to woman's groups.
jms.]"}

@incollection{Dodd86,
    booktitle = "BLEND--5: {The} Computer Human Factors Journal",
    publisher = "Library and Information Research Report",
    year = 1986,
    editor = "B. Shackel and J. Florentin and P. Wright",
    LC = "TK 5105.8 B57 B 53 1986",
    title = "Computer Conferencing aided learning : {Some} Initial
Experiences",
    author = "W. P. Dodd",
    author-address = "Center for Computing and Computer Science,
University of Birmingham",
    pages = "45-51",
    abstract = "A potential shortcoming of computer aided learning
is that no provision is made for the student to ask unstructured
questions, or for fellow students to benefit from the replies.  Computer
conferencing provides a facility whereby this shortcoming can be
overcome.  This article describes the use of computer conferencing as a
teaching aid and presents some results which suggest that students would
make good sue of such a facility if it were available."}


@incollection{Shackel86,
    booktitle = "BLEND--5: {The} Computer Human Factors Journal",
    publisher = "Library and Information Research Report",
    year = 1986,
    editor = "B. Shackel and J. Florentin and P. Wright",
    LC = "TK 5105.8 B57 B 53 1986",
    title = "The Blend System - {Plans} for the study of some
electronic journals",
    author = "B. Shackel",
    author-address = "Dep't of Human Sciences, University of
Technology, Loughborough, UK",
    abstract = "The plans and initial progress are described for a
three-year experimental program organized jointly by the two
Universities as the Birmingham and Loughborough Electronic Network
Development (BLEND).  The aims are to assess the cost, efficiency and
subjective impact of such a system, and to explore and evaluate
alternative forms of user communication through and electronic journal
and information network.  Using a host computer at Birmingham
University, a community of initially about 50 scientists (the
Loughborough Information Network Community - LINC) will be connected
through the public telephone network  to explore various types of
electronic journal.  The concept of the electronic journal involves
using a computer to aid the normal procedures whereby an article is
written, refereed, accepted and ``published.''  The subject of this
experimental journal will be ``Computer Human Factors.''  Each member
will contribute at least one research article and one shorter note in
each year of the project, and will also use other forms of communication
such as newsletters, annotated abstracts, workshop conferences,
cooperative authorship, etc.  Throughout the project relevant data
will be gathered to enable the assessment of system and user
performance, cost, usefulness, and acceptability."}


@incollection{Shackel86a,
    booktitle = "BLEND--5: {The} Computer Human Factors Journal",
    publisher = "Library and Information Research Report",
    year = 1986,
    editor = "B. Shackel and J. Florentin and P. Wright",
    LC = "TK 5105.8 B57 B 53 1986",
    title = "The {BLEND-LINC} Project on Electronic Journals
after Two Years",
    author = "B. Shackel and D.J. Pullinger and T.I. Maude and W.P.
Dodd",
    author-address = "Dep't of Human Sciences, University of
Technology, Loughborough, UK",
    abstract = "This paper described the progress after 2 years of a
3 1/2 year experimental program organized
jointly by the two
Universities as the Birmingham and Loughborough Electronic Network
Development (BLEND).  The aims of the program are to explore and
evaluate
alternative forms of user communication through and electronic journal
and information network
and to assess the cost, efficiency, and subjective impact of such
a system.

After summarizing the background leading to this research,
the project is described which involves the
development of various types of ``electronic journal'' with
a community of initially about 50 scientists (the
Loughborough Information Network Community - LINC).
Each member
will contribute at least one research article and one shorter note in
each year of the project, and will also use other forms of communication
such as newsletters, annotated abstracts, workshop conferences,
cooperative authorship, etc.

Considerable problems have been experienced with the hardware available
to LINC members, with communications equipment, with modifying and
developing software to obtain an acceptable operating system, and with
various unexpected bureaucratic and organizational difficulties.  These
problems and the results to date will be reviewed.  Nevertheless, more
than 20 papers are in the system and the first number of the ``Computer
Human Factors'' experimental electronic journal was open to LINC members
on October 1st, 1982."}

@BOOK{Hiltz78,
    author = "Starr Roxanne Hiltz and Murray Turoff",
    title = "The Network Nation : Human Communication via Computer",
    year = 1978,
    publisher = "Addison Wesley",
    pages = 528,
    LC = "TK 5105.5 H54",
    address = "Reading, MA",
    abstract = "One of the first books on computer conferencing by
two of the leaders in the field (Hiltz is a Sociologist and Turoff a
Computer Scientist). Heavily oriented to case histories using the EIES
system (Electronic Information Exchange System, New Jersey Institute of
Technology), the book covers essentially all aspects of the subject.
It is a bit dated in some areas but is sufficiently comprehensive and
skillfully written that it remains a good overall reference text.

Includes some early history of conferencing, comparisons with other
types of communication (mostly scientific), social and psychological
processes, impacts on managerial functions, uses by handicapped or
disadvantaged, uses by the public, science and technology effects,
research options dealing with computer conferencing, future
communications issues and economics/regulations, human- machine
interface, and broad societal impacts.

Many chapters are written in textbook style, with selected
questions/topics for further discussion. Brief ``newspaper articles'' are
interspersed with the chapters and are written from the perspective of
10-15 years after publication date (1978)."}

@BOOK{Johansen79,
    author = "Robert Johansen and Jacques Vallee and Kathleen Spangler",
    year = 1979,
    title = "Electronic Meetings: Technical Alternatives and
        Social Choices",
    publisher = "Addison Wesley",
    pages = 244,
    LC = "TK 5102.5 J 58",
    address = "Reading, MA",
    abstract = "An early book from key players in the field
(Institute for the Future, Menlo Park, CA). Some of the key conclusions
are a bit dated by changes in technology, but the book provides a good
overview of several types of electronic communication (video, audio, and
computer conferencing).

Develops effective and ineffective uses of each type by using a case
history. Provides suggestions for organizing electronic meetings and a
comparison (strengths and weaknesses) of the key features of each.
Organizational and social impacts are discussed.

General conclusions: 1) the system is NOT the solution (consider the
uses and not just the technology); 2) Face-to-face is not always best
(while they are familiar territory, they should be evaluated as
critically as electronic meetings); 3) First uses are not likely to be
future uses (new uses AND new users will emerge); and 4) More
communication is not always better (information overload may be a real
problem)."}


%
% These articles added after November 25-30 research
% session at U of A library.
% ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

@INPROCEEDINGS{Hiltz83,
    author = "Starr Roxanne Hiltz and Murray Turoff",
    title = "Avoiding Information Overload in the Electronic Office",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Hawaii International
        Conference on System Sciences",
    pages = "581-589",
    abstract="A variety of software options can help users to cope
with the potential of information overload resulting from computer
mediated communication systems.  These include segmentation of
communication topics via a conference structure, length limitations,
voting structures, and a variety of mechanisms to filter and organize
information.  Encouragement of the emergence of an on-line social
system, with norms and sanctions about considerate communications
behavior, is also important for preventing ``junk mail'' and similar
impositions of unwanted material on users of these systems.",
    year = 1983}

% vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
% The following articles I don't have, but are part of
% the enormous corpus left us by the EIES/NJIT people
%
@TECHREPORT{Johnson-Lenz81,
    author = "Johnson-Lenz, P",
    title = "The Evolution of a Tailored Communications Structure : The
            Topics System",
    institution = "New Jersey Institute of Technology",
    address = "Newark, NJ",
    year = 1981,
    number = 14}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Turoff72,
    author = "Murray Turoff",
    title = "Party-Line and Discussion : Computerized
            Conferencing Systems",
    booktitle = "Computer Communications: {Impacts} and Implications",
    editor = "S. Winkler",
    note = "First International Conference on Computer Communications",
    year = 1972,
    publisher = "ACM",
    address = "New York, New York",
    pages = "161-171"}

@ARTICLE{Turoff82a,
    author = "Murray Turoff",
    title = "Delphi conferencing: Computer-based conferencing with
            anonymity",
    journal = "Technological Forecasting and Social Change",
    volume = 2,
    year = 1982}

@ARTICLE{Turoff78,
    author = "Murray Turoff",
    title = "The {EIES} Experience: {Electronic} Information
        Exchange System",
    journal = "Bulletin of the American Society for Information
        Science",
    Volume = 4,
    Number = 5,
    pages = "9-10",
    year = 1978}

@misc{Turoff77a,
    author = "Murray Turoff and Starr Roxanne Hiltz",
    title = "Computerized Conferencing: {A} Review and Statement
    of the Issues",
    year = 1977,
    note = "Paper presented at {NATO} Telecommunications Symposium"}

@article{Turoff77b,
    author = "Murray Turoff and Starr Roxanne Hiltz",
    title = "Meeting Through Your Computer",
    journal = "IEEE Spectrum",
    year = 1977,
    volume = 14,
    month = "May",
    pages = "58-64"}

@misc{Turoff78a,
    author = "Murray Turoff and Starr Roxanne Hiltz",
    title = "Information and Communications in International
        Affairs",
    year = 1978,
    note = "Paper presented to {International} {Studies}
        {Association}, {Toronto}, {Canada}"}

@article{Hiltz78a,
    author = "Starr Roxanne Hiltz",
    title = "The Computer Conference",
    journal = "Journal of Communication",
    volume = 28,
    number = 3,
    year = 1978,
    pages = "157-163"}

@article{Hiltz78b,
    author = "Starr Roxanne Hiltz",
    title = "Controlled Experiments with Computerized
        Conferencing",
    journal = "Bulletin of the American Society for Information
        Science",
    year = 1978,
    volume = 4,
    number = 5,
    pages = "11-12"}

@techreport{Hiltz78c,
    author = "Starr Roxanne Hiltz",
    title = "The Operational Trials of the {EIES}: {An} Overview of
        the Nature, Purpose and Initial Findings",
    year = 1978,
    institution = "New Jersey Institute for Technology Computerized
        Conferencing and Communications Center",
    address = "Newark, New Jersey"}

@article{Hiltz78d,
    author="Starr Roxanne Hiltz",
    title = "The Human Element in Computerized Systems",
    year = 1978,
    journal = "Computer Networks",
    volume = 2,
    pages = "421-428"}

@misc{Hiltz78e,
    author="Starr Roxanne Hiltz and Murray Turoff",
    title = "Electronic Networks: {The} Social Dynamics of a New
        Communications Medium",
    year = 1978,
    note = "Paper presented to {American Sociology Association
        Seminar on Social Networks, San Francisco}"}

@misc{Hiltz80,
    author = "Starr Roxanne Hiltz and Murray Turoff",
    title = "The Evolution of User Behavior in Computerized
        Communications Systems",
    year = 1980,
    note = "Paper presented to {International Communication
        Association, Acapulco, Mexico}"}

@article{Hiltz79,
    author = "Starr Roxanne Hiltz",
    title = "Electronic Information Exchange - {Findings}",
    year = 1979,
    journal = "Telecommunications Policy",
    Month = "June",
    pages = "156-161"}

@techreport{Hiltz81a,
    author = "Starr Roxanne Hiltz",
    title = "The Impact of a Computerized Conferencing System on
        Scientific Research Communities",
    year = 1981,
    institution = "New Jersey Institute of Technology",
    note = "Final Report to the National Science Foundation",
    number = 15,
    type = "Research Report"}

@article{Hiltz80a,
    author = "Starr Roxanne Hiltz",
    title = "The System is as the User Group Does",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Society
        for Information Science",
    month = "October",
    year = 1980}

@article{Turoff77,
    author = "Murray Turoff and J Whitescarver and S R Hiltz",
    title = "The human-machine interface in a computerized conferencing
        environment",
    journal = "Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Systems, Man,
        and Cybernetics",
    year = 1977,
    pages = "145-157"}

@article{Turoff76,
    author = "Murray Turoff",
    title = "The costs and revenues of computerized conferencing",
    year = 1976,
    journal = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on
        Computer Communication",
    pages = "214-221"}


%^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
% contributions of the NJIT/EIES folk



%
% Special issue of
% Journal = "Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers",
% on computer conferencing
% vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv

@article{Ferguson77,
    author = "J A Ferguson",
    year = 1977,
    title = "{PLANET}: A Computer Conferencing system and its evaluation
        through a case study",
    Journal = "Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers",
    volume = 9,
    pages = "92-95"}

@article{Spelt77,
    author = "P F Spelt",
    year = 1977,
    title = "Evaluation of a continuing computer conference on simulation",
    volume = 9,
    pages = "87-91",
    Journal = "Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers"}

@article{Thorson77,
    author = "E Thorson and T F Buss",
    year = 1977,
    title = "Using computer conferencing to formulate a computer
        simulation of transitive behavior",
    volume = 9,
    pages = "81-86",
    Journal = "Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers"}

@article{Zinn77,
    author = "K L Zinn",
    year = 1977,
    title = "Computer facilitation of communication within professional
        communities",
    volume = 9,
    pages = "96-107",
    Journal = "Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers"}

% ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
% Special issue of
% Journal = "Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers",
% on computer conferencing
%

@phdthesis{Waggoner87,
    author = "Michael Douglas Waggoner",
    pages = "194",
    title = "Explicating Expert Opinion Through A Computer
        Conferencing Delphi",
    Year = 1987,
    school = "The University of Michigan",
    university-microfilms = "ADG87-12234",
    abstract = "This is a study of the development and implementation of a
group decision making system combining a modified Delphi technique and computer
conferencing.  The study compared the intended and actual behavior of experts
who participated in the implementation of this system.  The intended behavior
was derived from the research literature and from experience dealing with group
decision making and computer mediated communication.  The actual behavior was
derived from systematic observation of the exercise and the post exercise
questioning of the participants.  The content of the computer conferencing
Delphi addressed conditions relating to impacts of technology on K-Adult
education as forecasted by a nationally distributed panel of experts.  Analyses
of the questions guiding the research provide the basis for implications for
future practice and directions for further research.
       Six major findings emerged from this study: (1) The perceived outcome
quality is related to the perceived actual effectiveness of the system; (2)
There was an inverse relationship between the level of self-ratings by the
experts and the experts' satisfaction expressed that the issues were adequately
explicated; (3) The clarity with which the process to be followed was
communicated was related to the level of satisfaction with the actual
effectiveness of the system; (4) The use of pseudonyms as a technique to mask
identities of the participants made little difference with regard to the
uninhibited expression of their opinion; (5) There does not appear to be a
relationship between frequency of participation and these variables: perceived
actual effectiveness of the system, or perceived representation of the
individual's opinions in the findings of the exercise, or the perceived outcome
quality of the exercise; (6) Both elite and non-elite groups found the
potential for this system to be greater than was achieved in this particular
case.
    Five areas for future research are discussed: (1) the variables
affecting frequency of participation; (2) the use of on line leadership to
facilitate the discussion of the group; (3) anonymous conferencing in real
time; (4) the use of special purpose groupings of expertise; and (5) the
attribution of ideas and their perceived quality."}

%
% Here are some articles from a previous research session
%

@article{Siegel86,
    author = "Jane Siegel and Vitaly Dubrovsky and Sara Kiesler and
        Timothy W McGuire",
    title = "Group Processes in Computer-Mediated Communication",
    year = 1986,
    volume = 37,
    pages = "157-187",
    journal = "Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes",
    author-address = "Carnegie-Mellon University",
    abstract = "Three experiments explored the effects of
computer-mediated communication on communication efficiency,
participation, interpersonal behavior, and group choice.  Groups of
three members were asked to reach consensus on career choice problems;
they communicated face-to-face and in simultaneous computer-mediated
discussions or through computer mail.  When groups were linked by
computer, group members made fewer remarks than they did face-to-face
and took longer to make their group decisions.  Social equalization was
higher in computer-mediated groups in that group members participated
more equally in discussions. Computer-mediated groups also exhibited
more uninhibited behavior---using strong and inflammatory expressions in
interpersonal interactions.  Decisions of computer-mediated groups
shifted further away from the members' initial individual choices than
group decisions which followed face-to-face discussions.  We discuss the
implications of these findings for extension of theories about group
interaction and for analyses of effects of computers in organizations."}


@article{Meier85,
    author = "Scott T Meier",
    year = 1985,
    title = "Computer Aversion",
    journal = "Computers in Human Behavior",
    author-address = "Missouri Institute of Psychiatry",
    volume = 1,
    pages = "171-179",
    abstract = "``Computer phobia,'' ``computer anxiety,'' and
``computer resistance'' are among the labels employed in the popular and
professional press to describe the psychological states of individuals
who experience aversive reactions to computers.  However, little
research has been reported in the professional literature and
theory-building generally advances no further than discussion of
anecdotal reports.  This paper reviews the literature on negative
reactions to computers and presents a social learning model as a
heuristic device to examine psychological aspects of computer aversion.
Suggestions for future research and intervention are offered."}

%%%%%
%%%%
%%%
%%
%

@article{Malone87,
    title = "Intelligent Information-Sharing Systems",
    author = "Thomas W Malone and Kenneth R Grant and Franklyn A
    Turback and Stephen A Brobst and Michael D Cohen",
    journal = jacm,
    Month = "May",
    year = 1987,
    volume = 30,
    number = 5,
    pages = "390-402",
    author-address = "Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
        MA, 02139 (all but Cohen); University of Michigan,
        Ann Arbor, 48104",
    abstract = "Much of the work that has been done on computer- mediated
communication systems (e.g., electronic mail, computer conferencing,  and
electronic bulletin boards) has focused on technical capabilities and standards
for storing messages.  We propose to shift our focus to a more general problem,
the {\it information sharing} problem, which has to do with disseminating
information so that it reaches those people to whom it is valuable without
interfering with those to whom it is not.  This problem will become
increasingly important with advances in communication technology, and we
suggest three fundamental approaches to its solution.  Our characterization of
these approaches will be illustrated with examples from a series of informal
studies that we have conducted on how people share information in
organizations, and through a description of an intelligent information-sharing
system that we have developed called the Information Lens.
    It is already a common experience in mature computer-based
messaging communities for people to feel flooded with large quantities of
electronic ``junk mail'' (he references Denning's ``Electronic Junk'' in cacm
March 1982,  Hiltz and Turoff's ``Avoiding overload'' in cacm July 1985,
Palme, J ``You have 134 unread mail do you want to read them now?'' in
IFIP Conference on Computer Based Message Services, 1984, and another
article by Wilson, Maude, Marshall and Heaton from the same Proceedings).
In current systems people often adopt crude methods, such as removing
themselves entirely from distribution lists that are of occasional interest, in
order to avoid being inundated.  At the same time, it is also common for
people to be ignorant of facts that would facilitate their work and that are
known elsewhere in their organization.  Our system uses techniques from
artificial intelligence and user-interface design to help solve both these
problems: It helps people filter, sort, and prioritize messages that are
already addressed to them, and it also helps them find useful messages they
would not otherwise have received.
    We believe that the most important use of systems like this will not be
to just reduce the flow of ``junk mail,'' but to dramatically increase the
amount of useful information that can be exchanged electronically without
leading to information overload.  Many previous communication technologies
(e.g., the printing press, broadcast television, photocopiers) have increased
the amount of information exchanged, although their usefulness has been, to
some extent, bounded by the limits of information overload.  Computer
technology can not only increase the amount, speed, and distance of information
flow, it can also increase the selectivity with which the information is
disseminated.
    Viewing the problem of information sharing in this general way
suggests that much of the work that has been done separately on
information-retrieval systems (such as bibliographic search systems) and
database management systems is potentially relevant to the design of
computer-mediated communication systems.  Our discussion shows how
concepts from both these fields are incorporated in the Information Lens
system and how information-sharing systems like this can help integrate
communications with both other kinds of systems.  One of the key ideas
behind the system is that many of the unsolved problems of natural-
language understanding can be avoided in intelligent information-sharing
systems through the use of semistructured templates (or frames) for
different types of messages.  These templates can be used by senders to
facilitate message composition.  The same templates can then be used by
recipients to facilitate construction of a set of rules for filtering and
categorizing messages.",
    analysis = "Further quotes from the paper...  begin - There are five
key ideas that form the basis of the Information Lens system.  Though some of
these ideas are empirically testable, we treat them here as premises for our
system design. (1) A rich set of semistructured message types (or frames) can
form the basis for an intelligent information-sharing system. Important because
(a) semistructured messages enable computers to automatically process a much
wider range of information than would otherwise be possible. (b) Much of the
processing that people already do with the information they receive reflects a
set of semistructured message types. (c) Even if no automatic processing of
messages were involved, providing senders with a set of semistructured message
templates would often be helpful. (2) Sets of production rules (that may
include multiple levels of reasoning in addition to Boolean selection criteria)
can be used to conveniently specify automatic processing for these messages (3)
The use of semistructured message types and automatic rules for processing them
can be greatly simplified by a consistent set of display-oriented editors for
composing messages, constructing rules and defining new message templates.  (4)
The definition and use of semistructured messages and processing rules are
simplified if the message types are arranged in a frame inheritance lattice.
(5) The initial introduction and later evolution of a group communication
system can be facilitated if the process can occur as a series of small
changes, each of which has the following properties (a) users can continue to
use their existing system with no change; (b) users who make small changes
receive some benefit; and (c) groups of users who adopt the changes receive
additional benefits beyond the individual benefits. end quote."}

@article{Hiltz85,
    author = "Starr Roxanne Hiltz and Murray Turoff",
    title = "Structuring Computer-Mediated Communication Systems to
        Avoid Information Overload",
    journal = cacm,
    year =1985,
    LC = "QA76 A772",
    month = "July",
    number  = 7,
    volume = 28,
    pages = "680-689",
    author-address = "Computerized Conferencing and Communications
Center, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102",
    abstract = "Computer-mediated communication systems use computers
and telecommunications networks to compose, store, deliver, and process
communication.  Among the types of systems that come under this heading
are electronic mail, computerized conferencing, and bulletin-board systems.
CMCS's can provide sufficient speed and volume for effective communication
flow within and between groups and organizations.  However, this ``solution''
to constrictions on the flow of information and communication is not without
cost, in a behavioral as well as economic sense.  Computers and related
``office-automation'' technology can often create as many problems for an
organization as they solve.  As Kerr and Hiltz have put it , (quote omitted).
    Denning cogently characterizes one contributing factor to information
overload as ``electronic junk''---frequent CMCS users can expect to be
imposed on by unwanted and useless messages.  This problem is becoming
worse as more systems, and therefore more users, are interconnected by
networks like CSNET, USENET, and MAILNET.
    However, on the basis of several years of observing users of these
systems, we must disagree with Denning's prescription for this problem, that
``the research community must study traditional communications paths in
existing organizations'' and ``abstract the key properties of successful
communications and replicate them electronically.''  This premise takes
computer-mediated systems as automated versions of off-line media.
CMCS's are a new medium with their own advantages, disadvantages, social
dynamics, problems, and opportunities.  For instance, putting the computer
into the communication loop makes new information filtering and handling
techniques possible.  Indeed, the automation of communication practices
developed for non-electronic media may actually counteract some of the
potential benefits of CMCS's.
    In this article we present our current thinking on desirable design
options and implementation strategies for CMCS's, and consider information
overload, communication filtering, and the total productivity of information
workers. It may seem that we are only discussing the subset of CMCS's
known as conferencing systems, but that is not the case.  Although most of
our examples are drawn from conferencing systems, we believe that many of
the distinctions between ``simple'' store-and-forward message systems and
group-communication-oriented conferencing systems will become negligible
as CMCS's take on more of the features of full-scale conferencing systems.
Among the authors who have dealt with such prospects are Tsichritzis et al
who state (quote omitted).  Our argument is that the computer must play a
more active role in filtering and structuring communication.  We would add
that CMCS's should also be designed to foster the emergence of cohesive
groups that can exert social control over member's behavior.  In addition to
active software roles, there are active human roles that can be played; these
roles can to a certain extent be built into the software in the form of special
privileges and functions."}

%

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bruder81,
    booktitle="Computer Message Systems",
    editor = "Ronald P. Uhlig",
    editor-address = "Bell-Northern Research Limited",
    year = 1981,
    note = "Proceedings of the IFIP TC-6 International Symposium on
        Computer Message Systems, Ottawa, Canada, 6-8 April",
    LC = "TK 5105 I33 1981",
    publisher = "North-Holland Publishing Company",
    address = "Amsterdam",
    author = "J Bruder and M Moy and A Mueller and R Danielson",
    author-address = "HP, 1501 Page Mill Rd, Palo Alto, 94304",
    author-address = "(Danielson) Dep't of EE and CS, University of
        Santa Clara, Santa Clara, 95053",
    title = "User Experience and Evolving Design in a Local
        Electronic Mail System",
    pages = "69-78",
    abstract = "A local computer mail system, if use is not forced
by corporate management, runs the risk of lying idle unless it is
well-matched to its operational environment.  This paper describes such
a system which was developed for internal use at Hewlett-Packard
Company, in response to a specific request from a small organization
within the company.  However, the system was designed, and has proven,
to be applicable in a broader context.  Implementation occurred in a
series of graual steps, which allowed user experience to direct
successive versions, and required minimal commitment of resources at any
stage.  Subjective user comments on features of two versions, as well as
objective statistics on use of the current version, are presented and
discussed."}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Hiltz81b,
    booktitle="Computer Message Systems",
    editor = "Ronald P. Uhlig",
    editor-address = "Bell-Northern Research Limited",
    year = 1981,
    note = "Proceedings of the IFIP TC-6 International Symposium on
        Computer Message Systems, Ottawa, Canada, 6-8 April",
    LC = "TK 5105 I33 1981",
    publisher = "North-Holland Publishing Company",
    address = "Amsterdam",
    author = "Starr Roxanne Hiltz and Murray Turoff and Kenneth
        Johnson",
    title = "The Effect of Structure, Task, and Individual
        Attributes on Consensus in Computerized Conferences",
    pages = "91-102",
    abstract = "One criterion of the effectiveness of a
computer-mediated communication system for group decision making is the
ability of the group to agree on a decision at all.  This paper presents
data from two controlled experiments designed to answer the following
questions: (1) How does a computerized conference differ from a
face-to-face discussion in terms of the ability of the group to reach
consensus? (2) How is this affected by the nature of the task? (3) How
is it affected by the skills and characteristics of the participants,
such as their previous use of computer terminals and their typing
ability? (4) How is it affected by the specific structure used for the
computer-mediated communication system?  Specifically, can an explicitly
structured human leadership role aid consensus in a computerized
conference?  Can a decision aid based on computer analysis and feedback
of data related to the decision help? and (5) What are the implications
of the findings for the design and application of computer-mediated
communication systems?"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Sebestyen81,
    booktitle="Computer Message Systems",
    editor = "Ronald P. Uhlig",
    editor-address = "Bell-Northern Research Limited",
    year = 1981,
    note = "Proceedings of the IFIP TC-6 International Symposium on
        Computer Message Systems, Ottawa, Canada, 6-8 April",
    LC = "TK 5105 I33 1981",
    publisher = "North-Holland Publishing Company",
    address = "Amsterdam",
    author = "Istvan Sebestyen",
    title = "Computerized Message Sending and Teleconferencing in an
        International Envrionment - {Present} and Future",
    author-address = "IIASA (Int'l Inst. for Applied Systems
        Analysis), Laxenburg, Austria",
    abstract = "Computerized message sending and teleconferencing
techniques are presently widely used in an international environment.
This paper describes the present status (experience, problems,
solutions) of electronic message exchange activities at an international
research organization, the International Institute for Applied Systems
Analysis (IIASA), and gives a short outline of some of the
future prospects in this field.",
    pages = "103-113"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Daney81,
    booktitle="Computer Message Systems",
    editor = "Ronald P. Uhlig",
    editor-address = "Bell-Northern Research Limited",
    year = 1981,
    note = "Proceedings of the IFIP TC-6 International Symposium on
        Computer Message Systems, Ottawa, Canada, 6-8 April",
    LC = "TK 5105 I33 1981",
    publisher = "North-Holland Publishing Company",
    address = "Amsterdam",
    author = "Charles Daney",
    author-address = "Tymcom/370 Systems,Tymshare, Cupertino,CA",
    pages = "115-127",
    title = "The {VMSHARE} Computer Conferencing Facility",
    abstract = "VMSHARE is a computer conferencing facility
developed in 1976 for use within Share, Inc., an IBM users' group.  It
originated from the need to solve problems of continuity, planning, and
communication between meeting.  This paper discusses its uses,
structure, capabilities, implementation, and possible future
development."}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Pearson81,
    booktitle="Computer Message Systems",
    editor = "Ronald P. Uhlig",
    editor-address = "Bell-Northern Research Limited",
    year = 1981,
    note = "Proceedings of the IFIP TC-6 International Symposium on
        Computer Message Systems, Ottawa, Canada, 6-8 April",
    LC = "TK 5105 I33 1981",
    publisher = "North-Holland Publishing Company",
    address = "Amsterdam",
    author = "Michael M L Pearson and James E Kulp",
    author-address = "IIASA",
    pages = "129-143",
    title = "Creating an Adaptive Computerized Conferencing System
on {UNIX}",
    abstract = "Telecenter, a computerized conferencing system, was
implemented with approximately one man-week's programming effort by
exploiting tools available on our institute's computer time-sharing
system.  Telecenter's adaptive design philosophy was shaped by user
needs, and its rapid implementation was facilitated by a UNIX-based
computing environment permitting flexible, modular design.  Appendices
contain a sample session using Telecenter and details of UNIX system
features underlying its design."}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Vittal81,
    booktitle="Computer Message Systems",
    editor = "Ronald P. Uhlig",
    editor-address = "Bell-Northern Research Limited",
    year = 1981,
    note = "Proceedings of the IFIP TC-6 International Symposium on
        Computer Message Systems, Ottawa, Canada, 6-8 April",
    LC = "TK 5105 I33 1981",
    publisher = "North-Holland Publishing Company",
    address = "Amsterdam",
    author = "John Vittal",
    author-address = "Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc, 50 Moulton
        Street, Cambridge, MA, 02238",
    pages = "175-195",
    title = "Active Message Processing: {Messages} as Messengers",
    abstract = "Messaging systems have been in active use for many
years, using text as the primary means of information transfer.
Messages, though, can be active entities which can do much processing on
their own.  This paper explores the notion of active messages and
describes a system which implements them."}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Dawes81,
    booktitle="Computer Message Systems",
    editor = "Ronald P. Uhlig",
    editor-address = "Bell-Northern Research Limited",
    year = 1981,
    note = "Proceedings of the IFIP TC-6 International Symposium on
        Computer Message Systems, Ottawa, Canada, 6-8 April",
    LC = "TK 5105 I33 1981",
    publisher = "North-Holland Publishing Company",
    address = "Amsterdam",
    author = "N W Dawes and S J Harris and M I Magoon and S J
        Maveety and D J Petty",
    author-address = "Bell Northern Research, Department 1R11, PO
        Box 3511, Station C, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1Y 4H7",

    pages = "373-384",
    title = "The Design and Service Impact of {COCOS}, an Electronic
        Office System",
    abstract = "This paper describes the electronic office system
COCOS (the Corporate Communication System) developed at Bell-Northern
Research from 1978 to 1980.  The design and impact of introducing this
system into the company's offices is discussed."}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Edighoffer85,
    booktitle="Computer Message Systems--85",
    editor = "Ronald P. Uhlig",
    editor-address = "Northern Telecom Inc, Richardson, Texas",
    year = 1985,
    note = "Proceedings of the IFIP TC-6 International Symposium on
        Computer Message Systems, Washington, DC, 5-7 September",
    LC = "TK 5105 I33 1986",
    publisher = "North-Holland Publishing Company",
    address = "Amsterdam",
    author = "Judy L Edighoffer and Keith A Lantz",
    author-address = "Dep't of CS, Stanford Univ, 94305",
    pages = "133-145",
    title = "Taliesin: {A} Distributed Bulletin Board System",
    abstract = "This paper describes a computer bulletin board
facility intended to support replicated bulletin boards on a network
that may frequently be in a state of partition.  The two major design
issues covered are the choice of a name space and a replication
algorithm.  The impact of the name space on communication costs is
explained.  A special purpose replication algorithm providing high
availability and response despite network partition is introduced."}


@INPROCEEDINGS{Huitema85,
    booktitle="Computer Message Systems--85",
    editor = "Ronald P. Uhlig",
    editor-address = "Northern Telecom Inc, Richardson, Texas",
    year = 1985,
    note = "Proceedings of the IFIP TC-6 International Symposium on
        Computer Message Systems, Washington, DC, 5-7 September",
    LC = "TK 5105 I33 1986",
    publisher = "North-Holland Publishing Company",
    address = "Amsterdam",
    author = "Christian Huitema",
    author-address = "CIPSI/INRIA, Rocquencourt BP 105, 78153 Le
Chesnay Cedex, France",
    title = "The {COSAC} electronic conferencing experiment",
    abstract = "A distributed conference experiement has been
running since September 1984 on the ``COSAC'' message switching network
in France.  Despite its simplistic design, the experimental service was
well accepted by users.  The report highlights some problems that were
encountered, concerning confidentiality, management, presentation and
referencing.  Then, it explains how these problems could be solved by an
extensive use of the X.400 protocols for conferencing."}

@BOOK{Linstone75,
    editor = "H A Linstone and M Turoff",
    title = "The {D}elphi Method: {T}echniques and Applications",
    publisher = "Addison-Wesley",
    address = "Reading, Massachusetts",
    year = 1975}

@ARTICLE{Denning82,
    author = "Peter J Denning",
    title = "Electronic Junk",
    journal = cacm,
    year = 1982,
    pages = "153--165",
    month = "March",
    number = 3,
    LC = "QA76 A772",
    volume = 25}

%
%
% from cosy
%
%
@BOOK{Hiltz84,
    author = "Starr Roxanne Hiltz",
    year = 1984,
    title = "Online Communities: A Case Study of the Office of the
        Future",
    publisher = "Ablex Publishing",
    address = "Norwood, NJ",
    pages = 262,
    LC = "QA 76.9 I58 H24",
    abstract = "An easy to read book (paperback) by one of the early
users and leaders in the field. Heavily oriented to the EIES (Electronic
Information Exchange System) at New Jersey Institute of Technology.
Compares EIES to other conferencing and electronic mail systems. Case
study includes several ``research groups'' using EIES in several subjects.
Includes theory and practical aspects, detailed questionnaires and
detailed results (including statistical analyses of most items).

General conclusions: 1) learning to use a new medium requires someone
take the leadership role in groups; 2) users will make time to use
conferencing if they feel the task is sufficiently important; 3)
participates generally rate it easy, fun, and productive; 4) increases
in ``quality'' of work rather than ``quantity'' of work were observed; and
5) telephone and mail had some decrease during the conferencing
experience." }

@BOOK{Kerr82,
    title = "Computer-Mediated Communication Systems: Status and
        Evaluation",
    author = "Elaine B Kerr and Starr Roxanne Hiltz",
    publisher = "Academic Press",
    address = "New York",
    pages = 212,
    year = 1982,
    LC = "TK 5105.5 K47",
    abstract = "Quite detailed review of methodology and impacts of
conferencing using EIES (Electronic Information Exchange System) as the
primary example. Both authors are sociologists and have been involved in
several conferencing evaluations from the early days. Various
conferencing features (e.g., voting, menu vs command) are reviewed and
earlier studies regarding impacts are summarized. Factors which make
``acceptance'' of conferencing better are identified (as well
as some minor effect factors like typing skill).

Specific effects on individuals, groups, and organizations are listed.
The effects were developed by literature review, expert panels, and
experimental results. Overall effects were heavily positive. "}

@PHDTHESIS{Smith86,
    title = "Communication Quality in Information Systems
        Development: The Effect of Computer-Mediated Communication
        on Task-oriented Problem Solving",
    author = "Jill Y Smith",
    school = "North Texas State University",
    year = 1986,
    pages = 189,
    abstract = "The problem motivating this research is that
ineffective communication may hamper systems development efforts.
Specifically germane to this study are development efforts characterized
as task-oriented, and which require information-sharing and
problem-solving activities.

This  research  problem motivated an analysis of the communication
process and lead to the development of a temporal framework that
delineates variables associated with task-oriented, and user/systems
analyst communication interactions.  Several  variables  within this
framework are depicted in two theoretical models. The first model
shows the theoretical relationship between an independent variable,
communication mode (represented   by   asynchronous computer
conferencing and face-to-face conferencing), and five dependent
variables: (1) the amount of information shared, (2) the significance of
the information shared, (3) the comprehensiveness of the information
shared, (4) the perception of progress toward the goal, and (5) the
perception of freedom to participate.

The second model depicts the assumed interaction between communication
mode, the five variables cited above (now acting as independent
variables), and a dependent variable, communication quality. There are
two theoretical components of communication quality: (1) deviation from
an optimal set of user requirements, and (2) the degree of convergence
(unity based on mutual understanding and mutual agreement) emanating
from a communication interaction.

Using the theoretical models as a guide, an experiment was designed and
performed to test the relationships among the variables. The
experimental results led to the rejection of all null hypotheses; the
results strongly favored face-to-face conferencing for solving
task-oriented, information sharing problems analogous to the case used
in the present study. The  findings indicate that asynchronous computer
conferencing may have a detrimental  effect on the thoroughness of
information exchange, on the relevance of the information shared in
terms of making the correct decision, and on the completeness of the
consideration given to all problem dimensions."}

@PHDTHESIS{McCord85,
    title = "Measures of Participation, Leadership, and Decision Quality by
            Participants in Computer Conferencing and Nominal Group
        Technique Decision-making Exercises",
    author = "Samuel A McCord",
    year = 1985,
    pages = 193,
    school = "Wayne State University",
    abstract = "Computer conferencing is a powerful tool to support
asynchronous group decision-making. This study compared the performance
of decision-making groups using computer conferencing and face-to-face
methods to determine if there were significant differences in
participation, anonymity, individual leadership, perceived leadership of
other participants, decision acceptance and perceived decision quality.

The control and experimental groups utilized the Nominal Group Technique
and the CONFER II computer conferencing software respectively.
Multivariate analysis of experimental data indicated no significant
differences in the performance of control and experimental groups for
any of the measures in question, although the experimental group rated
individual leadership and decision quality lower than the control group
(P = .058 and P = .059 respectively).

The study concludes that computer conferencing is an effective technique
to support distributed decision-making provided that the conferencing
software is of high quality, that sufficient time is allowed for the
decision process, and that all participants have equal access to
computing facilities and training. The study recommends several areas
for future study, including investigating the interaction of computer
conferencing with time requirements, personal anonymity, individual
leadership, presentation order of information, and the design of
computer conferencing software."}

@PHDTHESIS{Finn83,
    title = "Process and Structure in Computer-mediated
        Group Communication",
    author = "Andrew T Finn",
    school = "Washington University",
    pages = 166,
    year = 1983,
    abstract = "This study examines the effect of group process on
performance in computer mediated group discussions. The theoretical
framework views performance as a function of both group resources and
process. It is hypothesized that the use of organizing strategies (i.e.,
group process) related to agenda setting, to the demands of the specific
task, and to the demands of the specific medium are all related to the
performance measures of consensus and decision quality.

Transcripts generated in 24 five-person group discussions of a standard
rank-order problem solving task in an earlier study of computer
conferencing provide the data base for the present analyses. Measures of
the  theoretically relevant  dimensions of organizing processes are
constructed for each group discussion in the original experiment. These
organizing strategies are analyzed for effects on the group performance
measures. Multiple regression analysis is employed to control the
effects of certain group resources and to assess the unique effect of
each organizing strategy on group performance.

The results provide limited support for the notion that organizing
enhances group  performance  in  computer-mediated  communication.
Task-specific organizing was found to be positively related to decision
quality, while organizing tailored to the medium was found to be
negatively related to decision quality. Organizing the agenda was
positively related to group consensus. These effects are reliable when
controlling for the initial level of decision quality or consensus in
each group. No other significant effects on performance were found for
any of the process measures investigated.

Group resources such as the degree of previous experience with computer
terminals and the presence of females in the group were also
significantly related to consensus.

These results call into question the importance of organizing strategies
in computer conferencing. The failure of these organizing strategies to
be significant determinants of group performance is addressed in terms
of the appropriateness of the theoretical framework, the specific
measures of group process employed, and the particular nature of the
computer conferences analyzed in this study."}

@PHDTHESIS{Murrel83,
    title = "The Impact of Communicating Through Computers
        (Electronic Mail, Conference)",
    author = "Sharon L Murrel",
    pages = 159,
    year = 1983,
    school = "State University of New York (Stony Brook)",
    abstract = "The  impact of computer-based communication on group
performance depends upon the structure enforced by the communication
system. While the ability to introduce structures which enhance human
communication processes has been applauded, research to evaluate the
impact of various design features is lacking.

This  research  has explored the impact of two synchronous approaches,
which vary in the role of immediacy of interaction and feedback, on idea
generation and group decision making. One system is message-oriented,
requiring a conferee to complete a message before interacting with
others. The other displays what each group member is typing in a
separate window on the screens of all participants so that users can
comment on ideas as they are expressed. While the differential ability
to interact did not influence brainstorming performance, it did
influence the ability of groups to produce quality decisions.

Computer conferencing did not eliminate the characteristic group
decrement in brainstorming performance observed in groups interacting
face-to-face. Following standard brainstorming instructions to generate
ideas without evaluation, subjects typed their ideas for four different
problems. Groups interacting through either of the communication systems
generated fewer ideas than the same number of people working
individually on three of those problems.

Differences between the two systems were demonstrated when the groups
needed to organize their efforts to make decisions. Asked to solve a
problem first individually and then cooperatively using one of the two
systems, all groups produced decisions superior to the average initial
individual solutions. Window system groups both improved more and
produced significantly higher quality decisions than message system
groups. These groups focused on fewer topics at one time while spending
less time discussing how to organize both system usage and task efforts.
By influencing the group's ability to organize and focus its attention,
the design of the communication system influenced decision quality.
Although each group experienced and rated only one system, window system
groups judged their system more satisfactory for a variety of tasks than
the message system groups."}

@PHDTHESIS{Toner83,
    title = "Evaluation of a New Model of Tryout-revision",
    author = "Paul D Toner",
    year = 1983,
    pages = 311,
    school = "Michigan State University",
    abstract = "This study was carried out to obtain at least a
limited answer to the question, ``is it operationally feasible to use
synchronous conferencing (that is, with all participants on-line
simultaneously) for obtaining tryout data during the development of
self-instructional material? ''

Two models of tryout-revision were used. One was a modification of a
small group model developed by Abedor (1), which included the use of a
face-to-face group debriefing of the learners. The other model was
similar in all respects to the first, except that the debriefing was
carried out through use of a computer conference. CONFER II, a computer
conferencing system originally developed at the University of Michigan,
was used, and the conference lasted for about 90 minutes.

An instructional television program relating to the functions of an
information processing system was used as the prototype. Learners were
assigned to one of the two tryout-revision models. This led to the
collection of two sets of prototype tryout data which was used as the
basis for the development of two revised versions of the prototype.
These versions were called the computer conferencing revision (CC
revision) and the small group revision (SG revision). Each revision was
tried out with learners comparable to the learners who tried out the
prototype. Thus, three treatment groups were compared.

The data showed that although neither revision brought about general
significant improvement in learning, improvement was shown favoring
the CC revision with respect to learning outcomes relating to one of the
program's six instructional objectives. When the two revisions were
compared to each other significant results (p = .009) were shown for the
CC revision. This finding, however, is not very important, in view of
the more general findings. Also found was that learners with little or
no computer usage experience can learn to participate in a computer
conference on the basis of very limited training.

It was recommended that the computer conferencing model be
operationalized in the asynchronous mode to make better use of the
uniqueness of computer conferencing.

     (1) Abebor, Allen J. ``Second Draft Technology.'' Viewpoints 48 (July
1972):45-78."}

@PHDTHESIS{Rice82a,
    title = "Human Communication Networking in a
        Teleconferencing Environment",
    author = "Ronald E Rice",
    pages = 360,
    year = 1982,
    school = "Stanford University",
    abstract = "The objectives of this dissertation are (1) to study
the communication networks of groups operating in a
computer-conferencing environment, (2) to portray how these patterns
change over time, (3) to describe the nature of group- and system-level
structure, and (4) to discuss what implications these changes have for
telecommunications design and policy. The chapters review and analyze
topics such as telecommunications impacts, varieties of
computer-mediated communication systems, the development of
communication theory to consider longitudinal networks, and the range of
analytical procedures appropriate for such research. The primary
procedures used to detect and describe the communication patterns of
interest, over time, include longitudinal plots of useful communication
ratios, log-linear models of group structure, and transition matrices
showing patterns of development in system structure. Additional
procedures include clustering and multidimensional scaling.

Overall, system stability in a large-scale telecommunications system
comes to depend upon reciprocal information exchanges. Communication
activity in such a system provides indices which could be used to detect
groups' potential patterns of development. System structure changes over
time as groups occupy different roles which are based on the flows of
information within the system. For example, initial usage levels are not
good indicators of eventual usage levels; and ``electronic migration''
from group to group seems common. Whether the nature of the user group
is task-or non-task-oriented appears to influence how the groups occupy
these roles. Finally, computer-monitored longitudinal data and the
network analysis program used seem to offer advantages and insights
unavailable from traditional data and methods."}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

@PHDTHESIS{Parnes81,
    title = "Learning to CONFER: The Interplay of Theory and
        Practice in Computer Conferencing",
    author = "Robert A Parnes",
    pages = 353,
    year = 1981,
    school = "University of Michigan",
    abstract = "This dissertation presents a description and analysis of
CONFER, a computer conferencing and multi-purpose communications system
designed and developed over the past half dozen years at The University of
Michigan.

Chapter 1 deals with the group communications context from which CONFER
emerged:  the face-to-face meeting. The time, technological, psychological, and
 cost  constraints  which are problems governing traditional face-to-face group
communication are discussed. The theoretical ``solution'' is presented as a
cluster of elements of a model communications system. In this system all
individuals are able to control their input and output and the style of their
interactions, time and space constraints are eliminated,  anonymous  behavior
is  possible, and participation is facilitated.

In Chapter 2, the methods and procedures used to develop the CONFER
system are discussed. The context from which CONFER emerged, a concern
with small group governance in both its communications and decision
making dimensions, is described, as are the principles operationalized
in the CONFER system: individual equality, freedom, privacy and
flexibility, and the facilitation of individual participation.

The historical development of a unique feature of CONFER, the ``vote,'' is
presented in Chapter 3. This operationalizes the emphasis placed on
interactivity and feedback in the system. The premise that underlies
this permeating feature of the system is that the individual participant
should continually alternate between being a producer and being a
consumer of communications.

In Chapter 4, the results of actual CONFER use are set forth via the
construction of a typology of CONFER conferences drawn from an
examination of actual conference usage. The typology is based on three
independent variables: ``who'' participates--whether a ``well-defined'' or
``ill-defined''  set  of  individuals; ``when''  the  conference  takes
place--whether for a ``fixed'' or ``indefinite'' duration; and ``how'' the
content is approached--whether the agenda is of a ``focused'' or
``full-scope'' nature. Eight conference types are identified and
described. Descriptions of actual conferences of each type are presented
and analyzed.

CONFER's future, sketched from the perspective of the constraints
potentially impinging on its dissemination is the subject of Chapter 5.
These constraints are identified as falling into two general categories:
the technical and the conceptual. The former are viewed as being more or
less automatically correcting. The latter are seen as being more
profound and therefore more critical. They have to do with the seemingly
simple but profoundly  difficult  matter  of people understanding that
computer conferencing is a genuinely new communications medium, not
the augmentation of old forms of communication."}

@PHDTHESIS{Asteroff87,
    author = "Janet F Asteroff",
    title = "Paralanguage in Electronic Mail: A Case
        Study",
    year = 1987,
    school = "Teachers College, Columbia University",
    abstract = "This study explores the use of paralanguage in
electronic mail communication. It examines the use of paralanguage
according to the electronic mail and computing experience and technical
expertise of 16 library science graduate students who fall into two
groups by rank of experience, novice and advanced.  These respondents
used electronic mail in a non-elective and task-related situation to
communicate with their instructor. This case study is based on a
multi-level qualitative content analysis of the electronic mail
exchanged between the respondents and the instructor, and the attitudes
and experiences of the respondents about their use of electronic mail
and computers.  This research interprets the roles and functions of
paralanguage in computer-mediated communication and explores the
phenomenon as an indicator of certain kinds of expression.

Paralanguage is a component of spoken, written, and electronic
communication.  It gives to what is being communicated a character over
and above that which is necessary to convey meaning in the linguistic or
grammatical sense.  Paralanguage in electronic mail is positioned
between spoken and written paralanguage in its visual and interpretive
structures. Electronic paralanguage, a term developed to describe
paralanguage in computer-mediated communication, is defined as: features
of written language which are used outside of formal grammar and syntax,
and other features related to but not part of written language, which
through varieties of visual and interpretive contrast provide
additional, enhanced, redundant or new meanings to the message.

Electronic paralanguage is revealed to be a component of communication
which in some situations showed substantial differences by the rank of
the respondent, as well as differences in individual behaviors. Novice
respondents used more paralanguage in more types of messages than did
advanced respondents.  Electronic paralanguage also provides a robust
picture of the character of communication.  The use of exclamation
points by novice respondents in task-related messages showed that
electronic paralanguage can in certain cases be a general measure of
stress and experience, and as well is a precise indicator of different
kinds of positive and negative psychological stress." }

@BOOK{Heydinger78,
    title = "Computer Conferencing: Its Use as a Pedagogical
        Tool",
    author = "Richard Heydinger",
    publisher = "World Future Society",
    pages = 25,
    year = 1978,
    abstract = "Describes applications of conferencing in
institutions of higher education. Examples based on CONFER conferencing
system at the University of Michigan. Discusses the use in courses
(allowing more flexibility), greater communication (among student, their
peers, and instructors), and applications to interdisciplinary courses
and graduate seminars (where mixed resources are enhanced using this
technique). Disadvantages include learning new techniques, finding
terminal access, and computer phobia." }

@BOOK{Johansen81,
    title = "Knowledge Synthesis and Computer-Based
        Communications Systems: Changing Behaviors and
        Concepts",
    author = "Kathleen Vian and Robert Johansen",
    publisher = "Position Paper for National Institute of Education",
    pages = 24,
    year = 1981,
    abstract = "Patterns of use of computer-based communication
technologies in knowledge synthesis area described by looking at the way
groups use the synthesis. A chart of basic options for communication
through computers is provided: generic class of system, examples of
specific systems, groups size, form of communications, record keeping
access, and complexity. Eight basic patterns of communication are
identified and discussed: 1) lots of interpersonal interaction, 2)
emphasis on the group, 3) more interaction between users and producers,
4) a valuing of chance, 5) asynchronous communication and asynchronous
thought, 6) divergence, 7) informality, and 8) technology."}

@BOOK{Palme84,
    title = "Survey of Computer-Based Message Systems",
    author = "Jacob Palme",
    publisher = "Stockholm University",
    pages = 43,
    year = 1984,
    abstract = "Four individual papers: 1) COM/PortaCOM Conference
Systems, 2) Design Goals and Principles, 3) Computer Conferencing is
More than Electronic Mail, and 4) Effects of the COM Computer
Conferencing System. Jacob Palme designed the COM conferencing system
and is one of the early leaders in the field.

Includes: 1) a survey of computer based mail and conferencing systems,
2) an evaluation of systems for both individually addressed mail and
group addressing through conferences and distribution lists, 3) a
discussion of various methods of structuring the text data in existing
systems, and 4) a description of the networks of interconnected systems
(including ARPANET, CSNET, BITNET, USENET, JNT-MAIL, EURNET, AND
MAILNET)."}

@ARTICLE{Meeks86,
    title = "An Overview of Conferencing Systems",
    author = "Brock N Meeks",
    journal = "Byte Magazine",
    year = 1986,
    month = "December",
    volume = 10,
    number = 3,
    pages = "169-70,172-176,178,180,182,184",
    LC = "QA 76.5 B9",
    abstract = "A ``guided'' tour through several conferencing
systems. Reviews early computer conferencing systems (1971 with EMISARI
- Emergency Management Information System and Reference Index - by
Murray Turoff, Office of Emergency Preparedness).

Descriptions of COM (Swedish National Defense Research Institute
starting in 1971); EIES (New Jersey Institute of Technology, building on
experience of EMISARI); PARTI or PARTICIPATE (initially Participation
Systems Inc now NETI, Inc. - by Harry Stevens and incorporates ideas
from several conferencing systems); NOTEPAD (business oriented from
Infomedia by Jacques Vallee); eFORUM (developed by NETI and relatively
new product but not containing e-mail); COSY (developed by Al Mayer at
University of Guelph based on several different conferencing systems
beginning in 1983 - also same as BIX conferencing run by BYTE magazine);
CONFER (Developed at University of Michigan by Bob Parnes in 1975);
AUGMENT (marketed by Tymshare since 1978); and GENIE (Created by Stephen
Heitmann but small proprietary system)."}

@ARTICLE{Mayer86,
    author = "Alastair J W Mayer",
    title = "Storage Architectures: Their Implications for
        Conferencing Systems",
    journal = "Byte Magazine",
    month = "December",
    year = 1986,
    volume = 10,
    number = 13,
    pages = "221-234",
    LC = "QA 76.5 B9",
    abstract = "Discusses computer conferencing as an example of a
specialized database, using CoSy as the reference system. CoSy was
designed from the perspective of the user first, and the file/database
structure second. The overall file structure sets the tone of all
subsequent developments, as the old data must be upward compatable as
new versions of the conferencing system are implemented. Various options
for the basic file design are discussed and the trade-offs among them
are noted.

Some brief comparisons are made between CoSy, PARTI, and COM
conferencing systems, with most detailed points between CoSy and COM.
The CoSy system was developed in UNIX initially, and several UNIX
related features are referenced frequently. The CoSy system in 1985
version on UNIX was about 12,000 lines of C code (including editor)."}


@article{Canning85,
    title = "More Uses for Computer Conferencing",
    author = "R G  Canning",
    year = 1985,
    journal = "EDP Analyser",
    volume = 23,
    number = 8,
    pages = "1-16",
    LC = "HF 5548.2 E15",
    abstract = "Somewhat popularly oriented discussion of conferencing but
contains good information. Lists appropriate uses: focus on GROUP activities,
formal (staff or committee groups) or informal (``network'' of people not in
organizational unit), group management or information sharing, and joint
writing of reports. Lists inappropriate uses: arguments, disagreements,
negotiations (all cases where someone is trying to ``win'' at something); other
inappropriate uses are when the users do not know, like, or trust one another.

Some benefits are: 1) convenient (you set time and place), 2)
non-interruptive, 3) avoids telephone tag, 4) handles a dispersed group
as easily as a local one, 5) allows for special interest discussions, 6)
late joiners can catch up easily, 7) users can settle many matters
without face-to-face meetings, 8) users like the ``collaborative'' nature
of it, 9) it supports GROUP interaction so is valuable for project
management, 10) encourages ``chance'' meetings of people with shared
interests and can result in cross-fertilization of ideas, 11) managers
can participate in conferences and can be more proactive, and 12) allows
even large numbers of people to interact.

Some problems: 1) not everyone in organization may welcome the
technology ;with open arms, 2) training in ``writing'' rather than
``speaking'' may be necessary (learn to be concise, segment different
topics so people can refer back in later discussions to exactly what
they are commenting on), 3) using third parties (such as secretaries) to
carry out the communications will compromise the informality that is one
of the charms of the medium, 4) trying to make the written form look
like the standard formal memo will also reduce the informality, and 5)
individuals who sense their jobs are based largely on information flow
may sense a personal danger.

A commentary is provided by Murray Turoff and Roxanne Hiltz of New
Jersey Institute of Technology. While there are potentials to raise
productivity of managers, professionals, and other ``information
workers'', about 25% drop out after being invited to join (don't use the
system enough to get over the learning period). Start with the BEST
applications: 1) geographically dispersed team or project group that
needs to communicate more, cannot travel much and are under time
pressures, 2) peer group within the organization that wants to
communicate more and needs to coordinate and exchange information on a
regular basis, 3) cooperative group which already trusts one another and
wants to work together more, 4) group with an important and clear-cut
objective or task to accomplish within a specific time frame, and 5) a
group where it has become impossible to find free times when the whole
group can meet at the same time." }

@article{Crickman79,
    title = "Citizen Participation Through Computer Conferencing",
    author = "R Crickman and M Kochen",
    journal = "Technological Forecasting and Social Change",
    volume = 14,
    number = 1,
    pages = "47-64",
    year = 1979,
    LC = "T 174 T38",
    abstract = "Describes a computer conference on recombinant DNA
among four lay people; they had no previous training on computer
conferencing. Results indicate topic was successfully discussed and
conferencing was actually preferred by some. Lists some suggestions for
managing computer conferences involving inexperienced users."}

@article{Levinson86,
    title = "Marshall McLuhan and Computer Conferencing",
    author = "Paul Levinson",
    journal = "IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication",
    volume = "PC-29",
    number = 1,
    pages = "9-11",
    year = 1986,
    LC = "T 10.5 I35",
    abstract = "Marshall McLuhan's writing style has long been a
source of fascination and frustration to the scholarly community.
Instead of sequentially developed paragraphs and chapters, McLuhan's
work often took the form of numerous free-standing commentaries,
usually not more than a few pages in length, each self-sustaining yet
revolving around some sort of central theme.

This ``holographic'' style turns out to have much in common with the
commentaries produced by participants in a computer conference, where
individuals engage in multi-dimensional dialogues through comments of
usually 20-60 lines of length around several related themes. The
similarities in the textures of computer conferences and the books of
McLuhan - who know nothing about computer conferencing when he wrote
his books - help us better understand both the computer conference as a
literary form and the style of McLuhan. The electronic group production
of dialogue fulfills McLuhans's oft stated desire to overcome the
boundaries of static print on a page, and shows that literacy may
actually be promoted rather than eclipsed by the electronic revolution
(author abstract).

Article describes experiences of EIES computer conferencing system and
Western Behaviorial Sciences Institute. Students in a conference would
number 5-75 with 5-10 instructors. Typical conferences have 5-15
participants and generate 5-10 comments per week; they generally last
one month and may produce 100-150 comments for the total conference."}

@article{Kerr86,
    title = "Electronic Leadership: A Guide to Moderating Online
        Conferences",
    author = "Elaine Kerr",
    journal = "IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication",
    volume = "PC-29",
    number = 1,
    pages = "12-18",
    year = 1986,
    LC = "T 10.5 I35 PER",
    abstarct = "Summarizes effective leadership styles and skills
for moderating online meetings and facilitating electronic groups (using
the EIES conferencing system as an example). The ``acquired'' wisdom of
many different groups using EIES since its 1976 initiation are
summarized.

LEADERSHIP CHARACTERISTICS. The most effective moderator style is
group-oriented (rather than authoritarian), and s/he includes all
conference members interested in the formation of policy and moves them
to consensus. The moderator of a active task-oriented conferences should
spend 30 min or more on line each day. Effective moderators must exert
strong organizational pressures and also be familiar with the
technology; if the do not have time or experience they should not take
on the role of moderator. The moderator should set the agenda and keep
the group moving toward its goal.

FACE-TO-FACE. Group training prior to conferencing can be valuable if
time and money permit. This sets the stage for a ``working
relationship''
and uses the conferencing for the communication techniques. Time should
be allowed for socializing and ``getting to know one another'' as well as
outlining the task and getting exposure to the technology. The ideal
session would be about 1.5 days and allow about 5 hrs on line.

STRUCTURE. The moderator should prepare a group message with initial
instructions on procedures (first task might be to send a message to
the moderator, then introduce themselves, comment on initial definition
of the task). The moderator should clarify the structure of the
conferencing system (e.g., mail vs conferencing). Specific tasks of
moderators are given.

ACTIVITIES. The moderator should set agendas, indexing comments by
keywords or by making summaries. The moderator should welcome new
members, provide initial items, see members develop their resumes, build
some ``social'' fabric (host an on-line party - optimum size is 10-15 is
all are making entries), delegate responsibilities, provide positive
feedback to members and create a climate that adds to self-esteem,
control the process so ``loud'' users are calmed down and ``quiet'' users
are drawn out, and keep the comments flowing. Time should be set aside
to ``self analyze'' the conference and redirect efforts as appropriate. A
list of incentives for participation is provided." }

@article{Feenberg86,
    title = "Network Design: An Operating Manual for Computer
        Conferencing",
    author = "Andrew Feenberg",
    journal = "IEEE Transactions of Professional Communication",
    volume = "PC-29",
    number = 1,
    pages = "2-7",
    year = 1986,
    LC = "T 10.5 I35 PER",
    abstract = "The communcations revolutions of the last century
have so far enhanced one-to-one contacts (e.g., telephone) and mass
broadcast (e.g., radio and television). Yet, the small groups in which
most of our daily activities go on have been largely unaffected.
Computer conferencing addresses that ``last frontier''. This paper briefly
reviews computer conferences and how they differ from regular meetings,
and describes steps to be taken for a successful conferencing
implementation.

Communication by computer conferencing is different than ``natural''
communications (e.g., one gets verbal and non-verbal cues by setting
in a group). At the time of computer communication, no objective context
my be present for guidance. Thus, computer conferencing does not ``just
automate meetings'', but requires careful DESIGN AND LEADERSHIP to
replace an old and familiar communicatons system.

Computer conferencing works with four elements (plus moderating as a
fifth):

HARDWARE. A central computer and local terminals or personal computers.

SOFTWARE: Both host and terminal software affect use and interaction.
Conferencing systems which are complex to learn but have powerful
features may not be as ``useful'' as simple to learn with ``adequate''
features. Methods of composing off-line and minimizing communications
costs are helpful.

GROUPWARE: A word coined by Peter and Trudy Johnson-Lenz, a combination
of group processes AND software that make up the conferencing system.
How are conferences structured (few, many)? How is conference moderation
accomplished (see below).

CONTEXTUALIZATION. Computer conferencing is weak on ``context'' compared
to the more familiar communications methods. The absence of tacit cues
and coded objects threatens participants and may leave them speechless.
This can be addressed by bringing the participants together to discussed
the common interests and procedures, materials may be mailed to
participants, telephone calls can be used to contact members, and the
conferences themselves can be made context sensitive by the way opening
comments are made and follow-up statements used.

MODERATING. The moderator is extremely important to computer
conferencing. A short check list would include 1) setting the conference
contents, 2) setting the norms and procedures, 3) setting the agenda and
flow of topics, 4) recognition of members contributions, 5) prompting
members to address certain issues, 6) weaving themes or summarizing the
state of discussion, and 7) meta-commenting (remarks directed at
changing the context or agenda of conference). groupware (number of
conferences offered, norms established for groups), and
contextualizations (especially designed opening statements, integration
of mail and conferencing). Suggestions for workstations and methods of
allowing ``browsing of the text'' are provided.

CONCLUSIONS. We can summarize five principles: 1) computer conferencing
is a new technology for effective interactive communication in small
groups, 2) several types of conferences are available (based on subject,
project, or group needs), 3) many ordinary conventions and rituals of
small group communications are lost in computer conferencing (and must
be addressed artificially), 4) this new type of communication must be
organized and sustained by designers and moderators, and 5) successful
implementation involves both communications knowledge and computer
knowledge by the installing group."}

@ARTICLE{Pullinger86,
    title = "Chit-Chat to Electronic Journals: Computer Conferencing
        Supports Scientific Communication",
    author = "D J Pullinger",
    journal = "IEEE Transactions of Professional Communication",
    volume = "PC-29",
    number = 1,
    pages = "23-29",
    year = 1986,
    LC = "T 10.5 I35 PER",
    abstract = "In 1980-1985 the conferencing system NOTEPAD was
extended to serve as an experimental program into electronic journals
and other kinds of scientific communications in the United Kingdom.
Several locations were linked together and use ranged from ``chit-chat''
to information exchange to refereed papers. The paper describes low,
moderate, high use groups (in terms of frequency of signin and of length
of session).

Examples of conferences are: peer review of articles, journal of
abstracts were readers could post comments, poster papers
(pre-publication papers for early comment), full papers (for reading),
and newsletter.  In addition, several ``information'' conferences or
seminars were run, lasting from 1 day to several months (of variety of
topic, including teaching students). Specific roles taken by coauthors
are: project organizer, timescale watcher, absent co-author (keeps track
of who is available), phase directors, writing team, section writer, and
planning team.

Recommendations for improvement include: 1) encourage the initiation of
discussion by greater allocation of roles and leadership forms, 2) put
summaries of previous discussions into the conference at periods
relating to normal access, so members do not have information overload
in catching up, and 3) if a newsletter is available have it tied to the
average access pattern.

One result of the experiment was that four people who had not previously
met had regular on-line conferences to discuses a particular area of
work, which was subsequently published as a scientific paper."}

@ARTICLE{Spitzer86,
    title = "Writing Style in Computer Conferences",
    author = "Michael Spitzer",
    journal = "IEEE Transactions of Professional Communication",
    volume = "PC-29",
    number = 1,
    pages = "19-22",
    year = 1986,
    LC = "T 10.5 I35 PER",
    abstract = "Users of computer conferencing must become aware of
the special characteristics of communicating in this medium and adopt
new communications strategies if computer conferencing is to achieve its
full potential.

Based on experiences with the PARTI software at the New York Institute
of Technology, examples of written conference material are presented.
Some ``definitions'' users have formed about computer conferencing are:

-    talking in writing.
-    running a debate in a journal's ``notes and queries'' section, but without
      the tedium of having to wait for each new monthly number.
-    a panel discussion in slow motion.
-    writing letters which are mailed over the telephone.

Computer conferencing encourages what feels like intimate,
conversational discourse, yet, because it is ``many-to-many'' it requires
the same attention to form as the familiar essay. It is ``in between'' the
forms we are used to. The paper discusses computer conferencing behavior
and compares it to some other methods of communication. Computer
conferencing also allows some graphic representation (e.g., 'grin' after
a statement indicates humor, \#\$\%\# indicates 'oh darn' and so on).

In general, computer conferencing forces ``equality'' of the members; it
makes for more ``democratic'' discussion. Beginners tend to be passive and
shy, while they assimilate the etiquette before they participate. Some
experienced users sometimes focus too much on the text, rather than the
reader (again showing the need for feedback).

There is a need for METACOMMUNICATON (or talking about communication).
This provides the ``threads'' that hold the discussion together, helps
provide the cues that are lacking in non-face-to-face meetings, and
really takes advantage of the ``transcript'' available in computer
conferencing. Computer conferencing in NOT just another form of writing.
But we must strive for clarity and precision of language (keeping
informal), use effective language, and occasionally avail ourselves to
graphic representation."}

@ARTICLE{Johansen84,
    title = "What to Expect from Teleconferencing",
    author = "Robert Johansen and Christine Bullen",
    journal = "Harvard Business Review",
    volume = 62,
    number = 2,
    pages = "164,168,170,172,174",
    LC = "HF 5001 H3",
    year = 1984,
    abstract = "Provides several case studies and definitions for
types of teleconferencing (audio, video, computer). Common
misconceptions are: 1) high level of use (actually the technology is
just developing but growing); 2) best for travel substitution (actually
travel patterns will change but slowly); 3) audio is simple (actually
audio systems are the technically most difficult; and 4) solution to
face-to-face meetings (actually most people try to ``imitate'' a
face-to-face meeting with this technology and thus loose much of its
poten- tial).

Critical Success Factors include: 1) clear business requirement (some
uses are obvious and others less so but there must be a need for
communications); 2) accurate needs assessment (understand the nature of
work involved); 3) learning from experience (learn from other's
mistakes); and 4) importance of culture (behavioral impacts).

Likely effects include: 1) teleconferencing is a partly a ``managerial
support system'' and must be integrated into other communications
planning; 2) face-to-face meetings and electronic meetings will become
less and less alike as we better apply the technology; 3) the ``tone'' of
the meeting will change as requirements for communication become the
driving force for change rather than protocol of face-to-face meetings;
4) organizations will change as teleconferencing is integrated with
computing and data availability; and 5) the incentives for using
teleconferencing will begin to compete with other modes of communication
or travel (including remote ``observation'' by off-site experts).

Making it work requires effort: 1) there is no ``cookbook'' for success
and each application should be reviewed independently; 2) integration of
teleconferencing into other forms of communications is crucial; 3)
cost factors will be important so ``possible'' systems are likely to give
way to ``practical'' systems; and 4) since introduction of
teleconferencing will change the fundamental communications process of
the organization, the manager introducing it plays a delicate role.

Tables compare the various media, cost advantages, opportunity
enhancement, and negative effects."}

@ARTICLE{Rice83,
    title = "Electronic Message Systems in the
        University---A Description of Use and Utility",
    author = "Ronald E. Rice and Donald Case",
    journal = "Journal of Communications",
    volume = 33,
    number = 1,
    pages = "131-152",
    LC = "P 87 J6",
    year = 1983,
    abstract = "A pilot study of a computer-based communications system,
``Terminals for Managers'' (80 senior managers), suggests that people do not
necessarily at- tribute greater benefits to using computer-based massaging as
they gain experience, and that they prefer different media depending upon the
task, their organizational status, attributes of the medium, and their own
personalities. Major uses were exchanging information, asking questions, and
exchanging opinions.

Three major conclusions: 1) positive impacts of electronic messaging
systems in an organization represent may not be related to those who
actually use the system, 2) computer based communications should be used
where appropriate to the particular organizational task and managerial
styles rather than indiscriminately requiring it, and 3) personality
traits, job tasks, positions, and media skills affect how electronic
communications will be accepted."}

@book{NCLIS79,
    title = "Information for the 1980's: Final Report of White House
Conference on Library and Information Services",
    author = "National Commission on Libraries and Information Science ",
    journal = "White House Conference on Library and Information Services",
    publisher = "White House",
    pages = "808",
    LC = "Y3 W58 20.2",
    year = 1979,
    abstract = "This conference was organized/managed by the EIES computer
conferencing system. A special chapter (pg 767-805) by Elaine Kerr summarizes
the experience.

The conference was held November 1979 but the preceding seven months of
planning were largely run by EIES, with 41 committee members from 17
states as follows: Advisory Committee (21 members), Staff (8 members),
and Observers (12 of whom 5 were EIES and 7 consultants to the
conference). Ten conferences were established (e.g. logistics,
information center, program committee, evalua- tion). This was an
example of a short duration, specific goals, distributed membership
conference.

It took 2 of the 7 months to ``get acquainted'' with the EIES system and
acquiring equipment. During the conference, EIES was used in several
ways in conjunction with the Information Center (e.g. continuous
reporting of conference activities, allow delegates to monitor all
groups even though meetings were concurrent, allowing remote sites to be
involved, and allowing contact with the ``home'' groups and the
delegates).

Pre-use and post-use questionnaires were used to evaluate the experience
(copy is in the book). In general, EIES had a positive impact on the
quality and quantity of work, and decreased most participants use of
telephone, travel, and mail. Responses to open-ended questionnaire items
are also included. Several tables list actual use statistics for each
conference."}

%
% end of cosy citations
%



@book{Ericsson84,
    author = "K Anders Ericsson and Herbert A Simon",
    title = "Protocol Analysis: Verbal Report as Data",
    publisher = "MIT Press",
    address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts",
    year = 1984}

@book{Olson89,
    editor = "Margrethe H. Olson",
    title = "Technological Support for Work Group Collaboration",
    publisher = "Lawrence Erlbaum Associates",
    address = "Hillsdale, New Jersey",
    year = 1989,
    abstract = "Based on contributions to the Symposium on
Technological Support for Work Group Collaboration, held by New
York University's Center for Research on Information Systems, May,
1987"}

@article{Silver88,
    author = "Mark S Silver",
    title = "On the Restrictiveness of Decision Support Systems",
    booktitle = "Organizational Decision Support Systems:
        Proceedings of the IFIP WG 8.3 Working Conference",
    editor = "R M Lee and A M {McCosh} and P Migliarese",
    publisher = "Elsevier Science Publishers BV (North-Holland)",
    address = "Como, Italy",
    month = "June",
    year = 1988,
    pages = "259--270"}
    pages = "51--65"}


@inproceedings{Grudin88,
    title = "Why {CSCW} Applications Fail: Problems in the Design
        and Evaluation of Organizational Interfaces",
    author = "Jonathan Grudin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-Supported
        Cooperative Work",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    pages = "85--93",
    year = 1988, month = "September"}

@article{Lai88,
    title = "Object Lens: A ``Spreadsheet'' for Cooperative Work",
    author = "Kum-Yew Lai and Thomas W Malone and Keh-Chiang Yu",
    journal = "ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems",
    volume = 6, number = 4, month = "October", year = 1988,
    pages = "332--353"}

@article{Malone87b,
    author = "T W Malone and K R Grant and K Lai and R Rao and
        D Rosenblitt",
    title = "Semistructured Messages Are Surprisingly Useful
        for Computer-Supported Coordination",
    journal = "ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems",
    volume = 5, number = 2, year = 1987, month = "April",
    pages = "115--131"}

@inproceedings{Motro86g,
    author = "Amihai Motro",
    year = 1986,
    title = "Assuring Retrievability From Unstructured Databases
        By Contexts",
    booktitle = "International Conference on Data Engineering",
    month = "February",
    pages = "426--433",
    address = "Los Angeles, CA"}

@article{Pollock88,
    author = "Stephen Pollock",
    title = "A Rule-Based Message Filtering System",
    journal = "ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems",
    volume = 6, number = 3, month = "July", year = 1988,
    pages = "232--254"}

@article{Utting89,
    author = "Kenneth Utting and Nicole Yankelovich",
    title = "Context and Orientation in Hypermedia Networks",
    journal = "ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems",
    volume = 7, number = 1, month = "January", year = 1989,
    pages = "58--85"}

@article{Gray89,
    title = "The User Interface in Group Decision Support Systems",
    author = "Paul Gray and Lorne Olfman",
    journal = "Decision Support Systems",
    volume = 5, year = 1989, pages = "119--137"}

@article{Halasz88,
    title = "Reflections on {Notecards:} Seven Issues for
        the Next Generation of Hypermedia Systems",
    author = "Frank Halasz",
    journal = "Communications of the ACM",
    year = 1988, month = "July", volume = 31, number = 7,
    pages = "836--852"}

@inproceedings{Leland88,
    title = "Collaborative Document Production Using {Quilt}",
    author = "Mary Leland and Robert Fish and Robert Kraut",
    year = 1988, pages = "206--215",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-Supported
        Cooperative Work",
    address = "Portland, Oregon",
    month = "September"}

@inproceedings{Ellis89,
    author = "C A Ellis and S J Gibbs",
    title = "Concurrency Control in Groupware Systems",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of ACM Special Interest Group
        on Management of Data",
    pages = "399--407",
    year = 1989}

@article{Sutherland89,
    author = "David Sutherland and Robert Crosslin",
    title = "Group Decision Support Systems: {Factors} in
        a Software Implementation",
    journal = "Information and Management",
    volume = 16, number = 2,
    pages = "93--103",
    month = "February", year = 1989}

@article{Lewis88,
    author = "L Floyd Lewis and Ken S Keleman",
    title = "Issues in Group Decision Support System Design",
    journal = "Journal of Information Science Principles
        and Practice",
    volume = 14, number = 6, pages = "347--354",year = 1988}

@inproceedings{Gibbs89,
    author = "S J Gibbs",
    title = "{LIZA:} an extensible groupware toolkit",
    pages = "29--35",
    year = 1989, month = "May",
    booktitle = "Conference on Human Factors in Computing
        Systems (CHI 89)",
    address = "Austin, Texas"}

@article{Conklin88,
    journal = "ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems",
    title = "{gIBIS:} a hypertext tool for exploratory policy
        discussions",
    author = "J Conklin and M L Begeman",
    volume = 6, number = 4, pages = "303--331",
    month = "October", year = 1989}

@article{DeSanctis87,
    title = "Computer-supported meetings: building a research
        environment",
    author = "G DeSanctis and V Sambamurthy and R T Watson",
    journal = "Large Scale Systems Information Decision
        Technology",
    volume = 13, number = 1, pages = "43--59",
    year = 1987}

@inproceedings{Eck89,
    title = "Group operating systems for decision factories
        of the future: an extended relational {GDSS}
        architecture",
    author = "R Eck and M Goul and A Philippakis and S Richards",
    editor = "R Blanning and D King",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Hawaii
        International Conference on Systems Sciences: Volume 3:
        Decision Support and Knowledge Based Systems",
    pages = "280--290", volume = 3, year = 1989,
    address = "Kailua-Kona, Hawaii",
    publisher = "IEEE Computer Society Press",
    month = "January"}

@article{Whitescarver87,
    author = "J Whitescarver and P Mukherji and M Turoff and
        R J {DeBlock Jr} and R M Czech and B K Paul",
    title = "A network environment for computer-supported
        cooperative work",
    journal = "Computer Communications Review",
    volume = 17, number = 5, pages = "260--272",
    year = 1987}

@inproceedings{Garcia88,
    author = "J J {Garcia-Luna-Aceves} and E J Craighill and R Lang",
    title = "An open-systems model for computer-supported
        collaboration",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second IEEE Conference on
        Computer Workstations",
    pages = "40--51",
    month = "March", year = 1988, address = "Santa Clara, California",
    publisher = "IEEE Computer Society Press"}

@inproceedings{Rajkumar88,
    title = "Requirements for an extensible {GDSS:} an object
        oriented architecture",
    author = "T M Rajkumar and S B Yadav",
    pages = "125--130",
    editor = "Benn Konsynski",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Hawaii
        International Conference on Systems Sciences: Volume 3:
        Decision Support and Knowledge Based Systems",
    month = "January", year = 1988,
    address = "Kailua-Kona, Hawaii",
    publisher = "IEEE Computer Society Press"}

@article{Jelassi87,
    title = "An integrated framework for group decision
        support systems design",
    author = "M T Jelassi and R A Beauclair",
    journal = "Information and Management",
    volume = 13, number = 3, pages = "143--153",
    month = "October", year = 1987}

@article{Bui86,
    author = "T X Bui and M Jarke",
    title = "Communications design for {Co-oP:} a group
        decision support system",
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@phdthesis{Bui86b,
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    author = "W K McHenry",
    title = "Computer Networks in the {Soviet} Scientific Community",
    booktitle = "The Status of {Soviet} Civil Science",
    editor = "C. Sinclair",
    address = "Dordrecht, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Martinus Nijhoff Publishers",
    pages = "151--176"}

@unpublished{Adams82,
    year = 1982,
    author = "J J Adams and W K McHenry and S E Goodman",
    title = "Monthly Report for {May,} 1982",
    note = "Unpublished internal memorandum",
    month = "May"}

@incollection{Kling82,
    author = "R Kling and W Scacchi",
    title = "The Web of Computing: {Computer} Technology
        as Social Organization",
    year = 1982,
    publisher = "Academic Press",
    booktitle = "Advances in Computers",
    volume = 21,
    editor = "M C Yovits",
    pages = "1--90"}

@article{Scacchi89,
    author = "Walt Scacchi",
    title = "On the power of domain-specific hypertext environments",
    year = 1989,
    journal = "Journal of the American Society for Information
            Science",
    volume = 4,
    number = 3,
    pages = "183--191"}

@incollection{Kling87,
    author = "R Kling",
    title = "Defining the Boundaries of Computing across Complex
        Organizations",
    booktitle = "Critical Issues in Information Systems Research",
    editor = "R J Boland and R A Hirschheim",
    year = 1987,
    publisher = "John Wiley \& Sons Ltd",
    pages = "307--362"}

@book{Allison71,
    title = "The Essence of Decision: {Explaining} the {Cuban}
        Missile Crisis",
    author = "Graham Allison",
    year = 1971,
    publisher = "Little, Brown, and Co.",
    address = "Boston"}

@book{Shmelev89,
    title = "The Turning Point: {Revitalizing} the {Soviet}
        Economy",
    author = "Nikolai Shmelev and Vladimir Popov",
    year = 1989,
    publisher = "Doubleday",
    address = "New York"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Rittenhouse83,
    author = "Rittenhouse, B",
    title = "Productivity Assessment Issues in Office Automation",
    booktitle = "Proc. 16th Hawaiian International Conference on
        Systems Sciences",
    year = "1983",
    pages = "576-579"}

@ARTICLE{Denning82,
    author = "Denning, P J",
    title = "Electronic Junk",
    journal = "Communications of the ACM",
    year = "1982",
    month = "March",
    pages = "153-165"}

@INCOLLECTION{Tapscott81,
    author = "Tapscott, D",
    title = "Research on the Impact of Office Information Communication
        Systems",
    editor = "Uhlig, R",
    booktitle = "Computer Message Systems",
    publisher = "North Holland Publishing Company",
    year = 1981,
    pages = "395-409"}

@BOOK{Bikson83,
    author = "Bikson, T K and Gutek, B A",
    title = "Advanced office systems: An empirical look at utilization
            and satisfaction",
    publisher = "Rand Corporation",
    address = "Santa Monica, CA",
    year = 1983}

@ARTICLE{Siegel86,
    author = "Siegel, J and Dburovsky, V and Kiesler, S and McGuire, T",
    title = "Group Processes in Computer-Mediated Communication",
    journal = "Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes",
    volume = 37,
    year = 1986,
    pages = "157-187"}

@ARTICLE{Meier85,
    author = "Meier, S",
    title = "Computer Aversion",
    journal = "Computers in Human Behavior",
    volume = 1,
    year = 1985,
    pages = "171-179"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Kjerluff84,
    author = "Kjerluff, K and Counte, M",
    title = "Measuring attitudes towards computers: Two approaches",
    booktitle = "Proceedings from the Eighth Annual Symposium on
        Computer Applications in Medical Care",
    volume = 8,
    year = 1984,
    pages = "529-535"}

@ARTICLE{Elkins85,
    author = "Elkins, R",
    title = "Attitudes of special education personnel toward computers",
    journal = "Educational Technology",
    volume = 15,
    year = 1985,
    pages = "31-34"}

@ARTICLE{Edinger85,
    author = "Edinger, J A and Patterson, M L",
    title = "Nonverbal involvement and social control",
    journal = "Psychological Bulletin",
    volume = 93,
    year = 1985,
    pages = "30-56"}

@BOOK{Vallee77,
    author = "Vallee, J and Johansen, R and Lipinski, H and Wilson, T",
    title = "Group Communication through computers",
    publisher = "Institute of the Future",
    address = "Menlo Park, CA",
    year = 1977}

@ARTICLE{Emmett81,
    author = "Emmett, R",
    title = "Comments on {VNET}",
    journal = "Datamation",
    year = 1982,
    pages = 48}

@ARTICLE{Vangelder83,
    author = "{Van Gelder}, L",
    title = "Modems : Close Encounters of the computer kind",
    journal = "Ms. Magazine",
    volume = 90,
    year = 1983,
    pages = "61-64"}

@BOOK{Hiltz78,
    author = "Hiltz, S R and Turoff, M",
    title = "The Network Nation : Human Communication via Computer",
    year = 1978,
    publisher = "Addison Wesley",
    address = "Reading, MA"}

@ARTICLE{Hiltz81,
    author = "Hiltz, S R",
    title = "The Evolution of User Behavior in a Computerized Conferencing
            System",
    journal = cacm,
    volume = 24,
    number = 11,
    month = "November",
    Year = 1981}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Hiltz83,
    author = "Hiltz, S R and Turoff, M",
    title = "Avoiding Information Overload in the Electronic Office",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Hawaii International
        Conference on System Sciences",
    pages = "581-589",
    year = 1983}

@TECHREPORT{Johnson81,
    author = "Johnson-Lenz, P",
    title = "The Evolution of a Tailored Communications Structure : The
            Topics System",
    institution = "New Jersey Institute of Technology",
    address = "Newark, NJ",
    year = 1981,
    number = 14}

@BOOK{Kerr82,
    author = "Kerr, E B",
    title = "Computer-Mediated Communication Systems : Status and
            Evaluation",
    address = "New York",
    publisher = "Academic Press",
    year = 1982}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Turoff72,
    author = "Turoff, M",
    title = "Party-Line and Discussion : Computerized
            Conferencing Systems",
    booktitle = "First International Conference on
        Computer Communications",
    year = 1972,
    pages = "161-171"}

@ARTICLE{Turoff82a,
    author = "Turoff, M",
    title = "Delphi conferencing: Computer-based conferencing with
            anonymity",
    journal = "Technological Foreasting and Social Change",
    volume = 2,
    year = 1982}

@ARTICLE{Krausse86,
    author = "Krausse, S C and {Etchingham, Jr}, J B",
    title = "The Humanist and Computer-Assisted Library Research",
    journal = "CAH",
    volume = 20,
    year = 1986,
    pages = "87-96",
    publisher = {Paradigm Press}}

@ARTICLE{Raben85,
    author = "Raben, J",
    title = "The Grinnell House Round Table on a Center for
            Computer-Aided Humanities Research",
    journal = "CAH",
    volume = 19,
    year = 1985,
    pages = "183-184",
    publisher = "Paradigm Press" }

@ARTICLE{Elwork85,
    author = "Elwork, A and Gutkin, T B",
    journal = "Computers in Human Behavior",
    volume = 1,
    pages = "3-18",
    year = 1985,
    publisher = "Pergamon Press",
    title = "The Behavioral Sciences in the Computer Age"}

@BOOK{Papert80,
    author = "Papert, S A",
    title = "Mindstorms : Children, computers, and powerful ideas",
    publisher = "Basic Books",
    address = "New York",
    year = 1980}

@ARTICLE{Russo84,
    author = "Russo, D C",
    year = 1984,
    title = "Computers as an adjunct to therapy and research in
            behavioral medicine",
    journal = "Behavior Therapist",
    volume = 7,
    pages = "99-102"}

@BOOK{Toffler80,
    author = "Toffler A",
    year = 1980,
    title = "The Third Wave",
    publisher = "Morrow",
    address = "New York"}

@ARTICLE{Hopcroft87,
    author = "Hopcroft, J E",
    title = "Computer Science : The Emergence of a Discipline",
    journal = cacm,
    year = 1987,
    month = "March",
    volume = 30,
    number = 3,
    pages = "198-202"}

@ARTICLE{Fossier86,
    author = "Fossier, L and Beaud M-J",
    title = "Le Institut de Recherche et d'Histoire des Textes",
    journal = cah,
    volume = 20,
    year = 1986,
    publisher = "Paradigm Press",
    pages = "267-268"}

@inproceedings{Tsur84,
    title = "An Implementation of {GEM}---supporting a semantic data
            model on a relational back end",
    author = "Shalom Tsur and Carlo Zaniolo",
    year = 1984,
    volume = 14,
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the annual meeting of {SIGMOD}",
    organization = "ACM SIGMOD",
    pages = "286--295",
    abstract = "
This paper presents a simple approach for extending the relational system
INGRES into one supporting a semantic data model.  It describes a DBMS
consisting of (i) a user-friendly front-end, supporting the GEM semantic
data model and query language under UNIX, and (ii) a dedicated back-end
processor providing efficient support for database transactions,
concurrency control, and recovery.  GEM extends the relational model to
support the notions of entities with surrogates, the relationships of
aggregation and generalization, null values, and set-valued attributes,
and provides simple extensions of QUEL to handle these new constructs.
In this proposed implementation of GEM, the relational database
processor IDM 500 by Britton-Lee is used as the back-end machine."}

@inproceedings{Motro84,
    title = "Browsing in a Loosely Structured Database",
    author = "Amihai Motro",
    year = 1984,
    volume = 14,
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the annual meeting of {SIGMOD}",
    organization = "ACM SIGMOD",
    pages = "197--207",
    abstract = "
Current database architectures emphasize structure and are inappropriate
for applications which model environments that are subject to constant
evolution, or environments which do not lend themselves to massive
classifications.  In this paper, we describe an architecture which
promotes databases that are only loosely structure: heaps of facts
instead of highly structured data.  This architecture avoids the
traditional dichotomy between ``schema'' and ``data,'' and it
incorporates a single mechanism for defining both inference rules and
integrity constraints.  As lack of organization will usually have adverse
effect on retrieval, the principal retrieval method for loosely
structured databases is browsing:  exploratory searching which does not
assume any knowledge of the organization (or even existence of
organization).  Two styles of browsing, called navigation and probing,
are defined.  Both are derived from a standard query language based on
predicate logic."}

@article{Ramshaw87,
    title = "An Intelligent Retrieval and Presentation System for
            Management Information",
    author = "H Ramshaw and A P Steward and D Stoves",
    pages = "485--486",
    journal = "The Computer Journal",
    volume = 30,
    number = 6,
    year = 1987,
    abstract = "
A prototype for a system for free format access to management
information has been developed jointly by British Gas and Sunderland
Polytechnic.  The design criteria and operational results are
described."}

@inproceedings{Chen86,
    title = "A Rule-based Object/Task Modeling Approach",
    author = "Qiming Chen",
    year = 1986,
    pages = "281--292",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the annual meeting of {SIGMOD}",
    organization = "ACM SIGMOD",
    month = "June",
    volume = 15,
    number = 2,
    abstract = "
A rule-based object/task modeling approach is proposed which is
characterized by specifying object behaviors and domain rules in terms
of object-oriented logic programming, and specifying tasks and
meta-rules in terms of network-oriented formalism.  In addition the
concepts of associations, virtual objects, multiple level integrity
control and net expressions are introduced.  The object-oriented logic
programming system is extended for supporting the semantic modeling;
and an explicit control knowledge representation mechanism is developed.
This approach may be viewed as a step to the integration of
object-oriented programming, logic programming, semantic modeling and
event modeling, and to the combination of forward chaining and backward
chaining techniques.  Therefore it can provide complementary benefits in
deductive query support, integrity control, explicit control knowledge
representation and intelligent user interface, and enhance the
flexibility and extendibility of knowledge based systems to accommodate
applications in multiple domains, towards a generalized, rule-base
management of data, action and operational schemes.  This approach is
being designed and partially implemented on top of System G on a VAX
computer."}

@article{Salton86,
    title = "Another look at automatic text-retrieval systems",
    author = "Gerard Salton",
    volume = 29,
    number = 7,
    month = "July",
    year = 1986,
    journal = "Communications of the ACM",
    pages = "648--656"}

@article{Quint88,
    title = "Descriptor Searching on Abstracted Databases: Free-Text
        in {Philadelphia}",
    author = "Barbara Quint",
    journal = "Database Searcher",
    volume = 4,
    number = 4,
    month = "April",
    year = 1988,
    LC = "QA/76.9/D3/D2957"}

@article{Brown88,
    title = "Converting Help Systems to Hypertext",
    author = "P J Brown and M T Russell",
    journal = "Software--Practice and Experience",
    volume = 18, number = 2,
    month = "February", year = 1988,
    pages = "163--165",
    abstract = "
Hypertext systems have great potential for displaying help information.
There is, however, a problem in moving over smoothly to a hypertext
system without having to throw away existing help-scripts.  This note
describes an exercise in achieving this smooth transfer."}


@article{Zhou88,
    title = "Object Management in Local Distributed Systems",
    author = "Songnian Zhou and Roberto Zicari",
    journal = "The Journal of Systems and Software",
    volume = 8, number = 4,
    month = "September", year = 1988,
    pages = "283--295",
    LC = "QA/76.5/J74",
    abstract = "
Resource management is a central issue in operating systems
design; it is even more critical in distributed systems because
of the physical distribution of the resources and thus the
natural redundancy and the possibility of partial failures.  In
this paper, we study resource management and sharing problems in
distributed systems.  We survey the existing distributed systems
and present a taxonomy of resource management.  We then propose a
new approach to resource management, which we call global object
management.  A logically centralized systemwide manager acts as a
coordinator between different parts of the system and is
responsible for managing the top-level, shareable resources in the
distributed environment and making them available to the users.
We argue that this approach greatly enhances system resource
sharing by combining the semantic simplicity of centralized
management with the reliability and availability of distributed
management, and offers a number of advantages over the existing
techniques."}


@article{Desai88,
    title = "Composite Index in DDBMS",
    author = "B C Desai and P Goyal and F Sadri",
    journal = "The Journal of Systems and Software",
    volume = 8, number = 2,
    month = "March", year = 1988,
    pages = "105--120",
    LC = "QA/76.5/J74",
    abstract = "
To provide fast response in a relational data base management
system (DBMS), the data base administrator (DBA) implements a set
of access methods in the form of indexes.  In this paper we
propose composite B+-tree indexes that are based on the B+ tree.
Composite B+-tree indexes facilitate enforcing constraints, such
as referential integrity rules, and enhance performing joins in a
relational data base environment.  We also study the performance
of the composite B+ trees in a distributed data base systems.
The index itself can be centralized, distributed (as disjoint
segments), or fragmented (as non-disjoint segments).  We derive
cost expressions for query processing for these index placement
strategies, and present the results of simulation to compare the
total cost of performing join operations with that of the
semi-join technique."}

@article{Faloutsos85,
    title = "Access Methods for Text",
    author = "Christos Faloutsos",
    journal = "Computing Surveys",
    volume = 17, number = 1,
    month = "March", year = 1985,
    pages = "49--74",
    LC = "QA/76.5/C617",
    abstract = "
This paper compares text retrieval methods intended for office
systems.  The operational requirements of the office environment
are discussed, and retrieval methods from database systems and
from information retrieval systems are examined.  We classify
these methods and examine the most interesting representatives of
each class.  Attempts to speed up retrieval with special purpose
hardware are also presented, and issues such as approximate
string matching and compression are discussed.  A qualitative
comparison of the examined methods is presented.  The signature
file method is discussed in more detail."}

@article{Radko87,
    title = "A Hierarchical Structure for Modeling of
            Relational Tables",
    author = "Yu N Rad'ko",
    journal = "Programmirovanie",
    volume = 13, number = 1,
    pages = "74--80",
    month = "January--February",
    year = 1987,
    LC = "QA/76/P695",
    abstract = "
We describe an approach to modeling the domains of relations by a
hierarchical data model, which preserves the converse tuples.
The efficiency of the model is estimated."}

@article{Stanfill86,
    title = "Parallel free-text search on the {Connection
            Machine} system",
    author = "Craig Stanfill and Brewster Kahle",
    journal = "Communications of the ACM",
    volume = 29, number = 12,
    month = "December", year = 1986,
    pages = "1229--1239",
    abstract = "
A new implementation of free-text search using a new parallel
computer--the Connection Machine---makes possible the application
of exhaustive methods not previously feasible for large
databases."}

@book{Date81,
    title = "An Introduction to Database Systems",
    author = "C J Date",
    year = 1981,
    publisher = "Addison-Wesley"}

@book{Salton83,
    title = "Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval",
    author = "G Salton and M J McGill",
    year = 1983,
    publisher = "McGraw-Hill"}

@book{Lancaster79,
    title = "Information Retrieval Systems: Characteristics,
            Testing, and Evaluation",
    edition = 2,
    year = 1979,
    author = "F W Lancaster",
    publisher = "Wiley"}

@techreport{Preece80,
    title = "An Online Associative Query Modification Methodology",
    author = "S E Preece",
    year = "1980",
    institution = "University of Illinois, Urbana",
    pages = "375--382",
    month = "December",
    volume = 4,
    number = 4}



@article{Marchionini88,
    title = "Finding Facts vs. Browsing Knowledge in
        Hypertext Systems",
    author = "Gary Marchionini and Ben Schneiderman",
    journal = "IEEE Computer",
    volume = 21, number = 1,
    month = "January", year = 1988,
    LC = "QA/76/I52",
    abstract = "
For hypertext and electronic information systems to be effective,
designers must understand how users find specific facts, locate
fragments of text that satisfy information queries, or just
browse.  Users' information retrieval depends on the cognitive
representation (mental model) of a system's features, which is
largely determined by the conceptual model designers provide
through the human--computer interface.  Other determinants of
successful retrieval include the users' knowledge of the task
domain, information--seeking experience, and physical setting.
In this article, we present a user-centered framework for
information--seeking that has been used in evaluating two
hypertext systems.  We then apply the framework to key design
issues related to information retrieval in hypertext systems."}

@book{Schmidt83,
    editor = "Joachim W. Schmidt and Michael L. Brodie",
    title = "Relational Database Systems",
    year = 1983,
    publisher = "Springer-Verlag",
    address = "Berlin"}


@inproceedings{Tsuchiya88b,
    key = "Tsuchiya 88b",
    author = "Paul F. Tsuchiya",
    title = "The {Landmark Hierarchy:} A New Hierarchy for Routing
        in Very Large Networks",
    booktitle = "Proceedings {ACM} {SIGCOMM} 1988",
    year = 1988,
    abstract = "Landmark Routing is a set of algorithms
    for routing in communications networks of arbitrary size.
    Landmark Routing is based on a new type of hierarchy, the
    Landmark Hierarchy.  The Landmark Hierarchy exhibits path
    lengths and routing table sizes similar to those found in the
    traditional area or cluster hierarchy.  The Landmark Hierarchy
    however, is easier to dynamically configure using a distributed
    algorithm.  It can therefore be used as the basis for algorithms
    that dynamically configure the hierarchy, thus allowing for
    very large, dynamic networks.  This paper describes the
    Landmark Hierarchy, analyzes it, and compares it with the
    area hierarchy."}



@techreport{Tsuchiya88,
    key = "Tsuchiya 88",
    author = "Paul F. Tsuchiya",
    title = "Landmark Routing: Architecture, Algorithms, and Issues",
    institution = "The {Mitre Corporation}",
    year = 1988,
    number = "MTR-87W00174",
    month = "May",
    abstract = "This paper is the second in a series of
papers that document the research, development, specification,
implementation, and deployment of a new routing technique called
Landmark Routing. Landmark Routing is a diestirbuted and adaptive
hierarchical routing protocol for use in networks and internets
of any size. Its primary features are that it is robust and
survivable in the face of rapid topological changes, that it is easy
to administer, and that it provides full name-based addressing.
The reason for these advantages is that Landmark Routing
dynamically establishes its own hierarchy and modifies it as the
network undergoes changes.  This paper gives a medium to
high-level design of all of the components of Landmark
Routing---the routing algorithms, the hierarchy maintenance
algorithms, the administrative zones, and the name-to-address
binding algorithms.  This paper also discusses ancillary issues
such as transition from existing routing schemes and
implementation design decisions.  The paper concludes that
Landmark Routing is a workable solution to a host of large
network routing problems."}



@techreport{Tsuchiya87,
    key = "Tsuchiya 87",
    author = "Paul F. Tsuchiya",
    title = "Landmark Routing: Description and Analysis",
    institution = "The Mitre Corporation",
    year = 1987,
    number = "MTR-87W00152",
    month = "June",
    abstract = "Hierarchical routing structures are needed to
reduce the amount of routing information stored and exchanged by
switching nodes in large networks (data or voice).  Only one
hierarchical structure, the area hierarchy, has been available to
network designers.  This has resulted in a limited set of design
alternatives.  In particular, the area hierarchy is known to have
some poor survivability characteristics.  This paper introduces
a new hierarchical structure, the Landmark Hierarchy.  Analysis
and simulation of the Landmark Hierarchy in its static state show
that it is a viable alternative to the area hierarchy for large
network routing.  Further work is needed to determine the
survivability characteristics of the Landmark Hierarchy in a
dynamic network environment."}



@misc{ISO8473,
    key = "ISO 8473",
    title = "{ISO International Standard 8473 ---
        Information Processing Systems --- Data
        Communications --- Protocol for Providing the Connectionless
        Network Service}",
    year = 1985}



@misc{ISO9542,
    key = "ISO 9542",
    title = "{ISO International Standard 9542 --- Information Processing
        Systems --- Telecommunications and Information Exchange
Between
        Systems --- End System to Intermediate System Routing
Exchange
        Protocol for Use in Conjunction with the Protocol for Providing
        the Connectionless-mode Network Service (ISO 8473)}",
    year = 1988}

@misc{ISO8648,
    key = "ISO 8648",
    title = "{ISO International Standard 8648 --- Information Processing
        Systems --- Telecommunications and Information Exchange
between
        Systems --- Internal Organization of the Network Layer}"}

@misc{ISO7498,
    key = "ISO 7498",
    title = "{Information Processing Systems --- Open Systems
        Interconnection --- Basic Reference Model}"}


@article{Bell86,
    key = "Bell and Jabbour 86",
    author = "Paul R. Bell and Kamal Jabbour",
    title = "Review of {Point-to-Point} Network Routing Algorithms",
    journal = "IEEE Communications Magazine",
    year = 1986,
    month = "January",
    volume = 24,
    number = 1,
    page = "34--38"}



@article{Sloman85,
    key = "Sloman and Andriopoulos 85",
    author = "M. S. Sloman and X. Andriopoulos",
    title = "A Routing Algorithm for Interconnected Local Area Networks",
    journal = "Computer Networks and ISDN Systems",
    year = 1985,
    volume = 9,
    pages = "109--130"}



@article{Perlman85,
    key = "Perlman 85",
    author = "Radia Perlman",
    title = "Hierarchical Networks and the Subnetwork Partition Problem",
    year = 1985,
    journal = "Computer Networks and ISDN Systems",
    volume = 9,
    pages = "297--303"}

@article{Perlman83,
    key = "Perlman 83",
    author = "Radia Perlman",
    title = "{Fault-Tolerant} Broadcast of Routing Information",
    journal = "Computer Networks",
    month = "December",
    year = 1983}


@article{Topkis88,
    key = "Topkis 88",
    author = "Donald M Topkis",
    title = "A {\em k} Shortest Path Algorithm for Adaptive
        Routing in Communications Networks",
    journal = "IEEE Transactions on Communications",
    volume = 36,
    number = 7,
    year = 1988,
    month = "July",
    pages = "855--859"}



@article{Chan87,
    key = "Chan and Yum 87",
    author = "Cheung-Wing Chan and Tak-Shing P Yum",
    title = "An Algorithm for Detecting and Resolving
        Store-and-Forward Deadlocks in Packet Switched Networks",
    journal = "IEEE Transactions on Communications",
    volume = 35,
    number = 8,
    year = 1987,
    month = "August"}



@misc{ISIS87,
    key = "ISIS 1987",
    title = "{Accredited Standards Committee X3S3.3---Information
        Processing Systems---Data
        Communications---Intermediate System to Intermediate
System
        Intra-Domain Routing Exchange Protocol}",
    month = "November",
    year = "1987",
    note = "X3S3.3/87-150R"}



@misc{Framework,
    key = "Framework 1988",
    title = "{Proposed Draft Technical Report---OSI Routing Framework}",
    month = "November",
    year = "1988",
    note = "ISO TC97/SC6/N4616"}




@article{Shoch78,
    key = "Schoch 78",
    author = "John F Shoch",
    title = "Inter-Network Naming, Addressing, and Routing",
    journal = "Proceedings of the 17th IEEE Computer Society
    International Conference",
    pages = "72--79",
    month = "September",
    year = "1978",
    abstract = "Contains an excellent information description
of names, addresses, and routes.  The name is what we seek, the
address is where it is, and the route is how to get there."}



@article{Robertazzi86,
    key = "Tobertazzi and Sarashik 86",
    author = "T. G. Robertazzi and P. E. Sarachik",
    title = "Self-Organizing Communication Networks",
    journal = "IEEE Communications Magazine",
    year = 1986,
    volume = 24,
    number = 1,
    pages = "28--33",
    month = "January"}



@article{Narasimhan88,
    key = "Narasimhan 88",
    author = "Sridhar Narasimhan and Hasan Pirkul and Prabuddha De",
    title = "Route Selection in Backbone Data Communication Networks",
    journal = "Computer Networks and ISDN Systems",
    volume = 15,
    pages = "121--133",
    year = 1988}



@inproceedings{Hammond87,
    key = "Hammond and Spragins 87",
    author = "J. L. Hammond and J. D. Spragins",
    title = "Rapidly Reconfiguring Computer Communication
        Networks---Definition and Major Issues",
    year = 1987,
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the IEEE International
        Conference on Communications"}



@inproceedings{Garcia87,
    key = "Garcia--Luna--Aceves 87",
    author = "J. Joaquin Garcia--Luna--Aceves",
    title = "A New Minimum-Hop Routing Algorithm",
    year = 1987,
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the IEEE International
        Conference on Communications"}



@book{Tanenbaum88,
    key = "Tanenbaum 88",
    author = "Andrew S Tanenbaum",
    title = "Computer Networks",
    publisher = "Prentice Hall",
    year = 1988,
    edition = "second",
    address = "Englewood Cliffs, NJ",
    LC = "TK5105.5 T36 1988"}



@article{Peterson88,
    author = "Larry L Peterson",
    title = "The {Profile} Naming Service",
    journal = "ACM Transactions on Computer Systems",
    pages = "341--364",
    month = "November",
    year = 1988,
    volume = 6,
    number = 4}



@misc{Oran88,
    key = "Oran88",
    note = "Personal conversation with David Oran, November, 1988."}


@inproceedings{Garcia88b,
    author = "H. Garcia-Molina and B. Kogan and N. Lynch",
    title = "Reliable Broadcast in Networks with Nonprogrammable
Servers",
    pages = "428--438",
    booktitle = "Proc. 8th Intl. Conf. on Distributed Computing Systems",
    month = "June",
    year = "1988",
    abstract = "The problem of implementing reliable broadcast in ARPA-
like
computer networks is studied.  The environment is characterized by the
absence
of any multicast facility on the communications subnetwork level.  Thus,
broadcast protocol has to be implemented directly on hosts. A reliable
broadcast protocol is presented and evaluated by several important
performance criteria."}

@inproceedings{Jain88,
    Title = "Specification and Verification of Collision-Free Broadcast
            Networks ",
    author = "P. Jain and S.S. Lam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings ACM SIGCOMM '88",
    month = "August",
    organization = "ACM SIGCOMM",
    year = "1988",
    pages = "282--291"}


@article{Kleinrock77,
    title = "Hierarchical Routing for Large Networks: Performance
            Evaluation and Optimization",
    author = "L. Kleinrock and F. Kamoun",
    journal = "Computer Networks",
    volume = 1,
    year = 1977,
    page = "155--174"}

@article{McQuillan80,
    title = "The New Routing Algorithm for the {ARPANET}",
    author = "J. McQuillan",
    journal = "IEEE Transactions on Communications",
    month = "May",
    year = 1980}

@techreport{Callon87,
    title = "A Comparison of ``{Link State}''
        and ``{Distance Vector}'' Routing Algorithms",
    month = "November",
    year = "1987",
    author = "Ross Callon",
    institution = "SRI-NIC",
    number = "IDEA 0002-00"}

@techreport{Xerox89,
    title = "Analyst: {An} Integrated Hypermedia System",
    month = "May",
    year = "1989",
    author = "{Xerox Corporation}",
    institution = "Xerox Special Information Systems Visa Laboratory",
    address = "250 North Halstead, Pasadena, CA"}

@article{Faloutsos87,
    title = "Optimal Signature Extraction and Information Loss",
    month = "September", year = 1987,
    volume = 12, number = 3, pages = "395--428",
    journal = "ACM Transactions on Database Systems",
    author = "Christos Faloutsos and Stavros Christodoulakis"}

@inproceedings{Kent88,
    title = "A Superimposed Coding Scheme Based on Multiple Block
        Descriptor Files for Indexing Very Large Databases",
    author = "A Kent and R Sacks-Davis and K Ramamohanarao",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference
        on Very Large Data Bases",
    editor = "Francois Bancilhon and David J DeWitt",
    publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann Publishers",
    month = "September", year = 1988, pages = "351--359"}

@article{Wong87,
    author = "S K M Wong and W Ziarko and V V Raghavan and P C N Wong",
    title = "On Modeling of Information Retrieval Concepts in Vector
        Spaces",
    journal = "ACM Transactions on Database Systems",
    volume = 12, number = 2, month = "June", year = 1987,
    pages = "299--321"}

INFORMATION CENTERS
-------------------

@ARTICLE{BVW85,
    author = "Brancheau, J.C. and Vogel, D. and Wetherbe, J.C.",
    title = "An Investigation of the Information Center from the User's
        Perspective",
    journal = "Data Base",
    month = "Fall",
    year = 1985,
    pages = "4-17"}

@ARTICLE{HVKN88,
    author = "Heltne, M. and Vinze, A.S. and Konsynski, B.R. and
        Nunamaker, J.F.",
    title = "ICE: Information Center Expert A Consultation System for
        Resource Allocation",
    journal = "Database",
    month = "Summer",
    year = 1988,
    pages = "1-16"}

@ARTICLE{NKCVCH88,
    author = "Nunamaker, J.F. and Konsynski, B.R. and Chen, M. and
        Vinze, A. and Chen, Y.I.L. and Heltne M.",
    title = "Knowledge-Based Systems Support for Information Centers",
    journal = "Journal of Management Information Systems",
    volume = 5,
    number = 1,
    month = "Summer",
    year = 1988,
    pages = "6-24"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{RNLCH89,
    author = "Ram, S. and Nunamaker, J. and Liou, I. and Carlson, D.
        and Hayne, S.",
    title = "Using Group Decision Support Systems for Knowledge
        Acquisition: An Information Center Application",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on
        Decision Support Systems",
    month = "June",
    year = 1989,
    pages = "87-102"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{RHC89,
    author = "Ram, S. and Hayne, S. and Carlson, D.",
    title = "An Expert System for Information Centers",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on
        Information Systems",
    month = "December",
    year = 1989}

@PHDTHESIS{Vinze88,
    author = "Vinze, A.",
    title = "Knowledge based Support for Software Selection in
         Information Centers: Design Criteria, Development Issues,
        and Empirical Evaluation",
    school = "Department of MIS, University of Arizona",
    address = "Tucson, AZ",
    year = 1988}


SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
--------------------

@ARTICLE{Boehm76,
    author = "Boehm, B.W.",
    title = "Software Engineering",
    journal = "IEEE Transactions on Computers",
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@ARTICLE{BGS84,
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    journal = "IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering",
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    year = 1984,
    pages = "473-484"}

@ARTICLE{GA87,
    author = "Goodman, G.O. and Abel, M.J.",
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    journal = "Office: Technology and People",
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    year = 1987,
    pages = "129-145"}

@BOOK{Jackson83,
    author = "Jackson, M.",
    title = "System Development",
    publisher = "Prentice Hall International",
    address = "Reading",
    year = 1983}

@BOOK{Lantz84,
    author = "Kenneth E. Lantz",
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    publisher = "Prentice Hall, New York, NY",
    year = 1984}

@ARTICLE{Langefors63,
    author = "Langefors, B.",
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    journal = "BIT",
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    pages = "229-254"}

@ARTICLE{Langefors77,
    author = "Langefors, B.",
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    volume = 2,
    year = 1977,
    pages = "207-219"}

@UNPUBLISHED{IBMBSP,
    author = "IBM",
    title = "Business System Planning: Information Sysem Planning
        Guide",
    note = "Publication Number GE20-057-1",
    year = 1975}

@UNPUBLISHED{IBMESE,
    author = "IBM",
    title = "Expert System Development/Consultation Environment/VM",
    note = "Reference Manual, Program Number 5798-RWQ",
    year = 1988}

@UNPUBLISHED{IBMPROFS,
    author = "IBM",
    title = "Professional Office System",
    note = "Reference Manual, Program Number 5848-439",
    year = 1986}

@UNPUBLISHED{IBMSQL,
    author = "IBM",
    title = "SQL/DS Database Management System",
    note = "Reference Manual, Program Number 5998-RXQ",
    year = 1988}

@ARTICLE{Peterson77,
    author = "Peterson, J.",
    title = "Petri Nets",
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    volume = 9,
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    month = "September",
    year = 1977,
    pages = ""}

@ARTICLE{WMTDCP87,
    author = "Whitescarver, J. and Mukherji, P. and Turoff, M. and
        Deblock, R. and Czech, R.M. and Paul, B.K.",
    title = "A Network Environment for Computer-Supported Collaborative
        Work",
    journal = "Computer Communications Review",
    volume = 17,
    number = 5,
    year = 1987,
    pages = "260-272"}




GROUP DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS
------------------------------

@UNPUBLISHED{AJB87,
    author = "Anson, R. and Jelassi, M.T. and Bostrom, R.",
     title = "Negotiation Support Systems:Computer Support of the Mediated
        Conflict Resolution",
    note = "Institute for Research on the Management of Information
        Systems Working Papers W712, Indiana University",
    year = 1987}

@PHDTHESIS{Applegate86,
    author = "Applegate, L.",
    title = "Idea Management in Organization Planning",
    note = "Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation",
    school = "University of Arizona",
    year = 1986}

@INPROCEEDINGS{AKN86,
    author = " Applegate, L.M. and Konsynski, B.R. and Nunamaker, J.F.",
    title = "A Group Decision Support System for Idea Generation and
        Issue Analysis in Organizational Planning",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-Supported
        Cooperative Work",
    year = 1986,
    pages = "16-34"}

@ARTICLE{BDT86,
    author = "Benbasat, I. and Dexter, A.S. and Todd, P.",
    title = "An Experimental Program Investigating Color-Enhanced and
    Graphical Information Presentation: An Integration of the Findings",
    journal = "Communications of the ACM",
    volume = 29,
    number = 11,
    month = "November",
    year = 1986,
    pages = "1094"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{BJ84,
    author = "Bui, T. and Jarke, M. ",
    title = " A DSS for Cooperative Multiple Criterion Group Decision
        Making",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Annual ICIS Conference",
    year = 1984,
    pages = "101-113"}

@ARTICLE{BJ86,
    author = "Bui, T. and Jarke, M. ",
    title = "Communication Requirements for Group Decision Support
        Systems",
    journal = "Journal of Management Information Systems",
    month = "Spring",
    year = 1986,
    pages = ""}

@ARTICLE{CB88,
    author = "Conklin J. and Begeman M.L.",
    title = "gIBIS: A Hypertext Tool for Exploratory Policy Discussion",
    journal = "ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems",
    moth = "October",
    year = 1988,
    pages = "140-152"}

@ARTICLE{CJV90,
    author = "Connolly, T. and Jessup, L.M. and Valacich, J.S.",
    title = "Effects of Anonymity and Evaluative Tone on Idea
        Generation in Computer-Mediated Groups",
    journal = "Management Science (forthcoming)",
    year = 1990}

@ARTICLE{DL86,
    author = "Daft, R.L. and Lengel, R.H.",
    title = "Organizational Information Requirements, Media
        Richness and Structural Design",
    journal = "Management Science",
    volume = 32,
    number = 5,
    month = "May",
    year = 1986,
    pages = "554-571"}

@ARTICLE{Data,
    key = "Data",
    journal = "Datamation",
    author = " ",
    title = "Hardware: Offline",
    Volume = 32,
    Number = 10,
    month = "May 15",
    year = 1986,
    pages = "109"}

@ARTICLE{DGJNV88,
    author = " Dennis, A.R. and George, J.F. and Jessup, L. and
        Nunamaker, J.F. and Vogel, D.",
    title = "Information Technology to Support Electronic Meetings",
    journal = "MIS Quarterly",
    volume = 12,
    number = 4,
    year = 1988,
    pages = "591-694"}

@UNPUBLISHED{DGN88,
    author = " Dennis, A.R. and George, J.F. and Nunamaker, J.F. ",
    title = "Group Decision Support Systems: The Story Thus Far",
    note = "Working Paper Series, University of Arizona",
    year = 1988}

@ARTICLE{DHNV90,
    author = "Dennis, A.R. and Heminger, A.R. and Nunamaker, J.F. and
        Vogel, D.",
    title = "Bringing Automated Support to Large Groups: The
        {Burr-Brown} Experience",
    journal = "Information and Management",
    year = 1990,
    note = "Forthcoming",
    pages = ""}

@ARTICLE{DVN90,
    author = "Dennis, A.R. and Valacich, J.S. and Nunamaker, J.F.",
    title = "An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Group
        Size in an Electronic Meeting Environment",
    journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics",
    year = 1990,
    note = "forthcoming"}

@UNPUBLISHED{DD87,
    author = "DeSanctis, G. and Dickson, G.W.",
    title = "{GDSS} Software: A `Shell' System in Support of a
        Program of Research",
    note = "submitted to the Twentieth Annual Hawaii International
        Conference on System Sciences",
    year = 1987}

@ARTICLE{DG87,
    author = "DeSanctis, G. and Gallupe, B.R. ",
    title = "A Foundation for the Study of Group Decision Support
        Systems",
    journal = "Management Science",
    Volume = 33,
    Number = 5,
    month = "May ",
    year = 1987,
    pages = "589-609"}

@ARTICLE{DG85,
    author = "DeSanctis, G. and Gallupe, B.R. ",
    title = "Group Decision Support Systems: A New Frontier",
    journal = "Data Base",
    month = "Winter ",
    year = 1985,
    pages = "3-10"}

@ARTICLE{DS87,
    author = "Diehl, M. and Strobe, W.",
    title = "Productivity Loss in Brainstorming Groups: Toward the
        Solution of a Riddle",
    journal = "Journal of Personal and Social Psychology",
    volume = 53,
    number = 3,
    year = 1987,
    pages = "497-509"}

@UNPUBLISHED{EGNP89,
    author = "Easton, G. and George, J.F. and Nunamaker, J.F. and
        Pendergast, M.O." ,
    title = "Using Two Different Electronic Meeting System Tools for
        the Same Task: An Experimental Comparison",
    note = "Working Paper, University of Arizona, MIS Dept.",
    year = 1989}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Ennis86,
    author = "Ennis, G.",
    title = "{PC} Network Service for Distributed System Design",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the IEEE CompCon",
    month = "Spring",
    year = 1986,
    pages = "155-160"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gray81,
    author = "Gray, P.",
    title = "The SMU Decision Room Project",
    booktitle = "Transactions of the First International Conference on
    Decision Support Systems",
    month = "June",
    year = 1981,
    pages = "122-129"}

@BOOK{Gray86,
    author = "Gray, P.",
    title = "Group Decision Support Systems",
    booktitle = "Decision Support Systems: A Decade in Perspective",
    publisher = "E. R. McLean, H. G. Sol (editors),
        Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.: North Holland",
    year = 1986}

@UNPUBLISHED{GDD87,
    author = "Gallupe, B.R. and DeSanctis, G. and Dickson, G.W. ",
    title = "The Impact of Computer-Based Support on the Process and
        Outcomes of Group Decision Making",
    note = "Working Paper Series, University of Minnesota",
    year = 1987}

@UNPUBLISHED{GGN88,
    author = "George, J.F. and Gridley, K. and Nunamaker, J.F." ,
    title = "Individual versus Group Task Performance in a Group
        Decision Support System Environment:Report on a Pilot
        Study",
    note = "submitted to the 21st Annual Hawaii International Conference
        on System Sciences",
    year = 1988}

@ARTICLE{GR86,
    author = "Guimaraes, T. and Ramanujam, V.",
    title = "Personal Computing Trends and Problems: An Empirical
        Study",
    journal = "MIS Quarterly",
    volume = 10,
    number = 2,
    year = 1986,
    pages = "179-185"}

@ARTICLE{HJT86,
    author = "Hiltz, S.R. and Johnson, K. and Turoff, M." ,
    title = "Experiments in Group Decision Making: Communication
        Process and Outcome in Face-to-Face Versus Computerized
        Conferences",
    journal = "Human Communication Research",
    Volume = 13,
    Number = 2,
    month = " Winter",
    year = 1986,
    pages = "225-252"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Huber82,
    author = "Huber, G.P.",
    title = "Group Decision Support Systems as Aids in the Use of
        Structured Group Management Techniques",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Decision Support System 1982
        Conference",
    year = 1982,
    pages = "96-108"}

@ARTICLE{Huber84,
    author = "Huber, G.P.",
    title = "Issues in the Design of Group Decision Support Systems",
    journal = "MIS Quarterly",
    month = "September",
    year = 1984,
    pages = "195-204"}

@ARTICLE{Isenburg84,
    author = "Isenberg, D.",
    title = "How Senior Managers Think",
    journal = "Harvard Business Review",
    month = "November",
    year = 1984,
    pages = "80-91"}

@ARTICLE{JRH88,
    author = "Jarvenpaa, S.L. and Rao, V.S. and Huber, G.P.",
    title = "Computer Support for Meetings of Groups Working on
        Unstructured Problems: A Field Experiment",
    journal = "MIS Quarterly",
    volume = 12,
    number = 4,
    month = "December",
    year = 1988,
    pages = "645-666"}

@UNPUBLISHED{Jessup87,
    author = "Jessup, L.M.",
    title = "Group Decision Support Systems: A Need for Behavioral
        Research",
    note = "presented to the R and D / Technology /Innovation Interest
        Group of The Academy of Management",
    year = 1987}

@ARTICLE{KH81,
    author = "Kahneman, D. and Henik, A.",
    title = "Perceptual organization and attention",
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    year = 1981,
    pages = "181-211"}

@ARTICLE{KK83,
    author = "Kotteman, J. and Konsynski, B.",
    title = "Information Systems Planning and Development: Strategic
        Postures and Methodologies",
    journal = "Journal of Management Information Systems",
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    year = 1983,
    pages = "195"}

@ARTICLE{KD82,
    author = "Konsynski, B. and Dolk, D.",
    title = "Knowledge Abstractions in Model Management",
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    year = 1982}

@ARTICLE{KKNS84,
    author = "Konsynski, B. and Kotteman, J. and Nunamaker, J.
        and Stott, J.",
    title = "Plexsys-84: An Integrated Development Environment for
        Information Systems",
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    volume = 1,
    number = 3,
    year = 1984}

@INPROCEEDINGS{KK86,
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        Decision Making: Status of Use and Problems in Development",
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    year = 1986,
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@UNPUBLISHED{Kraut86,
    author = "Kraut, R. and Galegher, J. and Egido, C.",
    title = "Relationships and Tasks in Scientific Research
        Collaborations",
    note = "presented to the MCC Conference on Computer-Supported
        Cooperative Work",
    month = "December",
    year = 1986}

@ARTICLE{LT73,
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@ARTICLE{Lewis87,
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    year = 1987,
     pages = "211-219"}

@ARTICLE{LV78,
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@ARTICLE{LS55,
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@BOOK{McGrath84,
    author = "McGrath, J.E.",
    title = "Groups: Interaction and Performance",
    publisher = "Prentice-Hall",
    address = "Englewood Cliffs, NJ",
    year = 1984}

@PHDTHESIS{Martz88,
    author = "Martz, B.",
    title = "Information Systems Infrastructure for Manufacturing
        Planning Systems",
    school = "University of Arizona",
    year = 1988}

@UNPUBLISHED{MNV87,
    author = "Martz, B. and Nunamaker, J.F. and Vogel, D.R.",
    title = "Group Decision Support Systems: An Engineering Management
        Perspective",
    note = "submitted to IEEE Transactions of Engineering",
    year = 1987}

@ARTICLE{MKN87,
    author = "McIntyre, S. and Konsynski, B. and Nunamaker, J.",
    title = "Automated Planning Environments: Knowledge Integration
        and Model Scripting",
    journal = "Journal of Management Information Systems",
    year = 1987}

@ARTICLE{NAK87,
    author = "Nunamaker, J.F. and Applegate, L.M. and Konsynski, B.R.",
    title = "Facilitating Group Creativity: Experience with a Group
        Decision Support System",
    journal = " Journal of Management Information Systems",
    Volume = 3,
    Number = 4,
    month = "Spring",
    year = 1987,
    pages = "5-19"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{NC90,
    author = "Nunamaker, J.F. and Chen, M.",
    title = "Systems Development in Information Systems Research",
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    year = 1990,
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@UNPUBLISHED{NVGD88,
    author = "Nunamaker, J. and Vogel, D. and George, J. and Dennis, A.",
    title = "Group Decision Support Systems: Evolution and Status",
    note = "IFIPS Working Group 8.3 Conference on Organizational Decision
        Support Systems",
    month = "June",
    year = 1988}

@ARTICLE{Olson87,
    author = "Olson, M.H.",
    title = "Computer Supported Cooperative Work",
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    volume = 3,
    number = 2,
     year = 1987,
    pages = "77-81"}

@PHDTHESIS{Pendergast89,
    author = "Pendergast, M.",
    title = "Interprogram Communication for PC/LAN-Based Collaborative
        Applications - PLEXNET: A Session Level Communications
        System",
    note = "Unpublished Dissertation",
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    year = 1989}

@ARTICLE{Pounds69,
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@BOOK{RD88,
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@ARTICLE{RF83,
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    year = 1983,
    pages = "776-84"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gray81,
    author = "Gray, P.",
    title = "The SMU Decision Room Project",
    booktitle = "Transactions of the First International Conference on
    Decision Support Systems",
    month = "June",
    year = 1981,
    pages = "122-129"}

@ARTICLE{SG85,
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@ARTICLE{SDKM86,
    author = "Siegal, J. and Dubrovsky, V. and Kiesler, S. and McGuire, T.",
    title ="Group Processes in Computer Mediated Communication",
    journal = "Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process",
    Volume = 37,
    year = 1986,
    pages = "157-187"}

@ARTICLE{Slater58,
    author = "Slater, P.E.",
    title ="Contrasting Correlates of Group Size",
    journal = "Sociometry",
    Volume = 1,
    year = 1958,
    pages = "129-139"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Smith84,
    author = "Smith, D.C.",
    title = "Exchanging Data Between Personal Computer Programs",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the IEEE CompCon",
    month = "Spring",
    year = 1984,
    pages = "94-98"}

@PHDTHESIS{Smith90,
    author = "Smith, C.A.P.",
    title = "Decision Making Under Time Pressure: The Effects of Time
        Pressure on Information Search Strategy, Decision Strategy,
        Consistency, and Outcome Quality",
    note = "Unpublished Dissertation",
    school = "University of Arizona",
    year = 1990}

@ARTICLE{SB85,
    author = "Stefik, M. and Bobrow, D.G.",
    title = "Object-Oriented Programming: Themes and Variations",
    journal = "AI Magazine",
    month = "Winter",
    volume = 6,
    number = 4,
    year = 1985,
    pages = "40-62"}

@ARTICLE{SFBKLS87,
    author = "Stefik, M. and Foster, G. and Bobrow, D.G. and Kahn, K. and
             Lanning, S. and Suchman, L.",
    title = "Beyond the Chalkboard: Computer Support for Collaboration
        and Problem Solving in Meetings",
    journal = "Communications of the ACM",
    month = "January",
    year = 1987,
    pages = "32-48"}

@ARTICLE{Summers87,
    author = "Summers, R.C.",
    title = "A Resource Sharing System for Personal Computers in a {LAN}:
        Concepts, Design and Experience",
    journal = "IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering",
    volume = 13,
    number = 8,
    year = 1987,
    pages = "895-904"}

@ARTICLE{TH82,
    author = "Turoff, M. and Hiltz, S.R.",
    title = "Computer Support for Group Versus Individual Decisions",
    journal = "IEEE Transactions on Communications",
    Volume = "Com-30",
    Number = 1,
    month = "January",
    year = 1982,
     pages = "82-91"}

@ARTICLE{TK81,
    author = "Tversky, A. and Kahneman, D.",
    title = "The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice",
    journal = "Science",
    volume = 211,
    month = "January",
    year = 1981,
    pages = "458-458"}

@PHDTHESIS{Valacich89,
    author = "Valacich, J.S.",
    title = "Group Size and Proximity Effects on Computer-Mediated Idea
        Generation: A Laboratory Investigation",
    note = "Unpublished Dissertation",
    school = "University of Arizona",
    year = 1989}

@UNPUBLISHED{VDGN90,
    author = "Valacich, J.S. and Dennis, A.R. and George, J.
        and Nunamaker, J.F.",
    title = "Electronic Support for Group Idea-Generation: Shifting the
        Balance of Process Gains and Losses",
    note = "Working Paper, University of Arizona",
    year = 1990}

@UNPUBLISHED{VGNV90,
    author = "Valacich, J.S. and George, J. and Nunamaker, J.F. and
        Vogel, D.",
    title = "Group Size and Proximity Effects on Computer-Mediated Idea
        Generation",
    note = "Working Paper, University of Arizona",
    year = 1990}

@UNPUBLISHED{VDN89,
    author = "Valacich, J.S. and Dennis, A.R. and Nunamaker, J.F.",
    title = "Productivity Gains for Brainstorming Groups: The Effects
        of Computer-Mediation",
    note = "Working Paper, University of Arizona",
    year = 1989}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Vogel88,
    author = "Vogel, D.",
    title = "The Impact of Messy Data on Group Decision Making",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 21st Annual Hawaii International
         Conference on System Sciences",
    month = "January",
    year = 1988}

@UNPUBLISHED{VJ88,
    author = "Vogel, D. and Jessup, L.",
    title = "Group Decision Support System Evaluation: Operational
         Experience",
    note = "U. of Arizona Working Paper",
    year = 1988}

@ARTICLE{VNMGM89,
    author = "Vogel, D. and Nunamaker, J.F. and Martz, W.B. and
        Grohowski, R. and McGoff, C.",
    title = "Electronic Meeting System Experience at {IBM}",
    journal = "Journal of Management",
    month = "Winter",
    year = 1989,
    pages = ""}

@INPROCEEDINGS{VNAK87,
    author = "Vogel, D.R. and Nunamaker, J.F. and Applegate, L.M.
        and Konsynski, B.R.",
    title = "Group Decision Support Systems: Determinants of Success",
    booktitle = "Conference on Decision Support Sciences",
    year = 1987}

@ARTICLE{VN88a,
    author = "Vogel, D.R. and Nunamaker, J.F. ",
    title = "Health Service Group Use of Automated Planning Support",
    journal = "Administrative Radiology",
    month = "September",
    year = 1988}

@UNPUBLISHED{VN88b,
    author = "Vogel, D.R. and Nunamaker, J.F. ",
    title = "Group Decision Support System Impact: Multi-Methodological
        Exploration",
    note = "submitted to Information and Management",
    year = 1988}

@UNPUBLISHED{WN88,
    author = "Wagner, G. and Nagasundaram, M.",
    title = "Meeting Process Augmentation: The Real Substance of {GDSS}",
    note = "IFIPS Working Group 8.3 Conference on Organizational Decision
         Support Systems",
    month = "June",
    year = 1988}

@PHDTHESIS{Watson87,
    author = "Watson, R.",
    title = "The Impact of a Computer System on Individual Behavior and
        Collective Decision Making in a Group Meeting",
    note = "Unpublished Dissertation",
    school = "University of Minnesota",
    year = 1987}

@ARTICLE{Weaver87,
    author = "Weaver, A.C.",
    title = "A Real-Time Messaging System for Token Ring Networks",
    journal = "Software-Practice and Experience",
    volume = 17,
    number = 12,
    year = 1987,
    pages = "885-897"}

@PHDTHESIS{Zigurs87,
    author = " Zigurs, I.",
    title = "The Impact of Task Difficulty on the Use of a Group Decision
        Support System",
    note = "Unpublished Dissertation",
    school = "University of Minnesota",
    year = 1987}

@UNPUBLISHED{ZC87,
    author = "Zigurs, I. and Carlson, C.L.",
    title = "Interaction Analysis in {GDSS} Research: Description of an
        Experience and Some Recommendations",
    note = "Working Paper Series MISRC-WP-88-04, University of Minnesota",
    year = 1987}



EXPERIMENTAL ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL CHOICE
----------------------------------------

@UNPUBLISHED{Andreoni86,
    author = "Andreoni, J.",
    title = "Why Free Ride? Strategies and Learning in Public Goods
        Experiments",
    note = "Mimeo, University of Wisconsin",
    year = 1986}

@INCOLLECTION{CS63,
    author = "Campbell, D.T. and Stanley, J.C.",
    title = "Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research",
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    year = 1963}

@ARTICLE{CS86,
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     pages = "468-484"}

@INCOLLECTION{CI86,
    author = "Cox, J.C. and Isaac, R.M.",
    title = "Incentive Regulation: A Case Study in the Use of
        Laboratory Experimental Analysis in Economics",
    booktitle = "Laboratory Market Research",
    editor = "S. Moriarty",
    publisher = "Center for Economic and Management Research,
        University of Oklahoma",
    address = "Norman, Oklahoma",
    year = 1986}

@INCOLLECTION{CRS82,
    author = "Cox, J.C. and Roberson, B. and Smith, V.L.",
    title = "Theory and Behavior of Single Object Auctions",
    booktitle = " Research In Experimental Economics",
    editor = " V.L. Smith",
    Volume = 2,
    publisher = "JAI Press",
     address = " Greenwich, New York",
    year = 1982}

@ARTICLE{CSW83,
    author = "Cox, J.C. and Smith, V.L. and Walker, J.M.",
    title = "A Test that Discriminates Between Two Models of the
        Dutch-First Auction Nonisomorphism",
    journal = "Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization",
    Volume = 4,
    year = 1983,
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@UNPUBLISHED{DF85,
    author = "Daughtey, A. and Forsythe, R.",
    title = "Regulatory Induced Industrial Organization: A Laboratory
        Investigation",
    note = "Business Administration Working Paper \#85-31, University of
        Iowa College",
    year = 1985}

@UNPUBLISHED{Dorsey88,
    author = "Dorsey, R.",
    title = "The Voluntary Contribution Mechanism with Real Time
        Revisions",
    note = "Economics Working Discussion Paper \#88-18, University of
        Arizona",
    year = 1988}

@ARTICLE{FP78,
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    title = "Committee Decisions Under Majority Rule: An Experimental
        Study",
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    Volume = 72,
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    year = 1978,
    pages = "575-598"}

@ARTICLE{Friedman69,
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@BOOK{Friedman77,
    author = "Friedman, J.W.",
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    publisher = "Amsterdam",
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    year = 1977}

@UNPUBLISHED{Grether81,
    author = "Grether, D.M.",
    title = "Financial Incentives and Individual Decision Making",
    note = "Social Science Working Paper 401, California Institute
        of Technology",
    year = 1981}

@ARTICLE{HP83,
    author = "Hoffman, E. and Plott, C.R.",
    title = "Pre-Meeting Discussions and the Possibility of
        Coalition-Breaking Procedures in Majority Rule Committees",
    journal = "Public Choice",
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    year = 1983,
     pages = "21-39"}

@ARTICLE{HP82,
    author = "Hong, J.T. and Plott, C.R.",
    title = "Rate Filing Policies for Inland Water Transportation",
    journal = "Bell Journal",
    Volume = 13,
    month = "Spring",
    year = 1982,
     pages = "1-19"}

@ARTICLE{IP81,
    author = "Isaac, R.M. and Plott, C.R.",
    title = "Price Controls and the Behavior of Auction Markets: An
        Experimental Examination",
    journal = "American Economic Review",
    Volume = 71,
    year = 1981,
    pages = "448-459"}

@ARTICLE{IMP80,
    author = "Isaac, R.M. and McCue, K. and Plott, C.R.",
    title = "The Opportunity for Conspiracy in Restraint of Trade",
    journal = "Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization",
    month = "March",
    year = 1980,
    pages = "1-30"}

@ARTICLE{IRW84,
    author = "Isaac, R.M. and Ramey, R. and Williams A.W.",
    title = "The Effects of Market Organization of Conspiracies in
        Restraint of Trade",
    journal = "Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization",
    month = "June",
    year = 1984,
    pages = "113-49"}

@ARTICLE{IW84,
    author = "Isaac, R.M. and Walker, J.M.",
    title = "Divergent Evidence of Free-Riding: An Experimental
        Examination of Some Possible Explanations",
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@ARTICLE{IW85,
    author = "Isaac, R.M. and Walker, J.M.",
    title = "Information and Conspiracy in Sealed Bid Auctions",
    journal = "Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization",
    volume = 6,
    year = 1985,
    pages = "139-159"}

@UNPUBLISHED{IW87,
    author = "Isaac, R.M. and Walker, J.M.",
    title = "Success and Failure of the Voluntary Contributions Process:
         Some Evidence from Experimental Economics",
    note = "Presented at the Liberty Fund Seminar on the Ethics and
        Economics of Charity",
    year = 1987}

@ARTICLE{IW88a,
    author = "Isaac, R.M. and Walker, J.M.",
    title = "Communication and Free Riding Behavior: The Voluntary
        Contribution Mechanism",
    journal = "Economic Inquiry",
    volume = 26,
    month = "October",
    year = 1988,
    pages = "1-24"}

@ARTICLE{IW88b,
    author = "Isaac, R.M. and Walker, J.M.",
    title = "Group Size Effects in Public Goods Provision: The Voluntary
        Contribution Mechanism",
    journal = "Quarterly Journal of Economics",
    note = "forthcoming",
    year = 1988}

@ARTICLE{JR74,
     author = "Jerdee, T.H. and Rosen, B.",
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        Individual Decisions of Behavior in the Common Interest",
    journal = "Journal of Applied Psychology",
    Volume = 59,
    year = 1974,
     pages = "712-716"}

@ARTICLE{KL86,
    author = "Kagel, J.H. and Levine, D.",
    title = "The Winners Curse and Public Information in Common Value
        Auctions",
    journal = "American Economic Review",
    Volume = 76,
    Number = 3,
    year = 1986}

@ARTICLE{KW84,
    author = "Kim, O. and Walker, M.",
    title = "The Free Rider Problem: Experimental Evidence",
    journal = "Public Choice",
    volume = 43,
    number = 1,
    year = 1984,
    pages = "3-24"}

@ARTICLE{KW82,
    author = "Kreps, D.M. and Wilson, R.",
    title = "Reputation and Imperfect Information",
    journal = "Journal of Economic Theory",
    month = "August",
    year = 1982,
    pages = "305-15"}

@ARTICLE{Loomis59,
    author = "Loomis, J.",
    title = "Communication: The Development of Trust and Cooperative
        Behavior",
    journal = "Human Relations",
    volume = 12,
    year = 1959,
    pages = "305-315"}

@ARTICLE{MA79,
    author = "Marwell, G. and Ames, R.E.",
    title = "Experiments on the Provision of Public Goods I: Resources,
        Interest, Group Size, and the Free Rider Problem",
    journal = "American Journal of Sociology",
    volume = 84,
    year = 1979,
    pages = "1335-1336"}

@ARTICLE{MA80,
    author = "Marwell, G. and Ames, R.E.",
    title = "Experiments on the Provision of Public Goods II: Provision
        Points, Stakes, Experience and the Free Rider Problem",
    journal = "American Journal of Sociology",
    volume = 85,
    year = 1980,
    pages = "926-937"}

@UNPUBLISHED{McKO87,
    author = "McKelvey, R.D. and Ordshook, P.M. ",
    title = "A Decade of Experimental Research on Spatial Models of
        Elections and Committees",
    note = "Social Sciences Working Paper 657,
        California Institute of Technology",
    month = " October",
    year = 1987}

@ARTICLE{McKOW78,
    author = "McKelvey, R.D. and Ordeshook, P.C. and Winer, M.",
    title = "The Competitive Solution for N-Person Games Without
        Transferable Utility, with an Application to Committee Games",
    journal = "American Political Science Review",
    Volume = 72,
    month = "March",
    year = 1978,
    pages = "599-615"}

@ARTICLE{Plott82,
    author = "Plott, C.R.",
    title = "Industrial Organization Theory and Experimental Economics",
    journal = "Journal of Economic Literature",
    Volume = 20,
    month = "December",
    year = 1982,
    pages = "1485-1527"}

@ARTICLE{PL78,
    author = "Plott, C.R. and Levine, M.E.",
    title = "A Model of Agenda Influence on Committee Decisions",
    journal = "American Economic Review",
    Volume = 68,
    month = "March ",
    year = 1978,
    pages = "146-160"}


@ARTICLE{Smith62,
    author = "Smith, V.L.",
    title = "An Experimental Study of Competitive Market Behavior",
    journal = "Journal of Political Economy",
    Volume = 72,
    month = "December",
    year = 1962,
    pages = "111-137"}

@ARTICLE{Smith80,
    author = "Smith, V.L.",
    title = "Experiments with a Decentralized Mechanism for Public Good
        Decisions",
    journal = "American Economic Review",
    Volume = 70,
    month = "September",
    year = 1980,
    pages = "584-599"}

@ARTICLE{Smith82,
    author = "Smith, V.L.",
    title = "Micro Economic Systems as an Experimental Science",
    journal = "American Economic Review",
    Volume = 72,
    month = "December",
    year = 1982,
    pages = "923-955"}

@ARTICLE{Smith86,
    author = "Smith, V.L.",
    title = "Experimental Methods in the Political Economy of Exchange",
    journal = "Science",
    month = "October",
    year = 1986}

@INCOLLECTION{Wichman72,
    author = "Wichman, H.",
    title = "Effects of Communication on Cooperation in a 2-Person Game",
    booktitle = "Cooperation and Competition",
    editor = "L. Wrightsman and J. O'Connor and N. Backer",
    publisher = "Brooks-Cole",
    address = "Belmont, California",
    year = 1972}


DATABASE THEORY AND DESIGN
--------------------------

@ARTICLE{AH87,
    author = "Abiteboul, S. and Hull, R.",
    title = "IFO: A Formal Semantic Database Model",
    journal = "ACM Transactions on Database Systems",
    volume = 12,
    number = 4,
    year = 1987,
    pages = "525-565"}

@BOOK{ADD85,
    author = "Albano, A. and De Antonellis, V. and Di Leva, A.",
    title = "Computer Aided Database Design: The DATAID Project",
    publisher = "Elsevier Science Publishers: North Holland",
    year = 1985}

@ARTICLE{AACO86,
    author = "Albano, A. and Alfo,  S. and Cardelli, L. and Orsini, R.",
    title = "An Overview of SIDEREUS: A Graphical Database Schema
        Editor for {Galileo}",
    journal = "ACM Transactions on Database Systems",
    volume = 0,
    number = 0,
    year = 1986,
    pages = "568-571"}

@ARTICLE{ACO85,
    author = "Albano, A. and Cardelli, L. and Orsini, R.",
    title = "Galileo: A Strongly-Typed Interactive Conceptual Language",
    journal = "ACM Transactions on Database Systems",
    volume = 10,
    number = 2,
    year = 1985,
    pages = "230-260"}

@ARTICLE{Armstrong74,
    author = "Armstrong, W.W.",
    title = "Dependency structure of database relations.",
    journal = "Information Processing",
    year = 1974,
    pages = "580-583"}

@INCOLLECTION{AC83,
    author = "Atzeni, P. and Carboni, E.",
    title = "INCOD (A system for interactive conceptual design)
revisited after the implementation of a prototype",
    booktitle = "Entity-Relationship Approach to Software Engineering",
    editor = "Davis, C.G. and Jajodia, S. and Ng, P.A. and Yeh, R.T.",
    publisher = "Elsevier Science Publishers: North Holland",
    year = 1983,
    pages = "449-464"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{BCPB79,
    author = "Baldissera, C. and Ceri, S. and Palegatti, G.
        and Bracchi, G.",
    title = "Interactive and formal specification of user's views in
        database design",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Very Large Data Bases",
    year = 1979,
    pages = "262-272"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{BC85,
    author = "Batini, C. and Ceri, S.",
    title = "Database Design: Methodologies, Tools and Environments",
    booktitle = "ACM SIGMOD",
    year = 1985}

@ARTICLE{BDL84,
    author = "Batini, C. and Demo, B. and Di Leva, A.",
    title = "A Methodology for Conceptual Design of Office Databases",
    journal = "Information Systems",
    volume = 9,
    number = 4,
    year = 1984,
    pages = "251-263"}

@ARTICLE{BL84,
    author = "Batini, C. and Lenzerini, M.",
    title = "A Methodology for Data Schema Integration in the
        Entity Relationship Model",
    journal = "IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering",
    volume = 10,
    number = 6,
    month = "November",
    year = 1984,
    pages = "650-"}

@INCOLLECTION{BLM83,
    author = "Batini, C. and Lenzerini, M. and Moscarini, M.",
    title = "Views Integration",
    booktitle = "Methodology and Tools for Data Base Design",
    editor = "Ceri, S.",
    publisher = "Amsterdam: North Holland",
    year = 1983,
    pages = "57-84"}

@ARTICLE{BLN86,
    author = "Batini, C. and Lenzerini, M. and Navathe, S.B.",
    title = "A Comparative Analysis of Methodologies for Database
        Schema Integration",
    journal = "ACM Computing Surveys",
    volume = 18,
    number = 4,
    month = "December",
    year = 1986,
    pages = "323-364"}

@ARTICLE{BLS82,
    author = "Batini, C. and Lenzerini, M. and Santucci, G.",
    title = "Computer Aided Methodology for Conceptual Database
        Design",
    journal = "Information Systems",
    volume = 7,
    number = 4,
    year = 1982,
    pages = "265-280"}

@ARTICLE{BNT86,
    author = "Batini, C. and Nardelli, E. and Tamassia, R.",
    title = "A layout algorithm for data flow diagrams",
    journal = "IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering",
    volume = 12,
    number = 4,
    month = "April",
    year = 1986,
    pages = "538-546"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{BD89,
    author = "Batra, D. and Davis, J.G.",
    title = "A Study of Conceptual Data Modeling in Database Design:
        Similarities and Differences Between Expert and Novice
        Designers",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference on
        Information Systems",
    year = 1989,
    pages = "91-100"}

@ARTICLE{BHB90,
    author = "Batra, D. and Hoffer, J.A. and Bostrom, R.",
    title = "Comparing Representations with {Relational} and {EER}
        Models",
    journal = "Communications of the ACM",
    volume = 33,
    number = 2,
    month = "February",
    year = 1990,
    pages = "126-139"}

@ARTICLE{Beeri80,
    author = "Beeri, C.",
    title = "On the membership problem for functional and multi-valued
        dependencies in relational databases.",
    journal = "ACM Transactions on Database Systems",
    volume = 5,
     number = 3,
    month = "September",
    year = 1980,
    pages = "241-259"}

@ARTICLE{BB79,
    author = "Beeri, C. and Berstein, P.A.",
    title = "Computation problems related to the design of normal
        form relation schemes.",
    journal = "ACM Transactions on Database Systems",
    volume = 4,
     number = 1,
    month = "March",
    year = 1979,
    pages = "30-59"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{BBG78,
    author = "Beeri, C. and Bernstein, P.A. and Goodman, N.",
    title = "A sophisticate's introduction to database normalization
        theory.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Very Large Data Bases",
    month = "September",
    year = 1978,
    pages = "113-124"}

@ARTICLE{BK86,
    author = "Beeri, C. and Kifer, M.",
    title = "An Integrated Approach to Logical Design of Relational
        Database Schemes",
    journal = "ACM Transactions on Database Systems",
    volume = 11,
     number = 2,
    month = "June",
    year = 1986,
    pages = "134-158"}

@ARTICLE{Bernstein76,
    author = "Bernstein, P.A.",
    title = "Synthesizing Third Normal Form Relations from
        Functional Dependencies",
    journal = "ACM Transactions on Database Systems",
    volume = 1,
     number = 4,
    month = "December",
    year = 1976,
    pages = "277-298"}

@ARTICLE{BPR88,
    author = "Blaha, M.R. and Premerlani, W.J. and Rumbaugh, J.E.",
    title = "Relational Database Design Using an Object-Oriented
        Methodology",
    journal = "Communications of the ACM",
    volume = 23,
     number = 4,
    month = "April",
    year = 1988,
    pages = "414-427"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{BC86,
    author = "Biskup, J. and Convent, B",
    title = "A Formal View Integration Method",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD",
    month = "May",
    year = 1986,
    pages = "398-407"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{BDB79,
    author = "Biskup, J. and Dayal, U. and Bernstein, P.A.",
    title = "Synthesizing independent database schemas.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of ACM SIGMOD",
    year = 1979,
    pages = "143-152"}

@ARTICLE{BH84,
    author = "Bjornerstedt, A. and Hulten, C.",
    title = "REDI: A Database Design Tool for the Relational Model of
        Data",
    journal = "IEEE Database Engineering",
    volume =  7,
     number = 4,
    year = 1984,
    pages = ""}

@INPROCEEDINGS{BGM85,
    author = "Bouzeghoub, M. and Gardarin, G. and Metais, E.",
    title = "Database Design Tools: An Expert System Approach",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Very Large Databases",
    year = 1985,
    pages = "82-94"}

@BOOK{Bracchi81,
    author = "Bracchi, G.",
    title = "Methodologies and tools for logical database design",
    booktitle = "Database Management: Theory and Applications",
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@ARTICLE{Brachman83,
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@INCOLLECTION{Brodie81,
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@BOOK{BR84,
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    year = 1983,
    pages = "155-187"}

@INCOLLECTION{SSW80,
    author = "Scheuermann, P. and Scheffner, G. and Weber, H.",
    title = "Abstraction Capabilities and Invariant Properties Modeling
        within the Entity-Relationship Approach",
    booktitle = "The Entity-Relationship Approach to Systems Analysis
        and Design",
    editor = "Chen, P.",
    publisher = "Elsevier Science Publishers: North Holland",
    year = 1980,
    pages = "121-132"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Sciore81,
    author = "Sciore, E.",
    title = "Real-World MVDs.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of ACM SIGMOD",
    month = "April",
    year = 1981,
    pages = "121-132"}

@UNPUBLISHED{SG89,
    author = "Sheth, A.P. and Gala, S.K.",
    title = "Attribute Relationships: An Impediment In Automating
        Schema Integration",
    note = "Presented at the Workshop on Heterogeneous Database
        Systems",
    month = "December",
    year = 1989}

@INPROCEEDINGS{SLCN88,
    author = "Sheth, A.P. and Larson, J.A. and Cornelio, A. and
        Navathe, S.B.",
    title = "A Tool for Integrating Conceptual Schemas and User Views",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference on
        Data Engineering",
    month = "February",
    year = 1988,
    pages = ""}

@ARTICLE{Shipman81,
    author = "Shipman, D.W.",
    title = "The Functional Data Model and the Data Language DAPLEX",
    journal = "ACM Transactions on Database Systems",
    volume = 6,
    number = 1,
    year = 1981,
    pages = "140-173"}

@TECHREPORT{Shneiderman82,
    author = "Shneiderman, B.",
    title = "The Future of Interactive Systems and the Emergence of
        Direct Manipulation",
    institution = "Dept. of Computer Science, U. of Maryland",
    number = "TR-1156",
    year = 1982}

@ARTICLE{SE87,
    author = "Shoval, P. and Even-Chaime, M.",
    title = "Data Base Schema Design: An Experimental Comparison
        Between Normalization and Information Analysis",
    journal = "Data Base",
    month = "Spring",
    year = 1987,
    pages = "30-39"}

@ARTICLE{SS77,
    author = "Smith, J.M. and Smith, D.C.P.",
    title = "Database Abstractions: Aggregation and Generalization",
    journal = "ACM Transactions on Database Systems",
    month = "June",
    year = 1977,
    pages = "105-133"}

@ARTICLE{SG88,
    author = "Storey, V.C. and Goldstein, R.C.",
    title = "Creating User Views in Database Design",
    journal = "ACM Transactions on Database Systems",
    volume = 13,
    number = 3,
    month = "September",
    year = 1988,
    pages = "305-338"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Tan84,
    author = "Tan, T.J.",
    title = "DATADICT - A Data Analysis and Logical Database Design
        Tool",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Very Large Data Bases",
    month = "August",
    year = 1984,
    pages = "71-77"}

@TECHREPORT{TC82,
    author = "Teorey, T.J. and Cobb, R.",
    title = "Functional Specifications for a Database Design and
        Evaluation Workbench",
    institution = "Information Systems Research Group, U. of Michigan",
    number = "Working Paper 82 DE 1.15",
    year = 1982}

@BOOK{TF82,
    author = "Teory, T. J. and Fry, J. P.",
    title = "Design of Database Structures",
    publisher = "Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall",
    year = 1982}

@ARTICLE{TYF86,
    author = "Teorey, T.J. and Yang, D. and Fry, D.P.",
    title = "A Logical Design Methodology for Relational Databases Using
        the Extended Entity-Relationship Model",
    journal = "ACM Computing Surveys",
    volume = 18,
    number = 2,
    month = "June",
    year = 1986,
    pages = "197-222"}

@BOOK{TL82,
    author = "Tsichritzis, D.C. and Lochovsky, F.H.",
    title = "Data Models",
    publisher = "Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall",
    year = 1982}

@INPROCEEDINGS{TF80,
    author = "Tsou, D.M. and Fischer, P.C.",
    title = "Decomposition of a relation scheme into Boyce-Codd normal
         form.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of ACM Annual Conference.",
    year = 1980,
    pages = "411-417"}

@BOOK{Ullman80,
    author = "Ullman, J.D.",
    title = "Principles of Database Systems",
    publisher = "Computer Science Press",
    address = "Potomac, Md.",
    year = 1980}

@BOOK{Ullman82,
    author = "Ullman, J.D.",
    title = "Principles of Database Systems",
    edition = "second",
    publisher = "Computer Science Press",
    address = "Rockville, Md.",
    year = 1982}

@PHDTHESIS{Wagner89,
    author = "Wagner, C.",
    title = "View Integration in Database Design",
    note = "Unpublished Dissertation",
    school = "University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada",
    year = 1989}

@ARTICLE{Wiederhold83,
    author = "Wiederhold, G.",
    title = "Modeling Databases",
    journal = "Information Science",
    volume = 29,
    number = 2,
    year = 1983}

@ARTICLE{Wiederhold86,
    author = "Wiederhold, G.",
    title = "Views, Objects and Databases",
    journal = "IEEE Computer",
    month = "December",
    year = 1986,
    pages = "37-44"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{WKL86,
    author = "Woelk, D. and Kim, W. and Luther, W.",
    title = "An Object-Oriented Approach to Multimedia Databases",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD",
    year = 1986,
    pages = "311-325"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{WK82,
    author = "Wong, H.K.T. and Kuo, I.",
    title = "GUIDE: A graphical user interface for database
        exploration",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of Very Large Data Bases",
    year = 1982,
    pages = "22-32"}

@INCOLLECTION{YNW82,
    author = "Yao, S.B. and Navathe, S.B. and Weldon, J.L",
    title = "An integrated approach to logical database design",
    book = "Database Design Techniques I: Requirements and
        Logical Structures",
    publisher = "Springer-Verlag, New York",
    year = 1982,
    pages = " "}

@ARTICLE{YWH82,
    author = "Yao, S.B. and Waddle, V. and Housel, B.",
    title = "View Modeling and Integration using the Functional Data
        Model",
    journal = "IEEE Transaction on Software Engineering",
    volume = 8,
    number = 6,
    year = 1982,
    pages = " 544-553"}

@COLLECTION{YWH85,
    author = "Yao, S.B. and Waddle, V. and Housel, B.",
    title = "An Interactive System for Database Design and
        Integration",
    booktitle = "Principles of Database Design",
    volume = 1,
    editor = "Bing Yao",
    publisher = "Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall",
    year = 1985,
    pages = " "}

@ARTICLE{ZM81,
    author = "Zaniolo, C. and Melkanoff, M.A.",
    title = "On the design of relational database schemata.",
    journal = "ACM Transactions on Database Systems",
    volume = 6,
     number = 1,
    month = "March",
    year = 1981,
    pages = "1-47"}



EXPERT DATABASE SYSTEMS
-----------------------


@PROCEEDINGS{EDS86,
    title = "Expert Database Systems",
    editor = "Larry Kerschberg (Ed.)",
    publisher = "Benjamin/Cummings",
    year = 1986}

@ARTICLE{FK85,
    author = "Fikes, R. and Kehler, T.",
    title = "The Role of Frame-Based Representation in Reasoning",
    journal = "Communication of the ACM",
    volume = 28,
    number = 9,
    month = "September",
    year = 1985}

@ARTICLE{KBFS88,
    author = "Kaiser and Barghouti and Feiler and Schwanke",
    title = "Database Support for Knowledge-Based Engineering
        Environments",
    journal = "IEEE Expert",
    month = "Summer",
    year = 1988,
    pages = "18-32"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Kerschberg84,
    author = "Kerschberg, L.",
    title = "Expert Database Systems",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on
        Expert Database Systems",
    year = 1984}

@INCOLLECTION{Minsky75,
    author = "Minsky, M.",
    title = "A Framework for Representing Knowledge",
    booktitle = "The Psychology of Computer Vision",
    publisher = "McGraw-Hill",
    editor = "Winston, P. (ed.)",
    year = 1975}

@UNPUBLISHED{Ram89,
    author = "Ram, S.",
    title = "Automated Tools for Database Design: State of the Art",
    note = "Working Paper, Department of M.I.S., University of Arizona",
     address = "Tucson, AZ 85721",
    year = 1989}

@ARTICLE{Tsur88,
    author = "Tsur",
    title = "LDL---A Technology for Realization of Tightly Coupled Expert
        Database Systems",
    journal = "IEEE Expert",
    month = "Fall",
    year = 1988,
    pages = "41-51"}

@TECHREPORT{Wegner86,
    author = "Wegner, P.",
     title = "Perspectives on Object-Oriented Programming",
    institution = "Brown University, Dept. of Computer Science",
    number = "CS-86-25",
    month = "December",
    year = 1986}

@INCOLLECTION{Wiederhold7,
    author = "Wiederhold, G.",
    title = "Knowledge Versus Data",
     chapter = 7,
    booktitle = "On Knowledge Base Management Systems: Integrating
        Artificial Intelligence and Database Technologies",
    editor = "Brodie, Mylopoulos, and Schmidt, (Eds.)",
    publisher = "Springer-Verlag",
    month = "June",
    year = 1986}

@INCOLLECTION{Wiederhold29,
    author = "Wiederhold, G.",
    title = "An Integration of Knowledge and Data Representation",
    chapter = 29,
    booktitle = "On Knowledge Base Management Systems: Integrating
        Artificial Intelligence and Database Technologies",
    editor = "Brodie, Mylopoulos, and Schmidt, (Eds.)",
    publisher = "Springer-Verlag",
    month = "June",
    year = 1986}

@UNPUBLISHED{WM87,
    author = "Wiederhold, G. and Milton, J.",
    title = "A Precis of Research on Knowledge-based Management Systems",
    note = "Working Paper, Department of Computer Science, Stanford
        University",
     address = "Stanford, California 94305",
    month = "June",
    year = 1987}


EXPERT SYSTEMS
--------------

@BOOK{GB88,
    author = "Gaines, B. and Boose, J.",
    title = "Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge based Systems",
    volume = 1,
    publisher = "Academic Press",
    address = "San Diego, Ca 92101",
    year = 1988}

@INCOLLECTION{BBBBCKMW83,
    author = "Buchanan, B. and Barstow, D. and Bechtel, R. and
        Bennett, J. and Clancey, W. and Kulikowski, C. and
        Mitchell, T. and Waterman, D.",
    title = "Constructing an Expert System",
    booktitle = "Building Experts Systems",
    publisher = "Addison-Wesley",
    address = "Reading, MA",
    editors = "Hayes-Roth, F. and Waterman, D. and Lenat, D.",
    year = 1983,
    pages = "127-167"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{CR89,
    author = "Carlson, D. and Ram, S.",
    title = "An Object-Oriented Design for Distributed Knowledge
        Based Systems",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Hawaii International Conference on
        System Sciences, Kona, HI",
    month = "January",
    year = 1989,
    pages = "55-64"}

@BOOK{Chorafas87,
    author = "Chorafas, D.N.",
    title = "Applying Expert Systems in Business",
    publisher = "McGraw-Hill",
    address = "New York, NY",
    year = 1987}

@INCOLLECTION{Clancey83,
    author = "Clancey, W.J.",
    title = "Heuristic Classification",
    booktitle = "Knowledge-based Problem Solving",
    publisher = "Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ",
    editors = "Kowalik, J.S.",
    year = 1983,
    pages = "1-67"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Feigenbaum77,
    author = "Feigenbaum, E.A.",
    title = "The Art of Artificial Intelligence: Themes and Case
        Studies of Knowledge Engineering",
    booktitle = "International Joint Conference on Artificial
        Intelligence",
    year = 1977,
    pages = "1014-1029"}

@BOOK{FM83,
    author = "Feigenbaum, E.A. and McCorduck, P.",
    title = "The Fifth Generation",
    publisher = "Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.",
    year = 1983}

@INCOLLECTION{GKPST83,
    author = "Gaschnig, J. and Klahr, P. and Pople, H. and Shortliffe,
        E. and Terry, A.",
    title = "Evaluation of Expert Systems: Issues and Case Studies",
    booktitle = "Building Experts Systems",
    publisher = "Addison-Wesley",
    address = "Reading, MA",
    editors = "Hayes-Roth, F. and Waterman, D. and Lenat, D.",
    year = 1983,
    pages = "241-280"}

@BOOK{Hart86,
    author = "Hart, A.",
    title = "Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems",
    publisher = "Kogan Page, London",
    year = 1986}

@BOOK{HWL83,
    author = "Hayes-Roth, F. and Waterman, D.A. and Lenat, D.B.",
    title = "Building Expert Systems",
    publisher = "Addison-Wesley",
    year = 1983}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Lenat87,
    author = "Lenat, D.",
    title = " Overcoming the Brittleness Bottleneck",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third IEEE Conference on Artificial
        Intelligence Applications",
    month = "February",
    year = 1987,
    pages = "64-72"}}

@INPROCEEDINGS{McDermott83,
    author = "McDermott, J.",
    title = "Building Expert Systems",
    booktitle = "Symposium on Artificial Intelligence in Business",
    year = 1983}

@INPROCEEDINGS{MD85,
    author = "Mittal, S. and Dym, C.L.",
    title = "Knowledge Acquisition from Multiple Experts",
    booktitle = "The AI Magazine",
    volume = 6,
    month = "Summer",
    year = 1985,
    pages = "32-36"}

@ARTICLE{Oleary88,
    author = "O'Leary, D.",
    title = "Methods of Validating Expert Systems",
    journal = "Interfaces",
    volume = 18,
    number = 6,
    month = "Nov-Dec",
    year = 1988,
    pages = "72-79"}

@ARTICLE{Prerau85,
    author = "Prerau, D.S." ,
    title = "Selection of an Appropriate Domain for an Expert
        System",
    journal = "AI Magazine",
    volume = 6,
    month = "Summer",
    year = 1985,
    pages = "26-30"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Sviokla86a,
    author = "Sviokla, J.J.",
    title = "Business Implication of Knowledge-Based Systems: Part I",
    booktitle = "Database",
    volume = 17,
    month = "Summer",
    year = 1986,
    pages = "5-19"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Sviokla86b,
    author = "Sviokla, J.J.",
    title = "Business Implication of Knowledge-Based Systems: Part II",
    booktitle = "Database",
    volume = 18,
    month = "Fall",
    year = 1986,
    pages = "5-16"}

@BOOK{Waterman86,
    author = "Waterman, D.A.",
    title = "A Guide to Expert Systems",
    publisher = "Addison-Wesley, New York",
    year = 1986}

@ARTICLE{ZG87,
    author = "Zobaidie, A. and Grimson, J.B.",
    title = "Expert Systems and Database Systems, How
        can they serve each other?",
    journal = "Expert Systems",
    volume = 4,
    number = 1,
    month = "February",
    year = 1987,
    pages = "241-280"}


USER INTERFACES
---------------

@ARTICLE{C85,
    author = "Cole et al.",
    title = "WE DON'T HAVE THIS",
    journal = "UNKNOWN",
    volume = 10,
    number = 8,
    month = "August",
    year = 87,
    pages = "100"}


GRAPHICS
--------

@ARTICLE{DDM86,
    author = "Dickson, G.W. and DeSanctis, G. and McBride, D.J.",
    title = "Understanding the Effectiveness of Computer Graphics
    for Decision Support: A Cumulative Experimental Approach",
    journal = "Communications of the ACM",
    volume = 29,
    number = 1,
    month = "January",
    year = 1986,
    pages = "40-47"}

@ARTICLE{ET86,
    author = "Edmundson, R.H. and Terry, J.E.",
    title = "Graphical Data Presentation for Decision Support Systems",
    journal = "The Australian Computer Journal",
    volume = 18,
    number = 4,
    month = "November",
    year = 1986,
    pages = "191-195"}

@BOOK{FVD83,
    author = "Foley, J.D. and Fan Dam, A",
    booktitle = "Fundamentals of Interactive Computer Graphics",
    publisher = "Addison-Wesley Publishing Company",
    year = 1983}

@INPROCEEDINGS{FBK82,
    author = "Freidell, M. and Barret, J. and Kramlich, D.",
    title = "Context-sensitive, Graphics Presentation of Information",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH",
    year = 1982}

@ARTICLE{Herot80,
    author = "Herot, C.F.",
    title = "Spatial Management of Data",
    journal = "ACM Transactions on Database Systems",
    volume = 5,
    number = 4,
    month = "December",
    year = 1980,
    pages = "493-513"}

@ARTICLE{LMW86,
    author = "Lee, J.M. and MacLachlan, J. and Wallace, W.A.",
    title = "The Effects of 3D Imagery on Managerial Data Interpretation",
    journal = "MIS Quarterly",
    volume = 10,
    number = 3,
    month = "September",
    year = 1986,
    pages = "257-269"}

@ARTICLE{Mackinlay86,
    author = "Mackinlay, J.",
    title = "Automating the Design of Graphical Presentations
        of Relational Information",
    journal = "ACM Transactions on Graphics",
    volume = 5,
    number = 2,
    month = "April",
    year = 1986,
    pages = "110-141"}

@ARTICLE{Raeder85,
    author = "Raeder, G.",
    title = "A Survey of Current Graphical Programming Techniques",
    journal = "Computer",
    volume = 18,
    number = 8,
    month = "August",
    year = 1985,
    pages = "11-24"}

@TECHREPORT{WG85,
    author = "Ware, C. and Geatty, J.C.",
    title = "Using colour as a tool in discrete data analysis",
    number = "CS-85-21",
    institution = "Computer Science Dept.,
        U. of Waterloo, Ont. Canada",
    month = "August",
    year = 1985}


DISTRIBUTED ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
-----------------------------------

@BOOK{BG88,
    author = "Bond and Gasser",
    booktitle = "Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence",
    publisher = "Morgan-Kaufmann",
    year = 1988}

@INPROCEEDINGS{CL87,
    author = "Corkill, D.D. and Lesser, V.R.",
    title = "The Use of Meta-Level Control for Coordination in a
        Distributed Problem Solving Network",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference
        on Artificial Intelligence",
    year = 1987,
    pages = "748-756"}

@ARTICLE{DLC87,
    author = "Durfee, E. and Lesser, V. and Corkill, D.",
    title = "Cooperation Through Communication in a Distributed Problem
        Solving Network",
    journal = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence",
    year = 1987}

@ARTICLE{Gasser87,
    author = "Gasser, L.",
    title = "Report on the 1985 Workshop on Distributed AI",
    journal = "AI Magazine",
    volume = 8,
    number = 2,
    month = "Summer",
    year = 1987,
    pages = "91-97"}

@ARTICLE{LC83,
    author = "Lesser, V.R. and Corkill, D.D.",
    title = "The Distributed Vehicle Monitoring Test Bed: A Tool for
        Investigating Distributed Problem Solving Networks",
    journal = "AI Magazine",
    volume = 4,
    number = 3,
    month = "Fall",
    year = 1983,
    pages = "15-33"}

@ARTICLE{Sridharan87,
    author = "Sridharan, N.S.",
    title = "Report on the 1986 Workshop on Distributed AI",
    journal = "AI Magazine",
    volume = 8,
    number = 3,
    month = "Fall",
    year = 1987,
    pages = "75-85"}