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- From: roberts@cmr.ncsl.nist.gov (John Roberts)
- Newsgroups: sci.space
- Subject: Shuttle tiles
- Message-ID: <C0q04z.KH9.1@cs.cmu.edu>
- Date: 12 Jan 93 02:14:56 GMT
- Article-I.D.: cs.C0q04z.KH9.1
- Sender: news+@cs.cmu.edu
- Distribution: sci
- Organization: National Institute of Standards and Technology formerly National Bureau of Standards
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-
- -From: gary@ke4zv.uucp (Gary Coffman)
- -Subject: Re: Let's be more specific (was: Stupid Shut Cost arguements)
- -Date: 11 Jan 93 15:48:12 GMT
-
- -Shuttle designers... chose to use refractory silicates in the form of
- -tiles. These are very poor conductors of heat, you can place your bare
- -hand against one side of the tile while playing an oxy-acetylene torch
- -on the other and not notice a temperature rise.
-
- I think perhaps you mean a propane torch, or butane torch like Mary described.
- Pulling some numbers from the Rogers report and elsewhere, the leading
- edges of the Shuttle wings have to withstand heating up to 2750 F, and are
- made of layers of graphite cloth in a carbon matrix, with the outer layers
- chemically converted to silicon carbide. The upper fuselage, the coolest
- portion during reentry, is only heated to about 600 F. The Shuttle has
- high-temperature and low-temperature ceramic tiles, which are described in
- this report as being "nearly pure glass" (I had thought they were silica),
- with nearly 90% of the volume being "air". The low-temperature ceramic tiles
- are are rated to 1200 F, and the high-temperature tiles to a higher value,
- but something below wing leading-edge temperatures.
-
- While such temperature resistance is admirable, a properly-designed
- acetylene torch can heat a thermally isolated object to 6000 F (~ 3300 C).
- I wouldn't expect any trouble melting most ceramics - I've accidentally
- melted fire bricks that I was using as a backstop for acetylene welding.
-
- >From the 1961 CRC handbook, here are some temperature ratings for ceramics
- and other materials:
-
- SAFE CONTINUOUS OPERATING TEMPERATURE / MELTING POINT
- Material C F / C F
- -------- ---- ---- ---- ----
- Porcelain 1195 2185 / .... ....
- Alumina (84%) 1400 2550 / .... ....
- Zircon 1455 2650 / 2500 4530
- Silicon carbide 1510 2750 / 2295 4160 (volatilizes)
- Silica 1620 2950 / 1670 3038
- Alumina (96%) 1700 3100 / .... ....
- Alumina (100%) 1950 3540 / 2050 3720
- Zirconia 2316 4200 / 2680 4850
- Magnesia .... .... / 2800 5072
- Titanium boride .... .... / 2900 5250
- Thoria ... .... / 3110 5630
- Titanium carbide ... .... / 3125 5660
- Tantalum nitride ... .... / 3440 6050
- Tungsten ... .... / 3370 6100
- Zirconium carbide .. .... / 3520 6370
- Graphite ... .... / 3800 6870
- Tantalum carbide ... .... / 3850 7025
- Hafnium carbide ... .... / 4160 7520
-
- John Roberts
- roberts@cmr.ncsl.nist.gov
-