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- Date: Thu, 28 Jan 1993 17:00:31 EST
- Reply-To: "Davis A. Foulger (914) 945-2077 (t. 862-2077)"
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- Sender: STATISTICAL CONSULTING <STAT-L@MCGILL1.BITNET>
- From: FOLGER@WATSON.BITNET
- Subject: Interactions
- In-Reply-To: <9301280054.AG0109@OLIVAW.watson.ibm.com>
- Lines: 77
-
- I was asked, in a private note, if, perhaps:
-
- >Keppel was speaking only of what Campbell and Stanley refer to as
- >"nonmonotonic" interactions -- where the slopes for the simple main effects
- >change direction across levels of the other factor -- for example, were the
- >effect of airbags to reduce mortality if you did not wear belts but to
- >increase mortality if you did wear a belt. In such a case it the main
- >effects are less likely to be of interest, yes?
-
- After drafting an answer I thought it might be of general interest.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
- What you describe, I think, is what I usually call an XOR interaction (the
- classic shape of an ANOVA interaction). We are into fuzzy tirritory here.
- If the effects of airbag use varied as you propose (e.g. they reduced
- mortality if you did not wear belts but increased it if you did), there is a
- reasonably good chance that the effects would cancel each other out in the
- main effect such that there was would be significant main effect for
- airbags (and perhaps no significant main effect for seat belts either).
- In such a case the main effects would be very uninteresting.
-
- So long as the effects of the seat belt or the airbag alone are different,
- however, it seems unlikely that this result would obtain. It is more likely
- that there would be a strong interaction effect and a weaker main effect for
- either airbags or seatbelts. The interpretation of the interaction effect
- would be important, for it would indicate that the use of either seat belts
- or airbags was a good thing, but that the use of either or neither was a bad
- thing. Interpretation of the main effect would still matter, however, for
- it would indicate which of the technologies was to be preferred if you had
- the option of using one or the other.
-
- I remain of the opinion that significant main effects are important and
- should be interpreted, even when the interaction effect is much more
- significant.
-
- Restating things slightly so they will be more intuitive, let us consider
- the likelihood that two randomly selected people people will go out together
- given the gender of the person who asks and the gender of the person who is
- asked. Without getting into the likelihood of any given combination
- happening or the very real differences in preferences that exist in the real
- world, the following table probably summarizes existing stereotypic
- assumptions of probable behavior. I believe this table describes what you
- are asking about (e.g. "nonmonotonic" interactions in which the slope of a
- simple main effect changes direction across levels of the other factor):
-
- askee
- male female
- male low likelihood moderate likelihood
- asker
- female high likelihood moderate likelihood
-
- If I were to do a study that actually got results paralleling what is shown
- in the table, an ANOVA would most likely describe the results more or less
- as follows:
-
- -- No significant main effect for askee (e.g. the low and high on the
- male side would balance each other against the moderate effect in
- both female askee conditions).
-
- -- A significant main effect for asker (e.g. females are more likely to
- be accepted when they ask than are males when they ask).
-
- -- A significant interaction effect (e.g. opposite gender couples are
- more likely to go out than same gender couples).
-
- The significance of the interaction leads to one important and highly
- meaningful interpretation (opposite sex couples are more likely to go out
- than same sex couples), but the significant main effect also leads to a
- significant and highly meaningful interpretation (females are more likely to
- succeed in asking someone out regardless of the gender of the other person).
- I don't think I would want to ignore the main effect interpretation simply
- because the interaction was also interpretable.
-
- Davis
-
- Snailmail..........................Davis A. Foulger
- Internet: FOLGER@WATSON.IBM.COM IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
- Prodigy: XFRR20A P O Box 218, Yorktown Ht, NY 10598
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