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- From: shallit@graceland.uwaterloo.ca (Jeffrey Shallit)
- Newsgroups: alt.politics.clinton,alt.politics.homosexuality
- Subject: Re: History will judge
- Message-ID: <C1Is0I.MsG@math.uwaterloo.ca>
- Date: 27 Jan 93 15:50:41 GMT
- References: <93025.095440MMB3@psuvm.psu.edu> <2542@blue.cis.pitt.edu>
- Sender: news@math.uwaterloo.ca (News Owner)
- Organization: University of Waterloo
- Lines: 92
-
- In article <2542@blue.cis.pitt.edu> psg+@pitt.edu (Paul S Galvanek) writes:
- >In article <93025.095440MMB3@psuvm.psu.edu> MMB3@psuvm.psu.edu writes:
- >Answer this
- >question - without regard to the specifics of the policy of gays in the
- >military - tell me when in your lifetime, if ever, did you see the Joint
- >Chiefs of Staff AND it's [sic] Chairman publicly oppose the policies of the President?
- >When in your memory can you tell me of a time when the military establishment
- >threatened to fight the President to the end on a policy that hasn't even
- >been formulated yet?
-
- Well, I think we have to go back exactly 45 years. True, that is not
- in my lifetime, but I trust Mr. Galvanek will be willing to listen to
- a history lesson.
-
- The year is 1948. Truman is a Democratic President. The armed forces
- are segregated, and black soldiers, despite the unquestioned heroism
- in World War II, cannot serve side-by-side with white soldiers.
-
- Congress is "dominated by a conservative coalition that included the
- Dixiecrats, a group of sometimes racially reactionary southerners...
- Congress showed little interest in civil rights". [1] [Today,
- Sam Nunn, a "Dixie democrat", shows little interest in gay rights.]
-
- One of Truman's first domestic programs is a national health
- project. [Sound familiar?]
-
- The President's Committee on Civil Rights examines the state of civil
- rights in the armed forces and concludes that a segregated military is
- unjust, and calls for sweeping changes. [Just as in our time, the
- DoD's own studies have concluded that there is no valid reason for
- maintaining the discriminatory policy against lesbians and gay men.]
-
- Forrestal, the Secretary of Defense urges that "progress must be made
- administratively, and not put into effect by fiat." [1] [Is there
- a parallel to Les Aspin's cautionary remarks?]
-
- Dwight Eisenhower, "the nation's most widely admired hero-general...
- testified that he believed racial segregation should not be
- discontinued at the platoon level or below." [2] [Like Colin
- Powell's view on gays today? A little irony there, considering Powell
- is black.]
-
- On July 26, Truman issues Executive Order 9981, calling on the armed
- forces to provide equal treatment and opportunity for black serviceman.
- In 1940, he had said
-
- "In giving Negroes the rights which are theirs we are only acting
- in accord with our own ideals of a true democracy. If any CLASS
- [emphasis mine] or race can be permanently set apart from, or
- pushed down below the rest in political and civil rights, so may
- any other class or race when it shall incur the displeasure of
- its more powerful associates, and we may say farewell to the
- principles on which we count our safety." [1]
-
- [Just as Clinton has the courage to call for changes today.]
-
- On July 28, the army's Chief of Staff, Omar Bradley, declared that
- the Army would have to retain segregation as long as it was the
- national pattern. [1] [Like Gordon Sullivan's opposition to gays
- today?]
-
- The Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel for the Air Force reported
- that "you didn't have to scratch far to run into opposition" to
- integration.
- [Like Merrill A. McPeak's opposition to gays today?]
-
- So there you have it: the situation in 1948 was similar in many respects
- to the situation in 1993. And what happened? According to the DOD's
- own report [quoted in 3]:
-
- The order to integrate blacks was first met with stout resistance
- by traditionalists in the military establishment. Dire
- consequences were predicted for maintaining discipline, building
- group morale, and achieving military organizational goals. None
- of these predictions of doom has come true.
-
- Can we learn from history?
-
-
- References
- ----------
-
- [1] Morris J. Macgregor, Jr. _Integration of the Armed Forces 1940-1964_,
- Defense Studies Series, Center of Military History, United States Army,
- Washington, DC 1981.
-
- [2] Richard Kluger, _Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of
- Education and Black America's Struggle for Equality_, Alfred A. Knopf,
- New York, 1976.
-
- [3] United States General Accounting Office Report GAO/NSIAD-92-98,
- _Defense Force Management: DOD's Policy on Homosexuality_, June 1992.
-